三阴性乳腺癌内科治疗现状及展望

三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）是指雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）及人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）均为阴性的乳腺癌。相较于其他亚型的乳腺癌,TNBC是一类高度异质性肿瘤,具有发病年轻、侵袭性强、早期远处转移率高、进展快、预后差的特点,已成为目前乳腺癌研究的热点和难点。本文将对TNBC的内科治疗现状及展望作一综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌的药物治疗进展

三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）是雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progesterone receptor,PR）及人类表皮生长因子受体（human epidermal growth factor-2 ,HER2）均不表达的乳腺癌,因此不能从现有的内分泌治疗、分子靶向治疗中获益。细胞毒性药物化疗是目前TNBC的标准治疗,但其复发率及病死率仍较高。近年来,针对TNBC靶向治疗、内分泌治疗及免疫治疗的研究成为热点,并已有临床试验发现上述药物能使TNBC患者不同程度获益,该文就TNBC药物治疗取得的进展作一综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

摘 要：乳腺癌是全球女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，严重威胁着女性的身心健康。三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer，TNBC)作为乳腺癌的一个亚型，具有高度异质性，其发病年龄偏小、分化程度低、侵袭性高、复发率高、更易出现内脏转移、相较于其他亚型预后差，且TNBC由于雌激素受体(estrogen receptor，ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor，PR)及人类上皮细胞生长因子受体2(human epithelial growth factor receptor 2，HER2)表达均为阴性，治疗上无法从内分泌治疗及抗HER2治疗中获益，目前治疗手段依然是手术、放化疗，但患者整体预后不佳，亟需其他有效治疗方法。近些年来不断有研究证实TNBC可以从免疫治疗中获益，本文在现有相关文献的基础上围绕TNBC的疫苗治疗、过继免疫疗法及CTLA-4、PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂应用等多个方面将TNBC免疫治疗的相关最新进展及目前面临的问题做一综述。     

肿瘤干细胞在三阴性乳腺癌治疗耐药中的作用及机制研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）是雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）蛋白均呈阴性的临床亚型,占所有乳腺癌病例的15%~20%。与其他亚型相比,TNBC更具侵袭性,其预后差、复发转移率和病死率高。一直以来,TNBC的治疗面临着巨大的挑战,由于治疗靶点的缺乏,细胞毒性化疗是唯一被批准用于TNBC的全身治疗方案。为了改善TNBC患者的疗效,研究者们开展了大量的临床试验来探索更多有效的治疗手段。乳腺癌干细胞（BCSC）的自我更新分化是乳腺癌发生发展的重要机制,能够调控乳腺癌的侵袭转移和治疗抵抗,TNBC中肿瘤干细胞（CSC）比例的升高与化疗耐药和不良预后相关。本综述阐述了TNBC的治疗现状以及CSC在TNBC的发生发展、治疗耐药中的作用机制,探讨了CSC及相关信号因子作为TNBC治疗靶点的潜在价值。     

HER2和ER/PR双阳性表达的Ⅰ～Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者生存分析

目的:研究HER2受体和激素受体(ER和/或PR)双阳性表达乳腺癌患者预后,以指导临床治疗.方法:收集我院2002年1月～2003年12月可手术且HER2阳性表达乳腺癌患者93例,HER2阳性表达采用免疫组化方法及荧光原位杂交方法确认,其中ER/PR阳性者59例,ER和PR阴性者34例,两组患者的临床特征(年龄、病理类型、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移数目、治疗方案)无统计学差异,分析两组乳腺癌患者的5年总生存率及无病生存率.结果:HER2和ER/PR双阳性表达乳腺癌患者与HER2单阳性表达5年总生存率分别为92%和88%(P=0.380),5年无病生存率分别为81%和82%(P=0.999).结论:辅助蒽环类化疗及三苯氧胺内分泌治疗不能改善HER2和ER/PR双阳性乳腺癌患者的总生存率和无病生存率,对双阳性患者应加强治疗力度.     

三阴性乳腺癌靶向治疗最新进展

三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是一种特殊类型的乳腺癌,占乳腺癌总确诊的15%~20%。其雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生长因子受体(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)表达均阴性,具有独特的生物学特性和临床病理特征,肿瘤异质性很高,临床上具有复发高、转移早和预后差等特点。目前,临床上缺少有效的治疗手段。该综述介绍了TNBC的临床病理特征、分子亚型、几条重要的通路和靶点,以及目前各靶向药物临床试验研究进度,希望为今后TNBC的治疗提供新的临床思路。     

三阴性乳腺癌精准治疗研究的新进展与未来展望

世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构最新发布的数据显示,乳腺癌现已取代肺癌成为全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤。三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）是雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progesterone receptor,PR）和人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2）表达均为阴性的乳腺癌,与其他分子分型的乳腺癌相比,TNBC具有易复发转移、整体预后差等特点。TNBC对内分泌治疗及抗HER2治疗不敏感,化疗是其主要的系统治疗手段。随着基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学、蛋白组学、微生物组学的蓬勃发展及对TNBC分子分型的深入研究,针对不同靶点的靶向治疗药物和针对免疫检查点的免疫治疗药物的出现,如多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,PARP]抑制剂、人滋养细胞表面抗原2（trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2,TROP-2）抗体药物偶联物、pembrolizumab、atezolizumab、durvalumab等,已为TNBC的治疗提供新的手段,正在改变TNBC的临床实践。“精准治疗”“分类而治”是未来发展的方向。本文以TNBC的分子分型为基础,对其靶向治疗和免疫治疗研究的新进展进行归纳总结,以期为今后TNBC精准治疗策略提供参考。     

卡培他滨长期维持治疗三阴性乳腺癌1例

三阴性乳腺癌（triple negative breast carcinoma, TNBC）指雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）和人表皮生长因子受体2（HER－2）均为阴性的乳腺癌。 TNBC 在乳腺癌中的比例达17％～20％［1］,中位复发时间为30．2个月,2年内复发患者的比例占36．3％,2～3年内复发患者比例达27．8％［2］。TNBC 具有易复发转移、生存率低、预后差的特点,是目前乳腺癌研究的热点和难点。现将我院收治的1例反复未控TNBC 应用卡培他滨治疗获长期生存的病例报告如下。     

三阴性与三阳性乳腺癌定量蛋白质组学和生物信息学比较研究

目的：雌／孕激素受体（estrogen receptor／progesterone receptor,ER／PR）和癌基因人表皮生长因子受体2（hu-man epidermal growth factorreceptor2,HER2）与乳腺癌的发生和发展密切相关,其表达状态是乳腺癌分子分型、治疗方案选择和预后预测的重要依据。为了深入探讨 ER／PR／HER2在乳腺癌发生和恶性演进中的意义及相关机制,拟建立ER／PR／HER-2阴性和阳性乳腺癌的蛋白质表达谱,寻找 ER／PR／HER-2阴性和阳性乳腺癌中差异表达蛋白,为乳腺癌患者提供新的预后预测指标和治疗新靶点。方法应用蛋白质组学同位素相对标记与绝对定量（isobaric tags for rela-tive and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ）技术建立 ER／PR／HER-2阳性和阴性乳腺癌的蛋白质差异表达谱,鉴定2组乳腺癌的差异表达蛋白,对部分差异表达蛋白进行生物信息学分析,包括蛋白功能注释、基因本体论分类分析（gene ontology classification analysis,GO 分析）和京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genome,KEGG）通路分析。结果应用 iTRAQ 蛋白质组学技术对乳腺癌组织进行了蛋白组学分析,鉴定出 ER／PR／HER-2阳性和阴性组间有差异表达的蛋白4999种,以 ER／PR／HER-2阳性∶ER／PR／HER-2阴性≥3为上调标准,确定 ER／PR 阳性组上调蛋白73种。以 ER／PR／HER-2阳性∶ER／PR／HER-2阴性≤0．5为下调标准,ER／PR／HER-2阳性组下调蛋白58种。GO 分析结果显示,ER／PR／HER-2阴性和阳性乳腺癌差异表达蛋白的分子功能、生物过程和细胞定位较为复杂,并且在上调蛋白和下调蛋白上存在分布差异。KEGG 通路分析发现,部分差异表达蛋白涉及200条信号通路。结论 ER／PR／HER-2阳性和阴性乳腺癌间存在差异表达蛋白,这些蛋白涉及复杂的分子功能、生物过程和信号通路,可能与 ER／PR／HER-2的表达状态有关。     

三阴性乳腺癌的分子分型及靶向治疗进展

摘 要：三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC )具有高度侵袭性,组织学分级较高,易发生早期复发转移,对于内分泌治疗及HER2靶向治疗往往不敏感。因此准确识别三阴性乳腺癌有效靶点及积极研制新型靶向治疗药物是临床科研中亟待解决的问题。全文就三性阴乳腺癌的分子分型及靶向治疗最新进展作一综述。     

Prognostic utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization for determining HER2 gene amplification in breast cancer

An accurate investigation of the HER2 proto-oncogene is extremely important for the therapy and prognostication of breast cancer. Currently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are standard methods for this purpose. The aim of this study was to detect the expression and amplification of HER2 in paraffin-embedded samples of breast cancer tissue and to investigate the relationship between HER2 amplification and various clinicopathological parameters in advanced breast cancers. We used FISH to examine the HER2 gene amplification and IHC to examine the expression of HER2 protein, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in 62 advanced breast cancers. HER2 gene amplification was detected by FISH in 12 breast cancers (19%) and HER2 protein expression with a score of 3+ was detected by IHC in 11 (17%). There was a significant correlation between the HER2 gene amplification and HER2 protein overexpression in breast cancers (P<0.0001). However, some mismatching was evident: 3 cases, negative for the HER2 gene, showed a HER2 protein expression score of 3+ and 2 cases, positive for HER2 gene amplification, had HER2 protein expression scores of 0 and 1+ (negative), respectively. ER and PR were expressed in 41 (66%) and 46 (74%) cancers, respectively. No correlation was observed between the HER2 gene amplification and any of the clinicopathological parameters examined, including age, histopathological type, TNM stage, tumor size, lymph node status, relapse and expression of PR. We observed three patterns among the 6 deceased cases: i) triple negativity for HER2, ER and PR, ii) positivity for HER2 gene amplification with a mismatching HER2 protein expression, and iii) positivity for the HER2 gene amplification with a matching HER2 protein expression score of 2+ or 3+. The triple negative cases and HER2 gene amplification positive cases with a mismatching HER2 protein expression had a poor outcome. These results suggest that in breast cancer, the detection of HER2 gene amplification by FISH is desirable compared with the HER2 protein expression determined by IHC. Moreover, triple negativity for HER2, ER and PR is a potentially very important prognostic marker.     

Does the subtype of breast cancer affect the diagnostic performance of axillary ultrasound for nodal staging in breast cancer patients?

IntroductionImaging findings can be affected by histopathological characteristics, such as breast cancer subtypes. The aim was to determine whether the diagnostic performance, in particular negative predictive value (NPV), of axillary US differs per subtype of breast cancer.MethodsAll patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2016 in our hospital with primary invasive breast cancer and an axillary US prior to axillary surgery were included. Histopathology of axillary surgery specimens served as gold standard. The NPV, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of the axillary US were determined for the overall population and for each subtype (ER+/PR+HER2-,HER2+, triple negative tumors). The Chi-square test was used to determine the difference in diagnostic performance parameters between the subtypes.ResultsA total of 1094 breast cancer patients were included. Of these, 35 were diagnosed with bilateral breast cancer, resulting in 1129 cancer cases. Most common subtype was ER+/PR+HER2- in 858 cases (76.0%), followed by 150 cases of HER2+ tumors (13.3%) and 121 cases of triple negative tumors (10.7%). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of axillary US did not significantly differ between the subtypes. There was a significant difference for NPV between triple negative tumors and HER2+ tumors (90.3% vs. 80.2%, p = 0.05) and between HER2+ and ER/PR+HER2- tumors (80.2% vs. 87.2%, p = 0.04).ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the diagnostic performance of axillary US between the subtypes, except for NPV. This was highest in triple negative subtype and lowest in HER2+ tumors. This can be explained by the difference in prevalence of axillary lymph node metastases in our cohort.     

三阴乳腺癌保乳治疗的疗效分析

目的 探讨三阴乳腺癌行保乳治疗后的疗效观察.方法 行保乳手术治疗的乳腺癌患者593例,所有病例的ER、PR、HER2/neu状态均经病理证实,根据ER、PR、HER2/neu的状态分为三阴乳腺癌(ER、PR、HER2/neu 均为阴性)及非三阴乳腺癌(ER、PR、HEE2/neu其中任何一项为阳性)两组.其中三阴乳腺癌92例,非三阴乳腺癌501例.结果 截止2009年11月,共随访593例,中位随访时间为52月,出现局部复发病例11例,远处转移28例,死亡16例.三阴乳腺癌组比非三阴乳腺癌组有较高的远处转移率,预后较差.但三阴乳腺癌和非三阴乳腺癌患者在术后的局部复发率上无明显差异.结论 三阴乳腺癌相较非三阴乳腺癌总体预后差,但没有证据说明三阴乳腺癌行保乳手术后局部复发率更高.患者不必因为三阴乳腺癌而缩小其保乳治疗的指征,三阴乳腺癌患者仍是保乳治疗的合适人选.     

Pathologic features and molecular phenotype by patient age in a large cohort of young women with breast cancer

Prior studies have suggested a higher prevalence of high grade, ER-negative, HER2-positive, and basal-like carcinomas in young women with breast cancer. However, the precise distribution of poor prognostic features in this population remains unclear. We examined the pathologic features and distribution of molecular phenotype in relation to patient age in a large group of young women (≤40?years) with invasive breast cancer. Medical records were reviewed for clinical characteristics, tumor stage, and receptor status. Pathologic features, including those features associated with basal-like carcinomas, were examined by central review. Using tumor grade and biomarker expression, cancers were categorized as luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2-, histologic grade 1 or 2); luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2+, or ER and/or PR+, HER2- and grade 3); HER2 (ER and PR- and HER2+); and triple negative (ER-, PR-, and HER2-). Among 399 women?of ≤40?years, 33% had luminal A tumors, 35% luminal B, 11% HER2 (ER-negative), and 21% triple negative. Compared to published results for all breast cancers, a greater proportion of young women had luminal B tumors, and a lesser proportion had luminal A. There were no significant differences in molecular phenotype, tumor stage or grade among the different age groups of young women. However, this population of young women presented with a different distribution of molecular phenotypes compared to the general population of women with breast cancer. These findings may have implications with regard to the etiology and prognosis of breast cancer in young women.     

不同分子亚型浸润性乳腺癌中p53基因及Ki-67抗原的表达及意义

目的探讨p53基因及Ki-67抗原在不同分子亚型浸润性乳腺癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测275例浸润性乳腺癌组织中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、人表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）、p53基因及Ki-67抗原的表达水平。结果p53在激素受体阳性组（175例）、HER-2受体阳性组（60例）、三阴性乳腺癌组（40例）中的表达率分别为29．7％,55．0％和75．0％,三组间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=32．924,P〈0．05）,以三阴性组表达最高。Ki-67在激素受体阳性组、HER-2受体阳性组、三阴性乳腺癌组中的表达率分别为74．3％,95．0％和95．0％,三组间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=18．355,P〈0．05）,以三阴性组和HER2阳性组表达最高。p53基因和Ki-67抗原的表达阳性率在有腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组中高于无腋窝淋巴结转移组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=5．257,P〈0．05;χ^2=12．664,P〈0．05）。结论在乳腺癌的分子亚型中联合检测p53基因及Ki-67抗原可以作为乳腺癌发生、发展的评价指标,更有助于指导其临床治疗和判断预后。     

p53、Ki-67、TopoⅡ、GST、P170对三阴乳腺癌预后的相关性分析

目的 探讨p53、Ki-67、DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ(DNA topoisomeraseII,TopoII)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione-S-transfreases,GST)、P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P170)免疫组化的表达在三阴乳腺癌发生发展中的生物学特征及其对预后评估的意义。方法 回顾性分析1993年1月-2003 年12月我院初诊乳腺癌病人共515 例进行筛选,共得出88例三阴乳腺癌(ER、PR、HER-2 均为阴性)。根据ER、PR、HER-2的表达,将其分为3组:三阴组(ER-、PR-、HER-2-)、HR组(ER+ /PR+HER-2-)和HER-2组(ER-、PR-、HER-2+)。统计这3组三阴乳腺癌标本p53、Ki-67、 TopoⅡ、GST、P170 的表达,并调查这3组病人5 年无病生存率与5 年内死亡率。结果 与非“三阴”乳腺癌相比,“三阴”乳腺癌患者p53、P170、Ki-67、GST表达水平均为最高(59.5%、78.6%、19.0%、66.7%),在术后5年内三阴组的复发率为23.9%,死亡率为22.7%,复发风险(HR 2.46,CI:1.04-5.84;P＜0.05)和死亡风险(HR 2.77,CI:1.09-7.02;P＜0.05),之后明显降低。结论 p53、P170、Ki-67、GST 在三阴乳腺癌的高表达与其不良预后具有相关性。     

Modulating therapeutic effects of the c-Src inhibitor via oestrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in breast cancer cell lines

Purposec-Src is an important adapter protein with oestrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which validates it as an attractive target for the treatment of breast cancer. A specific c-Src inhibitor, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrinidine (PP2), was utilised to block c-Src activity to identify targeted vulnerabilities affected by ER and HER2 in a panel of breast cancer cell lines.MethodsER, growth factor receptors and signalling pathways were detected by Western-blot. The DNA content of the cells was determined by using a DNA fluorescence quantitation kit. Cell cycles were analysed by flow cytometry.ResultsThe antiproliferative effect of PP2 closely correlated with the inhibition of c-Src mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt growth pathways. Inhibition of c-Src tyrosine kinase predominantly blocked ER negative breast cancer cell growth, particularly the triple (i.e. ER, progesteron receptor (PR), and HER2) negative cells. In contrast, ER negative Sk-Br-3 cells with highest HER2 phosphorylation were resistant to PP2, in which hyper-activated HER2 directly regulated growth pathways. However, blocking c-Src recovered ER expression and down-regulated HER2 which made Sk-Br-3 cells regain responsiveness to 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The majority of ER positive cells were not sensitive to PP2 regardless of wild-type or endocrine resistant cell lines.Conclusionsc-Src mediates the essential role of growth pathways in ER negative breast cancer cells. The ER positive and HER2 over-activation are two important predictive biomarkers for the resistance to a c-Src inhibitor. These data provided an important therapeutic rationale for patient selection in clinical trials with c-Src inhibitors in breast cancer.     

Expression analysis of MiR-21, MiR-205, and MiR-342 in breast cancer in Iran

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules characterized by their regulatory roles in cancer and gene expression. We analyzed the expression of miR-21, miR-205, and miR-342 in 59 patients with breast cancer. Samples were divided into three different groups according to their immunohistochemistry (IHC) classification: ER-positive and/or PR-positive group (ER+ and/or PR+; group I); HER2-positive group (HER2+; group II); and ER/PR/HER2- negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-; group III) as the triple negative group. The expression levels of the 3 miRNAs were analyzed in the tumor samples and the compared with the normal neighboring dissected tumor (NNDT) samples in all three groups. The expression of miR-21 was similar in all three groups. In patients positive for P53 by IHC, positive for axillary lymph node metastasis and higher tumor stages, it appeared to have significantly elevated. However, significant increase was not found among the 18 fibroadenoma samples. Both miR-205 and miR-342 expressions were significantly down regulated in group III. We conclude that miR-21 does not discriminate between different breast cancer groups. In contrast, miR-205 and miR-342 may be used as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of triple negative breast cancer.     

BRCA1 germline mutation in a woman with metaplastic squamous cell breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Breast cancers arising in women with germline BRCA1 mutations are most likely to be estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu negative (so-called triple negative or basal-like breast cancers). Metaplastic carcinoma with pure squamous differentiation is a very rare histological subtype (0.1% of all breast cancers) and is usually ER, PR, and HER2/neu negative by immunohistochemistry. A BRCA1 germline mutation in squamous cell breast cancer has never been reported. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old woman was diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the breast. Three years later, she developed contralateral breast cancer, also of the squamous cell subtype. Both tumors were triple negative. Because of the patient's history and her strong family history, genetic testing was recommended. The patient was found to be carrier of a BRCA1 germline mutation. CONCLUSION: We report, to our knowledge, the first case of a BRCA1 mutation in a woman with metaplastic squamous cell breast cancer.