绝经后女性躯干肌指数与骨质疏松性椎体骨折的相关性

目的 探索绝经后女性躯干肌指数与骨质疏松性椎体骨折（osteoporotic vertebral fracture,OVF）的相关性,为骨质疏松性骨折的防治提供新的思路。方法 共纳入424名绝经后女性,其中OVF 212例,骨质疏松症（无OVF）212例,评估其临床因素,测量骨密度、四肢及躯干肌量。采用多元Logistic回归分析躯干肌指数与OVF之间的相关性。结果 与无OVF相比,OVF女性的躯干肌量及躯干肌指数较低（15.99±2.04 vs. 16.72±2.22;6.76±0.72 vs. 7.09±0.85）。调整骨质疏松症的传统危险因素后,躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度呈正相关（r=0.186,P＜0.001）,躯干肌指数是OVF的保护因素（P=0.037,OR=0.684,95% CI：0.478～0.978）,基于躯干肌指数,OVF的患病率在4个四分位中呈显著下降趋势。结论 在昆山地区绝经后妇女中,躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度及OVF密切相关。保持较高的躯干肌指数可能有利于减少OVF的发生。躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度及OVF的相关性暗示了肌肉与骨骼的内在关联。     

椎体CT值在骨质疏松性椎体骨折中的应用研究进展

骨质疏松性椎体骨折（OVF）约占全部骨折的50%。初发椎体骨折可称为哨兵骨折，是骨质量严重下降的标志，患者初发椎体骨折后再骨折的发生率为27.4%~38.0%。椎体再骨折不仅增加了骨质疏松症患者的致残率和死亡风险，还给家庭和社会带来了巨大的经济负担。骨密度（BMD）下降是OVF及椎体再骨折发生的独立危险因素。BMD评估在OVF的预防和诊疗中具有重要意义。目前最常用的BMD测量技术包括双能X线吸收法（DXA）和定量CT扫描技术（QCT），DXA易受脊柱退行性变的影响而不够精确，QCT易受设备及软件的限制而无法普及。     

绝经后骨质疏松症对股骨近端的生物学影响

骨质疏松症是一种以系统骨量、骨强度及骨微结构损害为特征常导致骨折风险增加的疾病,是绝经后妇女常见且严重的情况。骨质疏松症在骨折发生前大多是一种隐性疾病,存在着检测和治疗不足的情况。而骨质疏松性骨折的发生常导致疼痛、畸形、活动障碍,对患者的生活质量造成严重影响。绝经后骨质疏松症是一种好发于中老年女性的全身性骨骼系统疾病。众所周知,雌激素是一种维持正常骨量的重要保护因素。绝经后妇女体内雌激素水平的降低与骨量的迅速流失密切相关。在妇女绝经之后,骨重建增加,内在的不平衡加速了骨质流失,最终导致骨质疏松症的形成。干预绝经后骨质疏松症的最主要的目的是防止骨折。最常发生骨质疏松性骨折的部位是椎体(脊柱)、股骨近端(髋部)及前臂远端(腕部)。其中,髋部骨折是骨质疏松症最严重的后果,往往导致重大残疾和过早死亡。鉴于绝经后骨质疏松症的特殊性及髋部骨折的严重性,系统全面地了解绝经后骨质疏松症对股骨近端的影响显得尤为重要。     

肌少症、骨质疏松症的关系及研究进展

随着人均寿命的延长,与肌肉骨骼系统相关疾病的发病率随之增长,国内外学者对肌少症、骨质疏松症的关注度也越来越高。肌少症是指与增龄相关的进行性、全身肌量减少和/或肌强度下降或肌肉生理功能减退。骨质疏松症是以骨量减少、骨组织显微结构退化为特征,以至骨的脆性增高及骨折危险性增加的一种全身性骨病。肌少症、骨质疏松症是危害老年人健康的病理状态,使得老年人的生活质量大打折扣,患有肌少症的人群免疫功能、日常生活能力较常人降低,感染风险、跌倒风险、致残率、死亡风险较常人增加,患有骨质疏松症的人群跌倒风险、骨折风险、致残率也较常人高很多。肌少症与骨质疏松症相互影响、紧密关联的机制比较复杂,包括肌肉收缩力学负荷对骨骼机械力的影响,以及肌肉与骨骼间复杂精密内分泌调控的生物学机制。针对两者之间存在的许多共同危险因素及发病机制,进行运动干预、营养指导、药物治疗,有助于延缓肌少症、骨质疏松症的进展,改善不良预后。本文将结合国内外研究对两者概念、发病机制、临床表现、评估标准、干预及治疗等之间的相关关系及研究进展进行一一综述。     

应用FRAX®预测绝经后女性骨质疏松性椎体骨折的临床研究

目的比较骨折风险评估工具(fracture risk assessment tool,FRAX~?)通过不同部位骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)预测绝经后女性骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral fracture,OVF)风险的准确性。方法回顾性研究2016年12月至2018年3月我院收治符合选择标准的287例患者,根据有无OVF分为骨折组和对照组。根据股骨颈(femoral neck,FN)与腰椎(lumbar spine,LS) BMD是否相差一个标准差(standard deviation,SD),分为BMD差异组和对照组。比较FRAX~?使用不同部位BMD的骨折风险预测值。以就诊时发生OVF与否为参考标准,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,比较FNBMD、LSBMD、FRAX~?、FRAX~?-FNBMD、FRAX~?-LSBMD预测OVF发生风险的准确性。结果 OVF组共计86例患者,OVF组FNBMD、LSBMD均显著低于对照组(P0. 05),FRAX~?-LSBMD骨折风险评分显著高于FRAX~?-FNBMD(P0. 05)。BMD差异组共计39例患者,其中31例LSBMD低于FNBMD,24例OVF发生在低LSBMD组。FRAX~?-LSBMD骨折风险评分显著高于FRAX~?-FNBMD(P0. 05)。FNBMD、LSBMD、FRAX~?、FRAX~?-FNBMD、FRAX~?-LSBMD预测骨折风险的ROC曲线下面积分别为0. 601、0. 719、0. 746、0. 810、0. 833。结论部分OVF患者存在FN-LSBMD差异,FRAX~?较BMD更能综合的评估OVF风险,有效的识别高危人群。同时FRAX~?-LSBMD评估OVF骨折风险的准确性可能优于FRAX~?-FNBMD,尤其是FN-LSBMD存在明显差异的时候。     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折椎体成形术后非手术椎体再骨折危险因素探讨

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoprosis vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)是老年性及绝经后骨质疏松症患者最常见的严重并发症,骨折患者常有骨性疼痛、椎体高度下降、脊柱后凸畸形等临床表现,严重影响患者生活质量。经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)、经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)及网袋加压椎体成形术(vesselplasty)是治疗OVCF的常用术式,在恢复椎体高度、预防后凸畸形、减轻疼痛症状等方面优势突出。但OVCF患者椎体成形术后存在非手术椎体再发骨折的可能性,在影响手术质量的同时,对患者术后康复、生活质量、经济负担均有较大影响。椎体成形术后非手术椎体再发骨折与骨质疏松进程、初始骨折部位及数量等自身客观因素相关,也与术后椎体高度的过度恢复、骨水泥渗漏、骨水泥过度填充等手术因素密切相关。本文通过查阅近年来关于OVCF患者椎体成形术后非手术椎体再发骨折危险因素及原因文献报道,综述经过统计学方法验证的,具有统计学意义的危险因素,通过患者自身因素、手术因素等方面展开探讨,以期能够为临床降低OVCF患者椎体成形术后再发骨折的发生率提供相关参考。     

骨质疏松性椎体骨折分期、分型及治疗研究进展

<正>随着社会人口老龄化,骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral fracture,OVF)已逐渐成为老年人的一种常见疾病[1]。OVF常由微小外力(低能量损伤)导致,多数为椎体轻度压缩骨折,少数因骨质疏松严重或治疗不恰当,可出现椎体爆裂骨折、椎体严重塌陷、脊柱后凸畸形,不仅可导致脊髓神经损害症状,还可影响患者心肺及胃肠道功能,并增加了患者的死亡风险,给个人、家庭、社会带来沉     

经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折术后发生继发性椎体骨折的危险因素分析

目的 分析骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)患者行经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术(PKP)后发生继发性椎体骨折的情况及相关危险因素.方法 对2005年7月至2007年10月行PKP手术治疗的95例OVCF患者(135个椎体),动态监测其术后状态及正常椎体继发骨折与否;对其临床相关参数如性别、骨质疏松原因、骨折部位、矢状面成角、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥椎间隙渗漏、椎体高度恢复、术后支具佩戴、抗骨质疏松治疗及原发骨折类型进行统计学分析,以筛选出发生继发性骨折的相关危险因素.结果 所有患者术后随访10～35个月(平均18个月);其中19例(20.0%)患者25个(18.5%)正常椎体(22个位于手术节段邻近上下椎体)术后发生继发性骨折;其中12例患者的继发骨折在术后3个月内发生.继发性骨质疏松骨折、骨水泥椎间隙渗漏及新鲜椎体骨折是PKP治疗OVCF后发生继发性椎体骨折的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 OVCF进行PKP手术后部分患者可能在术后早期发生继发性椎体骨折,其发生与骨质疏松原因、术中骨水泥椎间隙渗漏及新鲜椎体骨折相关.     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折PVP术后相邻椎体骨折的相关因素分析

目的:探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCFs)患者行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)后相邻椎体骨折的相关因素。方法:对2004年3月～2008年6月112例行单节段PVP治疗的OVCFs患者进行回顾性分析。记录患者的年龄、性别、病程、有无外伤、术前椎体压缩程度、骨密度、手术入路(单侧或双侧)、麻醉方式、有无侧凸畸形、骨水泥剂量、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘等情况。应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析研究各因素与PVP术后发生相邻椎体骨折的关系。结果:112例患者中有21例患者术后发生相邻椎体骨折共23个椎体,发生率为18.8%。单因素分析结果显示患者术前椎体压缩程度、骨密度、骨水泥剂量、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘与术后发生相邻椎体骨折有显著相关性(P0.05),而患者年龄、性别、病程、有无外伤、手术入路、麻醉方式、有无侧凸畸形与术后相邻椎体骨折无显著相关性(P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示患者术前椎体压缩程度较重、骨水泥注射量较大及骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘与术后发生相邻椎体骨折相关(P0.05)。结论:OVCFs患者PVP术后相邻椎体骨折可能与术前椎体压缩程度、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘、骨水泥注射量等因素相关。     

风湿性疾病与骨质疏松症

类风湿性关节炎(RA)和强直性脊柱炎(AS)是两种炎性关节病,以伴发骨代谢异常骨质疏松症为特点.在RA表现为关节周围骨丢失及骨侵蚀、全身性骨质疏松症,患者的骨折风险明显增加.RA骨折的发生与下列因素相关:女性多发,骨折发生率随着年龄增长而增加,与RA疾病的严重性、糖皮质激素的使用相关.然而,进一步的数据表明,RA的骨量丢失亦可发生在未使用糖皮质激素患者;及时控制关节炎症可以减少关节结构损伤、减少骨量流失.因此,炎症在RA骨吸收中发挥重要作用.强直性脊柱炎性骨质疏松症可发生在疾病早期阶段,致椎体骨折风险增加.由于年轻成年男性易患AS,并且糖皮质激素并不用于治疗AS,因此,AS骨质疏松症与年龄、性别、糖皮质激素使用无关,AS骨丢失主要与炎症活动相关.AS特征是循序渐进、缓慢发展的晨僵和脊椎炎,进一步说明了炎症在局部骨形成中的潜在作用.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.