Modic改变与下腰椎三关节复合体退变相关性的回顾性分析

目的探讨Modic改变(modic changes,MCs)与下腰椎三关节复合体退变的相关性。方法选择2016年3月~2020年6月在本院住院治疗的231例腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)患者进行分析,观察MCs的发生率、椎间盘的Pfirmann分级和小关节退变分级(Weishaupt分级)的关系。结果MCs总发生率为45.31%(296/693),L_3-4、L_4-5、L₅-S₁节段MCs发生率分别为25.11%(58/231)、54.11%(125/231)和48.92%(113/231),组间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。L_3-4、L_4-5和L₅-S₁节段MCsⅠ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病变节段的椎间盘退变程度均高于无MCs病变节段(P<0.05)。L_3-4节段MCsⅢ型与无MCs患者的小关节退变差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。L_4-5和L₅-S₁节段MCsⅡ型患者与无MCs患者的小关节退变差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论MCs与三关节复合体退变存在相关性,主要表现在MCs不同类型均与腰椎间盘退变分级相关,MCsⅡ型与腰椎小关节退行性病变相关。     

腰椎后路单节段固定融合术后邻近节段关节突关节退变的随访观察

目的 :分析单节段后路腰椎固定融合(PLIF)术后邻近节段关节突关节(facet joint,FJ)退变的影像学特征,探讨PLIF对融合邻近节段FJ退变的影响。方法:选取2005年1月~2014年1月采用单节段PLIF或单纯髓核摘除术治疗的患者共84例,其中PLIF组(A组)44例,手术邻近节段共140个关节突关节;髓核摘除组(B组)40例,手术邻近节段共122个关节突关节。观察两组患者手术前后病变邻近节段FJ的CT和MRI影像学特征及退变发生率,依据Weishaupt分级系统对FJ进行分级,采用行平均分差检验,对两组患者手术前后病变邻近节段FJ的退变程度进行组内和组间比较。结果:两组患者的性别比、年龄、随访时间及手术节段差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。FJ退变常见的影像学表现为骨赘形成、关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨的侵蚀、软骨下囊肿、关节突关节对位不良、关节突关节空气征、关节突关节积液、关节突再塑形以及关节突关节融合。A组术前关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨的侵蚀发生率分别为52.9%、31.4%,术后为75.7%、62.1%;B组术前关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨的侵蚀发生率分别为51.6%、30.3%,术后为63.9%、50%。两组患者关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨的侵蚀术前发生率无统计学差异;术后两组发生率均较术前显著性增加(P0.05),且两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。按照Weishaupt分级,A组140个关节突关节中,术前0级3个,1级95个,2级34个,3级8个,退变发生率为97.9%;术后0级1个,1级49个,2级59个,3级31个,退变发生率为99.3%;B组122个关节突关节中,术前0级4个,1级82个,2级30个,3级6个,退变发生率为96.7%;术后0级2个,1级60个,2级39个,3级21个,退变发生率为98.4%,两组手术前后退变发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。采用行平均分差检验,两组患者组内手术前后对比,术后退变程度加重,与术前比较均有统计学差异(P0.05);两组间比较,A组术前FJ退变程度与B组术前无统计学差异(P0.05);但A组术后FJ退变程度评分较B组术后评分高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腰椎后路单节段固定融合术可能会加速邻近节段关节突关节的退变,以关节间隙狭窄和软骨下骨的侵蚀最为常见。     

腰椎后路单/双节段融合术后上邻近节段关节突关节退变的研究

目的 :研究腰椎后路单/双节段椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)后上邻近节段关节突关节(facet joint,FJ)退变的情况,分析上邻近节段FJ退变的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月～2015年12月于我院行PLIF的退行性腰椎疾病患者共49例,男27例,女22例,平均年龄55.4±8.6(41～72)岁,随访时间33.0±6.3(25～43)个月,根据融合节段分为L4/5组26例;L4-S1组23例。收集各组患者性别、年龄、随访时间、吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)等一般资料,比较术前、末次随访时手术上邻近节段FJ的X线、CT、MRI影像学特征(关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨侵蚀)、邻近节段椎间隙高度、关节突关节角不对称度,依据Weishaupt分级评估FJ退变特征及退变分级,采用秩和检验对两组患者FJ的退变程度进行组内和组间比较。结果:两组患者性别、年龄、随访时间、吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史、BMI等一般资料均无统计学差异(P0.05)。L4/5组术前关节间隙狭窄、软骨下骨侵蚀的发生率分别为51.9%、38.4%;末次随访时发生率分别为73.1%,67.3%。L4-S1组术前发生率分别为67.3%、34.8%;末次随访时发生率分别为97.8%、60.9%。末次随访时,L4/5组邻近FJ重度退变率为52%,L4-S1组为78.2%。术前L4/5组椎间隙高度、关节突角不对称度分别为8.95±0.38mm、7.79°±0.21°;L4-S1组分别为8.65±0.63mm、7.90°±0.09°;末次随访时,L4/5组分别为8.33°±0.51mm、10.43°±0.33°;L4-S1组分别为7.68±0.53mm、12.06°±0.20°,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腰椎后路双节段融合固定较单节段更易引起上邻近节段FJ退变,且更容易引起关节突的不对称。     

腰椎后路椎间植骨融合内固定术后邻近节段椎间盘退行性改变生物力学特点的有限元分析

目的采用有限元方法分析腰椎后路椎间植骨融合内固定术后邻近节段椎间盘退变的生物力学特点。方法采集1名正常成人L_3~5的CT扫描数据,经有限元软件建立正常腰椎L_3~5模型(正常模型)、L_4、5椎弓根钉内固定模型(PSF),以及L_4、5全椎板减压、椎间cage融合、椎弓根钉内固定模型(PSF+PLIF)。比较3个模型在模拟人体腰椎前屈、后伸、左侧弯、右侧弯、左轴向旋转、右轴向旋转时L_3、4椎间盘膨出与内陷最大值,以及各方向L_3、4纤维环应力峰值。结果 PSF+PLIF模型与PSF模型L_3、4椎间盘膨出、内陷最大值较正常模型明显增大,且PSF+PLIF模型较PSF模型大,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。PSF+PLIF模型与PSF模型左侧弯、右侧弯、左轴向旋转、右轴向旋转时L_3、4的纤维环应力峰值增幅明显大于Model模型,且PSF+PLIF模型增幅大于PSF模型,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论腰椎后路椎间植骨融合内固定术引起邻近节段椎间盘生物力学改变是加重邻近节段椎间盘退行性改变程度的重要因素。     

腰椎融合术后发生邻近节段退变的相关因素分析

目的探讨腰椎退行性疾病行腰椎融合手术后,发生邻近节段退变(Adjacentsegment degeneration,ASD)的相关因素。方法自2011-09-2014-09,共纳入287例行腰椎后路融合手术治疗的腰椎退行性疾病患者,均由同一组医师进行腰椎融合手术,术后随访37-60个月。依据其术后是否发生ASD,将其分为ASD组23例和非ASD组264例,统计两组患者的性别、年龄、手术方式、术中是否进行椎板切除、是否行悬浮固定,邻近节段椎间盘再术前是否存在退变等相关数据。将上述数据作为自变量,并将ASD发生与否作为因变量,进行与ASD相关的组间单因素分析,以及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析发现,年龄、手术方式、术前邻近节段有椎间盘退变,均与之关系密切;而进一步的多因素Logistic回归分析发现,手术方式为PLIF、术前有邻近节段的椎间盘退变、患者年龄在60岁以上,均是术后发生ASD的独立危险因素(均为P0.05)。结论在腰椎融合手术治疗腰椎退行性疾病中,年龄在60岁以上、采用PLIF术式、术前邻近节段有退变者,其术后发生ASD的风险较高。     

退变性腰椎不稳固定节段与邻近节段椎间盘退变的关系

目的探讨后路减压、固定、融合术后治疗退变性腰椎不稳的疗效,固定后邻近节段椎间盘退变发生机率与相关性。方法回顾性分析2005年8月～2010年8月下腰椎固定术180例患者的临床资料。结果随访1～5年,其中有症状性退变2例,均为固定近端相邻的椎间盘,而且此阶段椎间盘术前均有不同程度的退变。结论退变性腰椎不稳固定治疗后出现邻近节段椎间盘退变与腰椎固定及固定阶段多少本身无关,与固定前邻近节段椎间盘有无退变关系明显,且多发生于固定节段近端。     

退变性腰椎滑脱的关节突关节形态学分析

目的：探讨腰椎关节突关节形态学变化在退变性腰椎滑脱（degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS）发生中的病因学意义。方法自2007年1月至2013年7月收治的L4,5 DLS患者中随机选取115例作为观察组,男28例,女87例;年龄41~76岁,平均57.3岁。自体检人群（无脊柱滑脱及腰腿痛表现）中随机选取与DLS组年龄、性别相匹配的115例作为对照组,男31例,女84例;年龄45~77岁,平均56.4岁。两组均行腰椎正、侧位X线片,CT平扫及多层面重建检查。于侧位X线片测量DLS组患者腰椎滑脱程度（Taillard指数）,CT图像分别测量滑脱组及对照组L3,4、L4,5节段两侧关节突关节角并评估两组小关节不对称程度,矢状面CT重建图像测量两组L3,4、L4,5关节突关节椎弓根角（pedicle facet angle,P?F角）,对两组相应节段所测角度进行比较分析;CT横断面骨窗下对两组L4,5关节突关节进行退变程度分级并比较,且对DLS组不同退变等级之间的滑脱程度进行分析。对DLS组L4,5的关节突关节角、P?F角与滑脱程度进行相关性分析。结果 DLS组L4,5均为Ⅰ度滑脱。DLS组L3,4、L4,5节段关节突关节角与对照组相应节段相比明显偏向矢状位;P?F角均较对照组大,更倾向于水平位。小关节不对称程度,L4,5节段DLS组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,而L3,4节段的差异无统计学意义。两组L4,5关节突关节退变程度比较差异有统计学意义,DLS组患者L4,5关节突关节不同退变等级之间,滑脱程度的差异无统计学意义。DLS组L4,5滑脱程度与其关节突关节角、P?F角无相关性。结论关节突关节形态学变化（更小的关节突关节角、水平化的P?F角、小关节不对称）对退变性腰椎滑脱的发生具有一定的病因学意义,但其作用不应被夸大;关节突关节退变是随着年龄增长出现的继发性改变,而腰椎滑脱加剧了小关节的退变。     

青年应力性L5椎体峡部裂与相应节段椎间盘退变的关系

目的 探讨青年应力性L₅椎体峡部裂与相应节段椎间盘退变的关系。方法 比较56例青年应力性L₅椎体峡部裂患者(峡部裂组)与同期56名青年健康志愿者(对照组)L₅～S₁椎间盘退变程度的差异性。并将峡部裂组患者按照病程<1年、1～3年、>3年分为A组(26例)、B组(17例)、C组(13例),比较3组L₅～S₁椎间盘退变程度的差异性。结果 根据改良Pfirrmann分级系统评估椎间盘退变情况的评分，峡部裂组高于对照组(P<0.05)。A、B、C 3组的L₅～S₁椎间盘退变程度资料进行独立样本非参数检验结果显示，3组之间L₅～S₁椎间盘退变程度仍存在差异，A组与B组、B组与C组之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组低于C组(P<0.05)。结论 青年应力性L₅峡部裂与相应节段椎间盘退变程度相关，随着病程的延长，达到一...     

腰椎融合辅以邻近节段动态固定治疗腰椎退行性疾病的早期临床疗效观察

目的 评价腰椎融合辅以邻近节段K-Rod动态固定治疗腰椎退行性疾病的临床疗效及对腰椎运动功能的影响,探讨K-Rod动态固定对邻近节段保护的优劣.方法 回顾性分析2010年4月~2011年9月采用椎间融合辅以邻近节段K-Rod 动态固定及单节段椎间植骨融合内固定术的51例患者.A组（K-Rod组）24例患者术前邻近节段存在退变,行单节段融合辅以邻近节段K-Rod动态固定;B组（单节段融合组）27例患者术前邻近节段无不稳或退变,行单节段椎间植骨融合内固定术.对比评价2组腰腿痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、Oswestry 功能障碍指数（ Oswestry disability Index,ODI） 、椎间隙高度、腰椎总活动度（range of motion,ROM）及头侧邻近第一节段活动度（ROM1）、头侧邻近第二节段或尾侧第一邻近节段活动度（ROM2）、保护节段及邻近节段退变（adjacent segment degeneration,ASD）发生率.结果随访 24~37个月.2组患者术后VAS评分及ODI均显著改善,且2组间差异无统计学意义.2组间腰椎总ROM术前及末次随访之间均无差异.A组保护节段末次随访时椎间隙高度与术前无差异.2组ROM1及ROM2术前术后相比差异均有显著统计学意义,2组间相比差异无统计学意义.A组末次随访时8例患者出现11（11/138,8%）枚螺钉松动;B组无螺钉松动.结论 腰椎融合辅以邻近节段动态固定具有较好的临床疗效,增加的动态固定保护了术前已存在退变的节段,避免了多节段融合,降低了单节段融合邻椎病的风险,因此适应证选择合适,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

退变性腰椎滑脱融合术后邻近节段椎间盘退变的远期观察

目的 观察退变性腰椎滑脱融合术后邻近节段椎间盘的远期退变情况.方法 分析62例退变性腰椎滑脱患者融合术后5～9年的影像学资料,其中单节段融合37例,多节段融合25例,根据Pfirrmann系统对融合的邻近节段椎间盘进行退变分级,对单节段和多节段融合的邻近节段、融合的近侧和远侧节段椎间盘退变情况及JOA评分进行比较和统计学分析.结果 融合的近侧和远侧节段椎间盘退变分级差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),近侧比远侧节段退变更明显;多节段和单节段融合术后邻近节段椎间盘退变分级差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多节段比单节段更严重.末次随访时,单节段融合组的JOA评分显著高于多节段融合组(P<0.05).结论 退变性腰椎滑脱融合术可引起邻近节段椎间盘退变,最好选择单节段和远侧节段融合,尽量避免多节段和近侧节段融合.     

Additional decompression at adjacent segments leads to adjacent segment degeneration after PLIF

Purpose

Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is one of the major complications of lumbar fusion. Several previous retrospective studies reported ASD after PLIF. However, few reports evaluated whether decompression surgery combined with fusion surgery increases the rate of complications in adjacent segments. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the degeneration in decompressed adjacent segments after PLIF.

Methods

A total of 23 patients (12 men, 11 women; average age, 58.6) who underwent PLIF surgery [1 level (n = 9), 2 levels (n = 8), 3 levels (n = 4), 4 levels (n = 2)] were included. Additional adjacent decompression above or below the level of interbody fusion was performed at 25 levels and no adjacent decompression was performed at 15 levels. We retrospectively investigated ASD by X-ray films of all 40 adjacent segments (above and below fusion level) and clinical outcomes of all 23 cases.

Results

Of the 40 adjacent segments, 19 (47.5 %) showed ASD and 9 (22.5 %) showed symptomatic ASD. In the 19 segments with ASD, ASD occurred in 16 of 25 (64.0 %) segments at decompressed sites compared with 3 of 15 (20.0 %) non-decompressed sites. The ratio of ASD in adjacent segments was significantly higher at decompressed sites than at non-decompressed sites (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

ASD occurs frequently in association with additional decompression above or below the level of PLIF. In cases in which the adjacent segments require decompression, a surgical strategy that preserves as much of the posterior complex as possible should be selected.     

Complications of adjacent grafting

Complications of adjacent tissue transfers tend to be lessened due to similarity in structure and function of adjacent skin. When complications are encountered, prompt and effective treatment is of tantamount importance.     

Vertebral osteitis adjacent to kyphoplasty

Vertebroplasty and vertebral kyphoplasty are increasingly performed to treat vertebral fractures, most notably those related to osteoporosis. Adverse effects are uncommon and consist chiefly of cement leakage out of the vertebral body and of vertebral fractures adjacent to the treatment site. We report two cases of vertebral osteitis adjacent to vertebroplasty sites, in a 60-year-old woman and a 79-year-old man. Kyphoplasty to treat an osteoporotic vertebral fracture was followed by acute pain with an inflammatory time pattern and laboratory evidence of inflammation. Time to symptom onset was 10 days and 45 days, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging showed changes consistent with inflammation in an adjacent vertebra (low signal on T1 images, gadolinium enhancement, and high signal on T2 images). A biopsy of the lesion disclosed moderate nonspecific inflammation, with no microorganisms or evidence of malignancy. Both patients recovered slowly. The male patient experienced a fracture at the site of the lesion. Few cases of osteitis adjacent to kyphoplasty have been reported. The underlying pathophysiology may involve changes in vertebral loading and cement leakage into the intervertebral disk.     

Intraosseous lipomata of adjacent vertebral bodies

Osseous lipomata of vertebral bodies are rare. We present a very unusual case where adjacent vertebrae are involved and the plain radiographic and scintigraphic appearances gave cause for some concern. The findings on plain films, scintigraphy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed. Received: 30 July 1997 Revised: 6 January 1998 Accepted: 23 January 1998     

Fractures adjacent to humeral prostheses.

In a review of records and radiographs from 1974 through 1988, we identified seven patients who had a humeral fracture after either a total shoulder replacement or a shoulder hemiarthroplasty. All seven patients had complications after the fracture, and five fractures did not unite until an operation was done. All of the fractures that were treated operatively healed without sequelae. Four patients who were managed operatively had satisfactory relief of pain and one had fair relief. One patient who had a non-union refused further treatment for medical reasons. The one fracture that united without operative treatment healed with the tip of the prosthesis outside of the humeral shaft, but persistent pain led to a revision total shoulder replacement. The average time to union after the operation was approximately five months (range, four to seven months). There was a permanent decrease in the motion of the shoulder from preinjury levels in five of the six patients who had union of the fracture.     

Acute Freiberg's disease in adjacent metatarsals

We report the first case of active Freiberg's disease in adjacent rays. The presentation was initially difficult to distinguish from forefoot cellulitis, however, magnetic resonance imaging was helpful in establishing the diagnosis and identifying the affected rays.     

Microdamage adjacent to endosseous implants.

Intense remodeling occurs in lamellar bone adjacent to osseointegrated endosseous implants. The purpose of this study was to compare microdamage accumulation subsequent to ex vivo fatigue loading of bone that surrounds an endosseous implant, (a) immediately after placement (nonadapted bone) and (b) following a 12 week healing period after placement (adapted bone). We hypothesize that there is less microdamage in the more compliant adapted bone than in the older nonadapted bone. Nonthreaded titanium plasma sprayed (TPS)-coated endosseous implants were placed into dog mid-femoral diaphyses and allowed to heal for 12 weeks. Block sections of bone, each containing one implant, were cut anteroposteriorly, resulting in an implant containing lateral cortex, and a medial cortex that was used for testing the nonadapted specimens. Control specimens (n = 14 each for adapted and nonadapted) were loaded at 0 N. Experimental specimens (n = 13, adapted; n = 14, nonadapted) were loaded at 100 N in cantilever bending for 150,000 cycles at 2 Hz, at 37 degrees C on a Bionix 858 testing machine. Specimens were bulk stained with basic fuchsin and 120-140 microm sections were obtained. Crack numerical density (Cr.Dn = Cr.N/ B.Ar, #/mm2), crack surface density (Cr.S.Dn = Tt.Cr.Le/ B.Ar, mm/mm2), and percent damage area (Dm.Ar = Cr.Ar x 100/B.Ar, mm2/mm2) were measured at x 250. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) were seen for Cr.Dn, Cr.S.Dn, and Dm.Ar on the compressed cortices suggesting that adapted bone near the implant accumulated significantly less microdamage than nonadapted bone. Also, the adapted nonloaded control specimens had approximately 20-fold less damage than the respective nonadapted specimens. This study suggests that the compliant adapted bone adjacent to endosseous implants is relatively resistant to fatigue loads. The high success rates of endosseous implants may be due to the presence of a rapidly remodeling region that maintains tissue compliance and limits microdamage initiation.     

术前相邻节段退变对腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变及临床疗效的影响

目的:分析腰椎融合术前相邻节段已存在退变因素及对其处理方式的不同对术后相邻节段退变(adjacent segment degeneration,ASD)及临床疗效的影响。方法 :纳入我院2015年7月～2017年12月手术治疗的腰椎管狭窄症患者。入选标准:责任节段为L4～S1,且责任节段的相邻节段不存在不稳定因素。术前及随访时完成腰椎MRI及腰椎正侧伸屈位X线片检查,评估责任节段及相邻节段退变状态。依据术前相邻节段椎管形态及手术处理方式的不同,将患者分为三组:A组,术前L3/4节段椎管形态为0级,手术单纯融合责任节段L4～S1;B组,术前L3/4节段椎管形态≥1级,手术单纯融合责任节段L4～S1;C组,术前L3/4节段椎管形态≥1级,手术将退变的相邻节段一并处理,L3～S1固定融合。术后进行至少1年随访。记录患者术时年龄、性别、术前身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、麻醉ASA分级、术后随访时间、手术相关数据,术前及随访时的Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores,JOA)腰椎功能评分、腰痛及腿痛的视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),术前及随访时骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvictilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacralslope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)。根据术前及随访时的MRI和X线片上改变诊断有无ASD。结果:共有98例纳入A组,85例纳入B组,87例纳入C组。B组与C组患者年龄显著性大于A组(P0.05),C组手术时间及术中出血量显著性大于A组与B组(P0.05)。三组之间患者性别分布、BMI、ASA分级、随访时间、住院天数、围手术期并发症发生率均无显著性差异(P0.05)。末次随访时A组患者21例(21/98,21.4%)出现ASD,B组53例(53/85,62.4%)出现ASD,C组42例(42/87,48.3%)出现ASD,B组、C组术后ASD的发生率显著性高于A组(P0.01),B组与C组无显著性差异(P0.05);出现ASD患者的主要病理类型为椎管狭窄程度的加重;三组均无患者出现相邻节段病。末次随访时三组患者的临床功能评分均较术前有显著性改善;A组和B组的ODI改善率显著性高于C组(P0.05),JOA和VAS评分改善率三组间无明显差异。将患者末次随访时有无术后ASD分为ASD组与非ASD组,两组术前及末次随访时的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数无显著性差异(P0.05)。BMI、术前相邻节段椎管形态分级是术后早期发生ASD的影响因素。结论:术前相邻节段存在退变的患者术后早期ASD的发生率较术前相邻节段无退变的患者显著性增高。将责任节段和术前相邻退变节段一并处理的患者并未获得更好的临床功能改善。术前矢状位参数不是术后发生ASD的影响因素,末次随访时矢状位平衡与术后ASD发生无关。