60例结直肠癌患者血清TGF-β1和VEGF水平分析

[目的]评价结直肠癌患者血清转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平及其临床意义。[方法]采用双抗体夹心ELISA和酶免疫分析法检测60例结直肠癌患者和60例健康体检者（正常对照组）血清VEGF和TGF-β1水平,分析两者的相关性。[结果]结直肠癌患者血清TGF-β1和VEGF水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,有血管侵犯、淋巴结转移和结直肠肿瘤≥5．0cm的结直肠癌患者TGF—β1和VEGF水平明显高于无血管侵犯、无淋巴结转移和结直肠肿瘤〈5cm的患者（P〈0．01）;Dukes’C、D期的结直肠癌患者TGF—β1和VEGF水平显著高于Dukes’A、B期（P〈0．01）。VEGF和TGF—β1水平呈正相关（P〈0．01）。[结论]TGF—β1和VEGF在结直肠癌患者血清中含量可能与病程进展、淋巴结转移和肿瘤的浸润有关。     

血清VEGF、bFGF与乳腺癌生物学行为的关系

目的：探讨VEGF、bFGF与乳腺癌的生物学行为的关系,复发转移患者血清VEGF、bFGF的表达水平与化疗疗效的关系。方法：应用ABC—ELISA方法检测乳腺癌患者血清VEGF、bFGF的表达情况。结果：术前未作放化疗的乳腺癌患者术前血清VEGF、bFGF表达水平明显高于健康体检者、乳腺腺瘤患者（P〈0．05）,也明显高于同组患者术后血清VEGF、bFGF表达水平（P〈0．05）。术前未作放化疗的乳腺癌患者术前血清VEGF、bFGF的表达水平与原发肿瘤的大小、TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关。术前未作放化疗的乳腺癌患者术前血清VEGF与bFGF的表达水平呈正相关（r=0．210,P〈0．05）。乳腺癌复发转移组化疗前血清VEGF、bF—GF的表达水平比健康体检者及无病生存组明显增高（P〈0．05）。乳腺癌复发转移组化疗后CR＋PR组血清VEGF、bFGF表达水平比化疗前明显减低（P〈0．05）;化疗后NC＋PD组血清VEGF、bFGF表达水平比化疗前略高,但没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。乳腺癌复发转移组化疗后CR＋PR组血清VEGF、bFGF表达水平比NC＋PD组明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论：乳腺癌患者血清VEGF、bFGF的表达水平与乳腺癌生物学行为有关,而且与化疗疗效有关,提示通过检测乳腺癌患者血清VEGF、bFGF的表达水平可能对乳腺癌的诊断、客观预测肿瘤的复发转移、选择合理有效的治疗方案有一定的参考价值。     

卵巢癌患者围手术期血清bFGF、ColIV、HA的变化及临床意义

目的探讨卵巢癌患者围手术期血清碱性纤维母细胞生长因子（bFGF）、IV型胶原（ColIV）和透明质酸（HA）的变化及其临床意义。方法用分别采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫法（ELISA）和放射免疫法测定77例卵巢癌患者手术前后血清bFGF、ColIV和HA的含量，并与健康对照组比较分析。结果卵巢癌组治疗前bFGF、ColIV和HA均增高，与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；且与淋巴结转移和卵巢癌临床分期有明显相关性。行根治性手术组术后bFGF、ColIV和HA均有显著性降低（P〈0．05），而姑息性手术组bFGF、ColIV和HA则无显著性降低（P〉0．05）。结论卵巢癌患者血清bFGF、ColIV和HA的水平与肿瘤的浸润转移和病程有关，检测卵巢癌患者血清bFGF、ColIV和HA的变化，有助于估计患者的预后。     

VEGF表达预测鼻咽癌放疗效应的价值

[目的]探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）预测鼻咽癌（NPC）放疗效应的价值。[方法]应用免疫组化法检测50例放射敏感和30例放射抵抗的鼻咽部低分化鳞状细胞癌在接受放疗前的肿瘤组织中VEGF的表达情况,分析VEGF的表达与放疗效应的关系。[结果]VEGF在NPC中总的阳性表达率为58．75％（47／80）。在50例放射敏感的NPC组织中,33例f66．00％1VEGF阳性表达,在30例放射抵抗的NPC组织中,14例（46．67％）VEGF阳性表达;两组比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=2．892,P=0．105）。根据VEGF阳性表达预测NPC放疗抵抗,其预测鼻咽癌放疗效应的敏感性46．67％,特异度34．00％,准确率38．75％。ROC曲线下面积为0．625（95％CI：0．491～0．760;P=0．062）。[结论]放疗前鼻咽部低分化鳞状细胞癌肿瘤组织中VEGF表达对预测放疗效应的价值有限。     

微血管计数和血管内皮生长因子在胃癌浸润转移中的作用

目的：研究微血管计数（MVC）和血管内皮生长因子在胃癌组织中的表达情况，探讨其与临床病理特征的关系及在胃癌浸润转移中的作用。方法：应用免疫组织化学ABC法，检测11例正常胃黏膜及253例胃癌组织中MVC，血管内皮生长因子（VEGF），碱性成纤维细胞行政管理茵子（bFGF)的表达。结果：肿瘤组织MVC内明显高于下胃黏膜组织（P＜0．01），肿瘤组织中VEGF和bFGF阳性率分别为67．6％（171／253）和9．5％（24／253），VEGF的表达与分化程度，TNM分期，转移（淋巴结，腹膜，肝等）密切相关（P＜0．01），胃癌组织VEGF阳性组的MVC明显高于阴性组（P＜0．01），VEGF表达阳性者复发转移率明显高于VEGF阴性者（P＜0．01），VEGF阳性患者的预后明显较阴性者差。结论：高MVC及VEGF表达是胃癌的独立预后因子。VEGF可能通过诱导血管生存在胃癌的浸润转移中起重要作用。     

血管内皮生长因子在急性白血病中的表达水平及其意义

目的 探讨急性白血病（AL）血清和骨髓单个核细胞培养上清液（CSBMMNC）中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平及其临床意义。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法定量检测71例急性白血病和20例正常对照血清及CSBMMNC中VEGF表达水平。对其中33例初发AL患者采用2个疗程化疗。分析比较VEGF表达水平的变化与疗效的关系。结果ANLL组与ALL组初发患者血清与CSBMMNC中VEGF水平相比，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。AL初发组、复发难治组分别与完全缓解（CR）组、正常对照组血清及CSBMMNC中VEGF表达水平相比有非常显著性差异（P均〈0．01）。但复发难治组与初发组相比差异无显著性（P均〉0．05）。初发AL血清与CSBMMNC中VEGF水平与骨髓原始细胞数呈显著正相关（r值分别为0．521和0．849，P均〈0．01）。33例初发AL患者采用2个疗程化疗，血清及CSBMMNC中高表达组CR率（36．36％）较低表达组CR率（90．90％）低，有非常显著性差异（P均〈0．01）。结论 动态检测血清及CSBMMNC中VEGF水平可在一定程度上了解AL的状态和体内白血病细胞的总负荷量，对AL的疗效及预后判断有一定的指导意义。     

血管内皮生长因子在大肠癌诊治中的应用研究

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在结直肠癌的诊断、良恶性鉴别以及在复发中的意义。方法 收集85例结直肠癌患者术前（其中13例有术后1周对照）及21例术后半年到4年结直肠癌患者的静脉血,对照组30例,采用酶联免疫夹心法检测血清中VEGF浓度。结果 结直肠癌早期患者（Duke＇sA期）血清VEGF浓度较对照组显著升高（P＜0．01）。Duke＇sA、B期间血清VEGF浓度有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,有淋巴结转移组（Duke＇sC期）较无淋巴结转移组（Duke＇sB期）的血清VEGF浓度显著升高（P＜0．01）,有远处脏器转移组血清VEGF较淋巴结转移5组亦显著升高（P＜0．01）。高分化腺癌组（含Duke＇sA期5例和B期3例）血清VEGF与对照组比较,无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。术后半年到4年的患者,复发组血清VEGF与末复发组比较,有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）。结论 血清VEGF水平的检测对结直肠癌的诊断有一定的临床意义,可反映疾病的进展对肿瘤恶性程度的判断有一定的帮助。血清VEGF浓度变化还可监测癌症患者术后肿瘤复发和转移。     

骨肉瘤患者肿瘤伴随抑制现象的临床研究

目的探讨骨肉瘤患者的肿瘤伴随抑制现象（CTR）、预测肺转移的高危患者，并对其进行抗肿瘤血管生成因子的治疗提供依据。方法采用ELISA法检测骨肉瘤患者手术前后1周血清中内皮抑素（ES）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）和转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）的水平。术后每月摄胸部X线片和每3个月行胸部CT扫描，以了解是否有早期肺转移。比较出现肺转移组患者与未出现肺转移组患者手术前后ES、VEGF、bFGF和TGF-β1变化值的临床意义。结果在肺转移组8例与无肺转移组9例手术前后血清中ES变化值和VEGF升高值的差异有显著性（P均〈0．05）。两组手术前后血清TGF-β1、bFGF变化值的差异无显著性（P均〈0．05）。结论本组骨肉瘤患者可能存在肿瘤伴随抑制现象。血清VEGF、ES手术前后的变化值有望成为骨肉瘤患者术后早期筛查肺转移的预测因子及判断预后的指标之一。     

淋巴瘤患者血清血管内皮生长因子水平的检测及其临床意义

目的检测淋巴瘤患者血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平并探讨临床意义。方法采用ELISA方法检测淋巴瘤患者血清VEGF水平。结果淋巴瘤患者血清VEGF水平,初诊未治和未缓解组显著高于完全缓解组和正常对照组（P〈0．01）。而完全缓解组与正常对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。早期组显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）。晚期组显著高于早期组和正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论淋巴瘤患者血清VEGF水平可能在一定程度上反映淋巴瘤血管新生的程度和疾病状态。VEGF可以被看作是判断淋巴瘤预后的指标。     

直肠癌患者术前放疗前后血清VEGF的变化

目的：检测术前放疗前后直肠癌患者血清中VEGF水平,探讨其变化及临床意义。方法：用酶联免疫吸附法（EUSA）检测56例直肠癌放疗前后血清VEGF水平,并进行统计学分析。结果：健康正常人S—VEGF为115．72±15．71μg/ml,直肠癌患者放疗前S—VEGF水平为366．88±40．58μg／ml,差别有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。放疗后为251．01±33．61μg／ml,明显低于放疗前（P〈0．01）,但仍高于健康正常人,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：放疗前直肠癌患者S—VEGF水平明显高于对照组。术前放疗能够降低S—VEGF水平,但术前放疗后S—VEGF仍高于正常人,加用抗VEGF的分子靶向治疗是很必要的。术前放疗＋手术＋抗肿瘤血管生成的治疗模式很可能成为直肠癌患者的常规治疗。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Salivary and serum proteomics in head and neck carcinomas: before and after surgery and radiotherapy

Several body fluids have been evaluated as new sources for cancer biomarker discovery. In this context, salivary and serum proteomics seem promising diagnostic and predictive tools for head and neck diseases. In the present study, we performed a proteomic analysis of saliva and serum from patients presenting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and compared the results before and after therapy. In saliva of cancer patients, we observed an altered protein profile, including over-expression of PLUNC and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein. Both proteins may contribute to control tumor growth and, therefore, represent targets for new analysis. We also detected serotransferrin and a modified transthyretin form with altered levels in serum from patients. Comparing preoperative and postreatment samples, the results showed that the protein profile after treatment reverted to a pattern closer to those observed for controls. These results add information on the role of secreted proteins in the cancer process and emphasize the potential of saliva and serum analysis for diagnosis and monitoring of HNSCC.     

Proliferation and apoptosis in acute and chronic leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome

Clonal expansion of leukemic cells is thought to be due to proliferation in excess of apoptosis. To define and compare proliferation and apoptosis between various leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we measured proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as surrogate markers for proliferation and caspase 3 activity and annexin V surface binding as surrogate markers for activation of the apoptotic cascade in patients with MDS, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We found high proliferation in bone marrow cells from MDS and CMML as measured by PCNA and BrdU incorporation. The lowest level of proliferation was found in CLL. Apoptosis was also highest in MDS and CMML as measured by annexin V and caspase 3 activity. Unexpectedly, we found no significant difference in proliferation in bone marrow CD34+ cells from various leukemias or MDS. Apoptosis was significantly higher in bone marrow CD34+ cells from MDS and CML in chronic phase as compared to CD34+ cells from AML patients. Our results illustrate differences in proliferation and apoptosis between acute and chronic leukemias and MDS. These differences may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for esophageal and head and neck cancers

Alcoholic beverages are causally related to cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde and then to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), both of which have genetic polymorphisms. A review of case-control studies of the effects of ALDH2, ADH2 and ADH3 genotypes shows consistently positive associations between inactive heterozygous ALDH2 and the less-active ADH2 genotypes and the risk for esophageal cancer in East Asian heavy drinkers and this enzyme-related vulnerability may extend to light-to-moderate drinkers. Some studies suggest similar associations with the risk for head and neck cancer in moderate-to-heavy-drinking Japanese. An established carcinogen in experimental animals, acetaldehyde can interact with human DNA. ALDH2-associated cancer susceptibility fits into a scenario in which acetaldehyde plays a critical role in the development of human cancer. Alcohol flushing and drinking behavior may partly explain this carcinogenic effect in carriers of less-active ADH2 genotypes. Whether the ADH3 genotype influences head and neck cancer risk in Western nations is controversial. Professional and public education about risky conditions connected to the ALDH2 and ADH2 genotypes and environmental factors is important in a new strategic approach to the prevention of alcohol-related cancers in East Asians. The use of simple tests to identify inactive ALDH2 on the basis of alcohol flushing responses could benefit many people, by helping them to identify their own cancer risks. Such testing could also help clinicians diagnose esophageal cancer earlier, through the use of endoscopic screening in the high-risk population.