电极片定位超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗感染性胰腺坏死：附61例报告

目的:总结电极片定位超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)治疗感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)的经验。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月—2016年12月间61例采用电极片定位超声引导下PCD治疗的IPN的临床资料。结果:全组61例均顺利施行PCD。23例(37.7%)仅行PCD治疗,22例(36.1%)经PCD治疗后中转微创腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除术(MARPN),16例(26.2%)患者经PCD治疗后中转开腹胰腺坏死组织清除术(OPN)。全组病死率24.6%(15/61),包括仅行PCD治疗6例、中转MARPN者4例和中转OPN者5例。PCD术后并发症36例次,包括12例次出血,15例次胰瘘,9例次肠瘘。穿刺引流液培养结果包括单菌种感染19例(31.1%)和多重感染42例(68.9%),其中多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染38例(62.3%)。与患者死亡有关的因素包括2012版急性胰腺炎严重程度分级、外科干预后脓毒症是否逆转、穿刺并发出血以及MDRO感染(均P0.05)。结论:电极片定位超声引导下PCD是一种相对简便安全的胰周穿刺引流方法,以此为基础的"升阶梯"治疗策略是治疗IPN的有效策略。     

微创入路腹膜后胰腺坏死组织清除术治疗感染性胰腺坏死的近期疗效

目的探讨微创入路腹膜后胰腺坏死组织清除术(minimal access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy,MARPN)治疗感染性胰腺坏死(infected pancreatic necrosis,IPN)的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年3月~2016年12月28例采用MARPN治疗的IPN的临床资料。24例采取升阶梯策略,即经皮穿刺引流+MARPN,4例采取降阶梯策略,即开放手术+MARPN。结果 4例住院期死亡。24例出院病人中21例获得随访,中位随访时间14个月(6~35个月),死亡2例。全组起病1年内死亡率21.4%(6/28),其中重症胰腺炎1年内死亡率37.5%(6/16),合并多器官功能障碍综合征者1年内死亡率41.7%(5/12)。获随访的21例中,再入院率47.6%(10/21),其中非计划再入院率38.1%(8/21),胰周引流管中位带管时间4个月(1~12个月)。52.4%(11/21)的患者出现新发糖尿病(7/21,33.3%)或糖尿病加重(4/21,19.0%),33.3%(7/21)的患者出现慢性腹泻等胰腺外分泌功能受损表现。结论 MARPN治疗IPN可以获得较好的近期疗效。     

微创腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除术治疗感染性胰腺坏死18例疗效分析

目的 观察微创腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除术（MARPN）治疗感染性胰腺坏死（IPN）的临床疗效并总结经验。方法 回顾性分析2013年9月至2016年7月中南大学湘雅医院收治的18例采用MARPN治疗的IPN病人的临床资料,其中15例行经皮穿刺引流术+MARPN,3例为开放手术+MARPN。结果 18例病人胰周引流液培养结果均为多重病原菌感染。15例（83.3%）行MARPN后脓毒症完全逆转痊愈出院,1例因并发出血和肠瘘中转开放手术。术后发生胰瘘7例（38.9%）、肠瘘5例（27.8%）、出血2例（11.1%）。3例（16.7%）病人因继发出血或肠瘘,最终导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论 采用以MARPN为重要方式的升阶梯或降阶梯治疗方案是治疗IPN的有效策略。     

开放胰腺坏死组织清除术治疗感染性胰腺坏死的适应证及临床价值分析

背景与目的:随着近年来重症医学的进步、外科治疗理念和治疗手段的更新,各类微创升阶梯技术逐渐成为治疗感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)的主流手段。然而,传统的开放胰腺坏死组织清除术(OPN)仍占据着不可替代的地位。本研究旨在探讨微创时代下OPN治疗IPN的新特点及临床价值。方法:回顾2014年1月—2019年5月间中南大学湘雅医院连续收治的140例IPN患者,其中24例行OPN,116例行单纯微创治疗,重点对其中24例行OPN治疗的IPN患者的临床特点、手术时机、指针、方法及结局进行分析。全组IPN患者均遵循延迟外科干预的治疗原则,对于抗生素治疗无效的IPN,尽量保守治疗延迟至起病3～4周,待胰腺坏死充分包裹、液化后行外科干预。结果:24例OPN手术指征或原因包括无PCD穿刺路径1例(4.2%)、主动OPN 5例(20.8%)、微创手术无法控制的感染6例(25.0%)、合并严重并发症9例(37.5%)、外院已行腹腔开放感染仍无法控制3例(12.5%)。所有OPN患者均合并严重的腹膜后及血流感染,其中79.2%(19/24)为多重耐药菌感染,58.3%(14/24)合并血流感染,29.2%(7/24)合并胰周真菌感染,4.2%(1/24)合并真菌血症;肺炎克雷伯杆菌为最常见的胰周分离菌。与行单纯微创手术患者比较,行OPN患者重症比例高(87.5% vs.63.8%),平均ICU住院时间延长(26.9 d vs.17.7 d),干预后平均住院时间缩短(24.1 d vs.42.9 d)、病死率增高(45.8% vs.20.7%),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);其他一般资料、手术距离起病的平均时间、术后主要并发症(出血、肠瘘、胰瘘)均无统计学差异(均P0.05)。OPN患者术后主要死因包括感染性休克5例(45.5%)和失血性休克6例(54.5%)。结论:OPN在IPN的治疗中仍然占据着不可替代的地位,甚至有时候是唯一能够挽救患者生命的手段。在微创治疗的新的时代背景之下,合理选择OPN的适应证和手术时机,对于进一步改善重症胰腺炎的预后具有重要的意义。     

微创入路腹膜后胰腺坏死组织清除术：操作技术与围术期管理

微创入路腹膜后胰腺坏死组织清除术（MARPN）是基于肾镜或软质内镜等可视化设备,以窦道作为手术路径,对腹膜后、胰周坏死组织进行清除的一种治疗感染性胰腺坏死（IPN）的微创手术方法,但其普及性仍有待提高,其适应证、具体技术细节、术后管理等方面还需进一步研究和探讨。在国内外一些大规模的胰腺外科中心,包括笔者所在中心,MARPN已经成为治疗IPN的主要手段,并且从已发表的数据来看均取得了较好疗效。笔者所在中心经过多年的探索和实践,对于MARPN已积累大量病例和经验,并对手术的步骤、流程和技术细节进行了标准化和规范化。在此,笔者就MARPN的操作技术及围术期管理进行介绍,以期该技术更为广泛、安全、有效地开展。     

后腹腔镜下胰床扩创引流术联合微创腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型重症急性胰腺炎的体会

目的观察后腹腔镜下胰床引流术+MARPN方案治疗SAP疗效及总结经验。方法分析我科2015～2017年治疗4例SAP病人临床资料,其中2例行后腹腔镜下胰床扩创灌洗引流治疗,2例行后腹腔镜下胰床扩创行胰腺坏死组织清除+灌洗引流。结果 1例患者因术中后腹膜裂口导致气腹丧失而终止手术,其余3例患者顺利完成手术;1例术后发生胰瘘,保守治疗后形成胰腺周围假性囊肿,6个月后自行消退。结论早期后腹腔镜下胰床引流术可作为治疗重症急性胰腺炎分期微创手术的一种术式。     

感染性胰腺坏死微创治疗的基本原则、方式与评价

感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)是急性胰腺炎主要的手术指征。微创清创已成为IPN的主流手术方式。IPN微创手术应针对经充分非手术治疗无效的患者施行, 优选经消化道或腹膜后入路行引流手术, 并适当清创。目前报道的视频辅助的经消化道、经腹及经腹膜后入路微创手术均能很好地控制IPN。为减少胰瘘等并发症, 外科和内镜经胃胰腺坏死组织清除可能是今后IPN治疗的发展方向。     

经皮穿刺置管引流治疗急性重症胰腺炎合并胰腺周围组织坏死感染的效果观察

目的:探讨经皮穿刺置管引流术(PCD)治疗急性重症胰腺炎(SAP)胰腺周围组织坏死感染的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析对113例手术治疗的SAP合并胰腺周围组织坏死感染(胰腺坏死范围30%)患者资料,其中采用PCD治疗54例(PCD组),采取直接开腹手术引流治疗的有59例(开腹组),对比两组患者的相关临床指标。结果:两组治疗前白细胞、血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶、血糖值、血钙值差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),治疗后两组以上实验室指标均较各自治疗前明显改善(均P0.05)。治疗后比较,PCD组血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶、血糖值均明显低于开腹组患者(均P0.05);PCD组住院时间、住院费用、死亡或放弃治疗率均明显的低于开腹组(均P0.05);两组治疗有效率(79.6%vs.81.4%)、引流液体细菌培养结果差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:PCD治疗SAP合并胰腺周围组织坏死感染(胰腺坏死范围30%)的效果确切,同时具有缩短住院时间、减少住院费用的优势。     

B 超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症

目的:探讨B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)局部并发症的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2006年1月—2009年10月行B超引导下PCD治疗SAP局部并发症的42例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚14例,无菌性胰腺坏死12例,感染性胰腺坏死9例,包裹性坏死感染1例,胰腺脓肿4例,胰腺假性囊肿2例。并检查穿刺液是否伴感染,观察引流后临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:42例中,14例急性液体积聚均治愈(100%),但有2例发生胰周感染,1例出现肠外瘘,无死亡;无菌性胰腺坏死12例中治愈9例(75.0%),3例发生胰腺感染并手术,死亡1例;感染性胰腺坏死9例中治愈2例(22.2%),4例引流效果差而手术,死亡2例,3例放弃治疗;包裹性坏死感染1例PCD后囊内出血急诊手术后死亡;4例胰腺脓肿治愈1例(25.0%),3例中转手术,无死亡。2例胰腺假性囊肿分别于第1,2个月后治愈拔管。结论:B超引导下PCD便捷安全,在治疗SAP不同局部并发症中有着不同的意义。对部分SAP局部并发症,B超引导下PCD可避免传统外科干预。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发胰腺感染坏死和胰腺脓肿的诊断和治疗

目的探讨胰腺感染坏死（IPN）和胰腺脓肿（PA）的诊断和治疗。方法对1990年1月至2003年4月收治的33例IPN和6例PA的诊断和治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果33例IPN患者,28例行开腹清创引流,5例行经后腹膜途径清创引流,1例因为合并腹腔间隔室综合征和多脏器功能衰竭死亡,2例合并胰瘘、肠瘘,出血死亡,30例痊愈出院。6例PA患者,4例行经皮穿刺抽吸置管引流,后因引流不畅中转开腹,2例直接行脓肿切开引流,6例患者均痊愈出院。结论B超和CT联合检查和动态观察,对诊断IPN和PA有重要价值;对于IPN,应采取延迟手术干预的策略;对于PA,应行脓肿切开引流。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.