白细胞介素4在输注供体肝脏非实质细胞诱导免疫耐受中的作用

目的　探讨皮肤移植受体在输注供体肝脏非实质细胞 (NPC)诱导免疫耐受过程中 ,白细胞介素 4(IL 4)所起的作用。方法　将 2× 1 0 7个C3H/He (C3H)小鼠的肝脏非实质细胞通过尾静脉输入C57BL/ 6(B6)小鼠的体内 ,48h后B6小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺 2 0 0mg/kg ,1 8d后接受C3H小鼠皮片的移植 ,分别于NPC细胞输注前及输注后 7、1 8、30、60d采血监测IL 4水平的动态变化。结果　 1 5只接受皮片移植的小鼠 ,其皮片存活时间显著延长 ,皮片平均存活时间 (70± 1 7.2 )d ,正常对照组其移植皮肤的平均存活时间仅 (1 0± 0 .4)d ,用Elisa法检测NPC输注后不同时期IL 4水平的动态变化发现 ,B6小鼠体内血清IL 4水平逐渐升高 ,在长期耐受的小鼠中 ,其水平增加尤其显著 ,甚至成倍的提高。结论　IL 4水平的升高对于诱导和保持免疫耐受起着重要的作用     

门静脉输注供者脾细胞诱导的供者特异性免疫低反应性

目的 探讨经门静脉输注供者脾细胞能否诱导皮肤移植小鼠产生供者特异性的免疫低反应性及其可能机制.方法 取Balb/c小鼠,随机分为空白对照组(经小鼠门静脉输注RPMI 1640培养液)、受者脾细胞组(经小鼠门静脉输注Balb/c小鼠脾细胞)、供者脾细胞组(经小鼠门静脉输注C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞)、空白移植对照组(经小鼠门静脉输注RPMI 1640培养液,7 d后移植C57BL/6小鼠的皮肤)、实验对照组(经小鼠门静脉输注Balb/c小鼠脾细胞,7 d后移植C57BL/6小鼠的皮肤)、实验组(经小鼠门静脉输注C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞,7 d后移植C57BL/6小鼠的皮肤)以及第三方移植组(经小鼠门静脉输注C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞,7 d后移植C3H小鼠的皮肤).记录空白移植对照组、实验对照组、实验组和第三方移植组移植皮肤的存活时间,并观察移植皮肤的病理学变化;脾细胞输注后7 d,分别获取空白对照组、受者脾细胞组和供者脾细胞组小鼠的外周血、脾脏和肝脏,用流式细胞仪测定样本中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T淋巴细胞(CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞)的比例.结果 实验组移植皮肤的存活时间为(19.8±4.6)d,明显长于空白移植对照组、实验对照组和第三方移植组,但仍未达到长期存活.皮肤移植后7 d,空白移植对照组和实验对照组的移植皮肤呈现重度急性排斥反应的病理学改变,而实验组移植皮肤呈现中度急性排斥反应的病理学改变.供者脾细胞组外周血、肝脏和脾脏中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞比例明显高于空白对照组和受者脾细胞组.结论 门静脉输注供者脾细胞可特异性地延长供者皮肤移植物的存活时间,减轻移植物的排斥反应,该效应可能与受者体内的CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞增加有关.     

同种异基因肝脏非实质细胞对小鼠移植皮片存活的影响

目的探讨输注同种异基因肝脏非实质细胞(NPC)对小鼠移植皮片存活的影响及其机制。方法选用123只近交系小鼠,其中C3H小鼠65只、C57BL/6小鼠58只。20只C3H小鼠作移植供体;40只C3H小鼠肝脏为NPC来源;余下5只C3H小鼠作混合淋巴细胞培养(MLC)的刺激物,由每分钟放射性荧光闪烁计数(cpm)值表示。58只C57BL/6小鼠分为实验组50只、对照组8只。对照组小鼠仅作皮肤移植,未行NPC输注。实验组50只小鼠尾静脉输入由40只C3H小鼠肝脏制备的2×107个NPC,48h后腹腔注射环磷酰胺200mg/kg,并接受C3H小鼠皮片移植。于NPC输注前及输注后各时相点处死实验组小鼠,每时相点5只。检测血清白细胞介素(IL)4水平、脾淋巴细胞嵌合体水平及cpm值,并观察2组小鼠的存活时间。结果实验组小鼠皮片存活时间为(70.0±17.2)d明显长于对照组;NPC输注后IL4、嵌合体水平逐渐上升,而cpm值逐渐降低。NPC输注后60d实验组小鼠IL4为(251.5±11.0)ng/L,脾脏嵌合体水平达到(26.30±1.04)%。结论IL4、嵌合体水平的升高对诱导和保持免疫耐受起着重要的作用。     

异基因小鼠髓腔内骨髓移植诱导免疫耐受

目的探讨异基因小鼠髓腔内骨髓移植(IBM-BMT)诱导免疫耐受的效果。方法雄性BALB/c小鼠和雌性C57BL/6小鼠分别作为骨髓移植的供、受者。受者预处理后进行IBM-BMT,建立异基因小鼠骨髓移植模型。通过皮肤移植和混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)对受者的耐受状态进行检测。结果接受过IBM-BMT的受者进行供者来源的皮肤移植,移植物的存活时间>300d,较对照组的(12.7±1.63)d明显延长(P<0.01),而受者接受来自无关供者(KM小鼠)的皮肤移植物存活时间未见延长。接受过IBM-BMT的受者脾细胞对供者脾细胞的MLR增殖率均明显降低,与对照组比较,P<0.01,而对无关供者的脾细胞仍表现强烈的增殖反应。结论应用IBM-BMT可以诱导受者获得供者抗原的特异性免疫耐受,使移植物存活时间延长。     

造血干细胞在皮肤移植中诱导特异性免疫耐受的研究

目的 探讨造血干细胞在皮肤移植中诱导特异性免疫耐受的作用和地位；尝试建立一种简单、有效且实用的耐受诱导方案。方法 采用小鼠皮肤移植模型；通过免疫磁珠法负筛选系统提取供者骨髓中的造血干细胞。给低剂量放射线全身照射的BALB／C小鼠管饲CsA 50mg／kg，接着经尾静脉推注冷藏的C57BL／6小鼠的造血干细胞或骨髓细胞，并当天完成C57BL／6小鼠→BALB／C小鼠的皮肤移植。记录皮肤存活时间并于30d后对受者小鼠作混合淋巴细胞反应(MIR)和迟发超敏反应(DTH)检查。结果 经处理的BALB／C小鼠移植皮肤存活时间延长；MLR和DTH检查证明BALB／C小鼠对C57BL／6小鼠的抗原生产了特异性耐受，但对无关第三者KM小鼠的抗原仍表现出强烈的免疫应答。输注骨髓细胞和造血干细胞的两个方案差异无显著性。结论 利用C57BL／6小鼠的造血干细胞在BALB／C小鼠体内成功诱导出了供者特异性的移植耐受；输注骨髓细胞和造血干细胞的两个方案差异无显著性。     

胸腺注射转染供者主要组织相容性复合物基因的T淋巴细胞诱导免疫耐受的实验

目的 探讨受者胸腺内注射可表达供者主要组织相容性复合物（MHC）基因的受者T淋巴细胞诱导的免疫耐受的效果。方法 将携带供鼠（C57BL／6，H－2^b）k位点基因cDNA的逆转录病毒载体质粒PXN（N2－B19－H－2K^b）经包装细胞PA317细胞包装为重组病毒后，感染体外培养的受鼠（Balb/c,H-2^d）T淋巴细胞，再将此可表达供者MHC抗原的受者T淋巴细胞（H－2K^db）回输受鼠胸腺内，然后将供鼠（H－2^b）的皮肤移植给受鼠（H－2^d），观察免疫耐受的诱导情况。结果 外源性MHC基因（H－2K^b）整合到靶细胞（H－2^d）染色体DNA，并有效地转录，在细胞膜上有H－2K^b分子表达；对照组移植皮肤平均存活时间（MST）为9d；注射单克隆抗体对照组MST为11d；第三供者组MST为11.5d；实验组（胸腺回输H－2K^db嵌合体T淋巴细胞）MST为35d；实验组脾细胞对刀豆素A（ConA）的增殖反应在正常范围，单向混合淋巴细胞反应对第三供者的脾细胞反应正常，但对特异供者的脾细胞无反应。结论 自身T淋巴细胞在胸腺内表达供者MHC抗原可在成年动物诱导出对供者移植的特异性免疫耐受，无非特异性免疫抑制。     

短期运用环孢素A对供者骨髓移植所诱导的混合嵌合体和免疫耐受的抑制作用

目的探讨临床常用免疫抑制剂对供者骨髓移植和T淋巴细胞协同刺激信号阻滞联合诱导的混合嵌合体和免疫耐受的影响。方法将BALB/c小鼠的皮肤移植于C57BL/6小鼠背部,术后经尾静脉注射BALB/c小鼠骨髓细胞5×10~7个和AdCTLA4-FasL 5×10~9 PFU(标准方案组),部分小鼠在此基础上还接受环孢素A(CsA组)、霉酚酸酯(MMF组)和环孢素A、霉酚酸酯联合(CsA+ MMF组)皮下或腹腔注射,共用药28 d,同时设移植后不给任何处理的对照组。观察移植皮肤存活情况,流式细胞仪测定受者外周血Vβ11~+T淋巴细胞的水平和供者来源细胞的嵌合水平,行单向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)了解受者对供者抗原的反应。结果除对照组外,其它几个组在短期内(21 d)均诱导了高水平的混合嵌合体(＞30%),但在停药后的140 d,仅标准方案组和MMF组仍保持稳定的嵌合水平。对照组移植皮片的存活时间为(9．8±1．2)d,CsA组和CsA+MMF组皮片存活时间均不超过50 d,标准方案组和MMF组皮片存活时间均超过150 d,明显长于CsA组和CsA+MMF组(P＜0．05)。术后150 d,标准方案组和MMF组的MLR受到显著抑制,刺激指数均＜1,而CsA组和CsA+MMF组的MLR未受抑制(刺激指数均＞1)。术后21d时,各组小鼠外周血中Vβ11~+T淋巴细胞的水平均低于对照组,但标准方案组和MMF组的Vβ11~+ T淋巴细胞较CsA组和CsA+ MMF组更低(P＜0．05),至术后140 d时,标准方案组和MMF组的Vβ11~+ T淋巴细胞比例降至更低水平。结论CsA或含CsA的免疫抑制方案对供者骨髓移植和输注CTLA4-FasL联合诱导的混合嵌合体和免疫耐受具有抑制作用,其机理可能与早期外周供者反应性T淋巴细胞删除减少有关。     

混合培养的供、受者骨髓细胞过继回输延长小鼠移植心脏存活时间

目的 将供、受者骨髓细胞经混合培养后过继回输,以观察其对同种异体移植心脏存活时间和受者免疫功能的影响.方法 取Balb/c小鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠的骨髓细胞,进行混合培养.配制含Balb/c小鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠脾淋巴细胞的混合淋巴细胞反应体系(MLR)以及含Balb/c小鼠和C3H小鼠脾淋巴细胞的MLR,分别加入混合培养的骨髓细胞,观察其对MLR中细胞增殖的影响.以C57BL/6J小鼠为供者,Balb/c小鼠为受者行腹腔异位心脏移植,实验分为4组:(1)移植对照组,受者仅进行心脏移植,不作其他处理;(2)实验对照组,心脏移植后给予西罗莫司灌胃;(3)实验组,移植手术结束前注射混合培养的骨髓细胞1×10~7个,术后给予西罗莫司;(4)第三方对照组,受者接受C3H小鼠的移植心脏,手术结束前注射混合培养的骨髓细胞1×10~7个,术后给予西罗莫司.记录移植心脏存活时间;移植心脏停跳当日,取受者外周血,检测CD4~+ CD25~+ T淋巴细胞的比例及供者来源的H-2K~b细胞的比例.结果 加入混合培养的骨髓细胞后,Balb/c和C57BL/6J的MLR的淋巴细胞增殖率低于Balb/c和C3H的MLR.实验组移植心脏的存活时间长于其他3组(P<0.05).实验组CD4~+CD25~+T淋巴细胞的百分率高于其他3组(P<0.05).实验组外周血中H-2K~b细胞的比例高于其他3组(P<0.05).结论 受者输注混合培养的供、受者骨髓细胞可在一定程度上调节免疫应答,延长小鼠移植心脏的存活时间,该作用具有供者抗原特异性.     

输注转染MyD88siRNA基因的供者树突状细胞延长小鼠移植心存活时间

目的 探讨输注供者来源的转染了髓样分化因子88(MyD88)siRNA基因的树突状细胞(DC)在延长同种小鼠移植心存活时间中的作用及机制.方法 以脂质体为载体,将化学合成的MyD88siRNA导入BALB/c小鼠(供者)骨髓来源的DC中,制备转染MyD88siRNA基因的DC(MyD88siRNA-DC).随机将27只C57BL/6小鼠(受者)平均分为磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照组、培养8 d的DC(Day8-DC)组及MyD88siRNA-DC组,分别将PBS、Day8-DC及MyD88siRNA-DC输注至受者体内.于输注后第7、14和21天时应用免疫双荧光染色法观察供者DC在受者脾脏内的存活情况;混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)测定受者脾脏内T淋巴细胞对供者同种抗原的反应性.另取27对供、受者(BALB/c小鼠和C57BL/6小鼠),通过袖套管技术建立颈部异位心脏移植模型,随机平均分为PBS对照移植组、Day8-DC移植组及MyD88siRNA-DC移植组,各组于移植前7 d分别经受者门静脉注射0.5 ml PBS、2.0× 106个Day8-DC及2.0× 106个MyD88siRNA-DC.于输注后第7天,观察各组移植心的存活时间;病理检查观察排斥反应程度;酶联免疫吸附试验测定受者血清巾Th1及Th2型细胞因子[γ干扰素(INF-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-4和IL-10]水平的变化.结果 MyD88siRNA-DC在受者脾脏内的存活时间明显延长,MyD88siRNA-DC组受者脾脏内T淋巴细胞对供者抗原的反应性最低(P＜0.01).PBS对照移植组、Day8-DC移植组及MyD88siRNA-DC移植组移植心的存活时间分别为:(6.67±1.37)d、(13.67±2.25)d和(24.50±4.42)d,与PBS对照移植组相比,Day8-DC移植组移植心存活时间延长(P＜0.01),而MyD88siRNA-DC移植组移植心存活时间较Dby8-DC移植组进一步延长(P＜0.01);MyD88siRNA-DC移植组移植心排斥反应病理分级最低,受者血清中INF-γ和IL-12水平显著降低(P＜0.01),而IL-4和IL-10水平明显升高(P＜0.01).结论 输注转染MyD88siRNA基因的供者DC能够延长同种小鼠移植心的存活时间;其机制可能与诱导受者Th1/Th2免疫偏移及形成供、受者微嵌合状态有关.     

CXC趋化因子受体6在小鼠心脏移植排斥反应中的表达及意义

目的 研究CXC趋化因子受体6(CXCR6)在同种异体小鼠心脏移植中的表达及CXC趋化因子配体16(CXCL16)与CXCR6相互作用对移植物存活时间的影响.方法 以野生型Balb/c小鼠(H-2d)为供者(同种移植组),或以野生型C57BL/6小鼠(H-2b)为供者(同系移植组),以野生型C57BL/6小鼠为受者分别行小鼠腹腔异位心脏移植.测定同系和同种移植组小鼠移植心脏CXCR6mRNA的表达,并测定受者脾脏CD8+T淋巴细胞CXCR6的表达.另制作小鼠同种异位心脏移植模型(Balb/c小鼠为供者,C57BL/6小鼠为受者),将其分为实验组和对照组,实验组受者移植当天至发生排斥反应时腹腔注射抗CXCL16抗体,对照组受者同期注射对照抗体.记录两组移植心脏存活时间.进行CD8+T淋巴细胞的细胞毒试验,即用Balb/c小鼠脾细胞免疫C57BL/6小鼠后,获取C57BL/6小鼠脾脏CD8+T淋巴细胞,将Balb/c小鼠脾细胞与C57BL/6小鼠CD8+T淋巴细胞混合培养,分别加入抗CXCL16抗体、小鼠IgG(对照抗体)和抗CD40L抗体.结果 同种移植组移植心脏中CXCR6 mRNA的表达以及脾脏CD8+T淋巴细胞上CXCR6的表达均高于同系移植组和正常对照组.抗CXCL16抗体对CD8+T淋巴细胞的细胞毒活性无影响.与对照组相比较,实验组小鼠移植心脏存活时间并未明显延长.结论 小鼠心脏移植排斥反应中CD8+T淋巴细胞CXCR6的表达上升,阻断CXCL16/CXCR6相互作用并不能延长移植心脏的存活时间.     

Donor evaluation,donor risks,donor outcome,and donor quality of life in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

Right lobe living donor liver transplantation (LD-LTx) is currently performed at an increasing number of transplant centers. Donor selection, donor safety, donor recovery, and postdonation psychological impairment are essential criteria to determine whether and under which conditions LD-LTx is justifiable. Before commencing the LD-LTx program, approval was obtained from the local ethics committee. Potential donors underwent a comprehensive multistep evaluation protocol to exclude any conditions that could lead to an increased operative risk. Each donation was approved by the local Living Donation Commission. Follow-up investigations were performed after 6 and 12 months. Liver regeneration was assessed by computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging scan derived volumetries. Quality of life (QOL) was investigated according to the Anamnestic Comparative Self-Assessment Scale (ACSA) before donation, and 6 and 12 months after donation. As of December 2001, 43 right lobe living donations have been performed at the Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin. None of the donors died or has suffered life-threatening or persisting complications. All patients recovered completely. Complications occured in 8 donors (18%). The incidence of perioperative surgical complications was 9%, comprising temporary biliary leakages (n = 3; 6.8%) as well as postoperative bleeding (n = 1). Liver volume regeneration approximated 72% ± 15% of predonation volume by 6 months and 85% ± 18% (mean ± SD) by 12 months. There was no evidence of significant psychological impairment after donation. QOL increased after donation compared with the preoperative state (P < .05). In our experience, LD-LTx has proven to be a practicable and safe procedure. However, there is a considerable risk of postoperative complications. The donor selection process plays a pivotal role in preventing complications. The discussion of potential risks, especially potential life-threatening risks, must be an integral part of informed consent. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:829-837.)     

Open donor, laparoscopic donor and hand assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a comparison of outcomes

PURPOSE: In experienced hands laparoscopic surgery has been shown to be safe for procuring kidneys for transplantation that function identically to open nephrectomy controls. While searching for a safer and easier approach to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, hand assisted laparoscopic techniques have been added to the surgical armamentarium. We compare allograft function in patients with greater than 1-year followup who underwent open donor (historic series), classic laparoscopic and hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of 48 patients who underwent open donor, laparoscopic donor or hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy were reviewed. Only patients with greater than 1-year followup and complete charts were included in our study. Of these patients 34 underwent consecutive laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy and 14 underwent open donor nephrectomy. Mean patient age plus or minus standard deviation (SD) was 36.5 +/- 8.4 years for donors and 29 +/- 17 for recipients at transplantation (range 13 months to 69 years). In the laparoscopic group 11 patients underwent the transperitoneal technique, and 23 underwent hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy. RESULTS: Total operating time was significantly reduced with the hand assisted laparoscopic technique compared with classic laparoscopy, as was the time from skin incision to kidney removal and warm ischemic time. Average warm ischemic time plus or minus SD was 3.9 +/- 0.3 minutes for laparoscopic nephrectomy and 1.6 +/- 0.2 for hand assisted laparoscopy (p <0.05). Long-term followup of serum creatinine levels revealed no significant differences among the 3 groups. Comparison of those levels for recipients of open nephrectomy versus laparoscopic and hand assisted laparoscopic techniques revealed p values greater than 0.5. No blood transfusions were necessary. Complications included adrenal vein injury in 1 patient, small bowel obstruction in 2, abdominal hernia at the trocar site in 1 and deep venous thrombosis in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Classic laparoscopic donor and hand assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomies appear to be safe procedures for harvesting kidneys. The recipient graft function is similar in the laparoscopic and open surgery groups.     

The impact of donor age on living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: The impact of the age of the donor on the outcome of living related liver transplantation is yet to be clarified. METHODS: During October 14, 1996 and December 20, 1999, 34 living related liver transplantations were performed. Of these, 26 cases were performed using the extended left lobe graft, which were classified into three groups; younger donor group (group Y, donor age < 30, n = 7), middle-aged donor group (group M, 30 < or = donor age <50, n=13), and older donor group (group O, donor age < 50, n = 6). Early allograft function and regeneration were compared between these groups. RESULTS: There was no difference in standard liver volume, and predicted or harvested graft size between the three groups. Although serum transaminase and total bilirubin levels within postoperative day 7 were not different between the groups, the prothrombin time on postoperative day 3 was significantly longer in group O than in group Y. One week after transplantation, group Y had significantly greater graft/standard liver volume ratio than group O, and greater graft volume than group M and O. One month after transplantation, however, there was no significant difference in such graft size parameters between the groups. Graft and patient survival were comparable between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Although function and regeneration of the allografts from older donors in living donor liver transplantation is worse than those of their younger counterparts, the outcome is not affected by the age of the liver.     

扩大供肾标准的亲属肾移植临床效果分析

目的 探讨扩大供肾标准的亲属肾移植临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年11月至2011年6月亲属活体肾移植274例的临床资料,按供者情况分为扩大供者标准(供者年龄≥60岁、肾脏解剖结构/功能异常)组(66例)和标准供者组(208例).扩大标准组供者年龄≥60岁36例,其中合并肾囊肿6例,合并肾结石1例;肾囊肿22例,囊肿直径4～40 mm;肾结石4例,结石直径3 ～～6 mm;术侧肾小球滤过率(GFR) ＜35 ml/min 4例.统计学比较两组受者术后3、7d,l、3、6、12个月血清SCr值、并发症发生率、急性排斥反应发生率、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率,1、3年人/肾存活率.结果 扩大标准组及标准供者组受者术后3、7d血清SCr值分别为(242.7±132.2)、( 185.6±148.4) μmol/L和(156.7±86.8)、( 122.2±136.8) μmol/L,两组受者第3天与第7天SCr值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但两组受者术后1、3、6、12个月血SCr、并发症发生率、急性排斥反应发生率、DGF发生率,1、3年人/肾存活率之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ≥60岁健康高龄、直径＜40 mm供肾囊肿仍可考虑作为亲属肾移植供者;低GFR应结合供者年龄、供受者体表面积比、供受者体质量比、可通过外科处理纠正等方面综合考虑;供肾结石者应慎重选择.     

Living donor kidney transplantation from the elderly donor

PURPOSE: The organ shortage has led to increasing acceptance of living donation in all transplant centers. Although the risk of impaired long-term outcome seems to be greater using elderly donors, these organs are not generally refused for transplantation. We report our experience with 25 living donor kidney transplantations from donors older than 60 years. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2004, 124 living donor procedures were performed in our center from 83 related and 41 unrelated donors. Twenty-five donors (19 female, 6 male) were 60 years or older (mean, 65.3 +/- 3.9 years). The recipient included (10 females and 15 males) showed a higher degree of variance in age (46.1 +/- 14.6 years). The immunosuppressive protocol was cyclosporine (CyA)-based regimen in related cases and tacrolimus-based in unrelated cases. RESULTS: We transplanted 16 left and 9 right kidneys from older donors. The mean cold ischemia time was 171 +/- 64 minutes with a second warm ischemia time of 24 +/- 6 minutes. Severe arteriosclerosis made vascular reconstruction by graft interposition necessary in two recipients. The acute rejection rate was 20%. Two patients (8%) required dialysis in the early postoperative course, whereas initial function was excellent in 22 patients (88%). The mean serum creatinine concentration after 12 months was 1.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dL (n = 24) and 2.0 +/- 0.7 mg/dL (n = 16) at 4 years. In comparison, the mean creatinine concentration after 4 years in donors under 60 years was 1.6 +/- 0.9 mg/dL. Our analysis showed no significant difference in long-term graft function comparing young versus old donors in the setting of living donor transplants. CONCLUSION: Using living donors older than 60 years for transplantation is a feasible and safe option. The difference in long-term creatinine between young and old donors was not significant.     

Living donor nephrectomy-quantifying the risk for the donor

Living kidney donation is on the rise, either due to cultural or ethical reasons or due to a lack of deceased donor kidneys. For adequately counseling of a potential living kidney donor, medical professionals must know not only the immediate risks of kidney donation but also possible long-term effects of kidney donation on the donor's physical and psychological well-being. This also includes a range of aspects such as quality of life, insurance issues, and family planning following kidney donation. This review article is based on a Medline and PubMed search and elucidates the risks living kidney donors face with regard to all aspects just mentioned. Living kidney donation does not end with the operative procedure—long-term cost-free physical and psychological follow-up should be offered to each donor for the gift he or she is willing to give to the recipient.     

活体亲属部分供肝的切取技术

目的 探讨活体部分肝移植（LDLT）手术中，供者手术的安全性。方法 自1995年1月至今，对14例终末期肝病患者施行了LDLT手术。14例LDLT供者中，2例行扩大左外叶切除。10例行扩大左半肝切除（含肝中静脉），2例行右半肝切除（不含肝中静脉）。结果 仅1例供者术后拔除T管后出现胆漏，经引流后好转。对所有供者随访1个月-5年，均无不适，肝功能正常。结论 对于富有经验的医生来说，LDLT的供者手术是安全的。     

Impact of donor age on living related donor kidney transplantation

Two comparable groups of kidney transplant recipients were identified according to the age of their kidney donors. The first group (A) comprised 42 recipients of donors aged < 40 years, and the second group (B) comprised 48 recipients of donors aged > 50 years. The patients were followed for a mean period of 26 months (range 13–50 months). Post-transplant renal function and graft survival were assessed together with the frequency of post-transplant proteinuria and hypertension. More-over, the functional reserve of the grafts was determined by comparing the clearance values, obtained by both isotope and chemical means, before and after a combined infusion of dopamine and an amino acids preparation. The graft function was significantly better in group A according to the serum creatinine levels (µmol/l) at 1 month (107 ± 4.5 vs. 134 ± 10.7, P < 0.01), 12 months (119 ± 5.3 vs. 181 ± 88, P < 0.05) and at last follow-up visit (118 ± 6.2 vs. 223 ± 63, P < 0.03) for groups A and B, respectively. The graft survival in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (100 % vs. 87 % at 1 year, P < 0.05). The graft functional reserve was significantly better in group A than in group B. Post-transplant proteinuria was significantly more frequent in group B recipients (70 % vs. 40 %, P < 0.03). The age of the donors had no impact on the incidence of post-transplant hypertension. These observations suggest that the transplantation of a kidney from an older live kidney donor is associated with an inferior post-transplant outcome.