腰椎间盘侧方突出1例

患者,女,50岁.不明原因出现右小腿后外侧及足背麻木疼痛20d.侧卧位及劳累后加重.查体:L4.5、L5S1右侧间隙深压痛、叩击痛并伴右下肢及足背放射痛,右足背感觉迟钝,右<足,母背伸力减弱,右下肢直腿抬高试验不典型.     

单侧L5/S1神经根变异报告1例

1病例资料 患者女性,36岁,因反复腰腿疼痛伴左下肢麻木于2004年5月入院.体查:患者神清,脊柱无畸形,L4/L5、L5/S1棘突左侧旁开1.5 cm压痛,左直腿抬高试验60°阳性,加强试验阳性.左小腿外侧及足外侧皮肤感觉减退,踝关节反射存在,左趾躅伸肌肌力减弱.行CT及X线检查,术前诊断:L5/S1椎间盘突出症.     

腰5神经根纤维瘤误诊腰5骶1椎间盘突出症1例报告

1　病例介绍患者 ,男 ,41岁。主因腰骶部疼痛伴右下肢疼痛麻木 1月入院。入院前 1月患者无任何诱因出现腰骶部疼痛 ,并放射至右小腿、右足拇趾、示趾 ,疼痛剧烈 ,坐卧不安 ,跛行 ,疼痛持续无缓解。无潮热 ,盗汗等病史。查体右侧腰5棘突有深压痛及叩击痛 ,右小腿下段外侧及足背内侧拇趾、示趾感觉减退 ,拇指背伸肌力减退 ,拇趾、示趾活动疼痛加重。直腿抬高试验 ( ) ,加强试验 ( -) ,跟腱反射、膝反射及肛门反射均可引出。CT提示 :腰5骶1 椎间盘突出症。积极完善术前检查准备手术 ,术中见 :骶1 神经根轻度受压、侧隐窝无明显狭窄 ,腰5神经…     

先天性神经根异常误诊腰椎间盘突出症1例

患者 ,男性 ,5 8岁。因慢性下腰部疼痛 10年 ,加重伴右下肢疼痛、麻木 2年于 1998年 7月 3日入院。阴雨天及行走劳累后腰腿痛加重 ,曾在外院腰椎 CT检查见腰 4- 5椎间盘突出 ,压迫右侧神经根。多次行腰椎牵引及药物治疗 ,效果不佳。查体 :腰椎平直 ,腰 4- 5棘旁右侧压痛、叩痛 ,放射右小腿外侧 ,腰椎活动受限 ,直腰抬高试验右 6 5°,左 90°,右小腿外侧及足背内侧皮肤感觉减退 ,右拇趾背伸肌力 级 ,X线片示 :腰椎退行性改变。诊断 :腰椎间盘突出症 ( L4- 5右 )。 7月 8日在硬膜外麻醉下拟行腰 4- 5椎间盘突出髓核摘除术 ,术中探查 :腰 4-…     

L5/S1前路手术相关椎前大血管的影像解剖学研究

目的:通过腹部血管成像检查和腰骶椎CT三维重建观测腰骶椎前方大血管的局部解剖,为L5/S1前路手术提供术前血管解剖学评估依据.方法:62例正常成年人,男32例、女30例,行腹部血管成像检查和腰骶椎CT三维重建.观察髂血管间隙双侧髂血管的构成情况,测量髂间三角解剖参数:髂间三角顶点到L5椎体下缘的距离;L5椎体下缘、S1椎体上缘髂血管间距;髂间三角顶点偏离正中矢状面的距离;L5/S1椎间隙宽度.根据髂间三角顶点到L5椎体下缘的距离(＞1.2cm;0.6～1.2cm;＜0.6cm且＞0;≤0)定义Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型髂间三角.计算髂间三角面积、L5/S1椎间盘显露百分比.结果:髂血管间隙由左侧髂静脉、右侧髂动脉组成占54例(87％);双侧均为髂动脉或髂静脉各占4例(6.45％)、2例(3.23％);左侧髂动脉、右侧髂静脉占2例(3.23％).Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型髂间三角分别为42(67.7％)、11(17.7％)、7(11.3％)、2(1.6％)例.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型各解剖参数比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).L5/S1椎间隙宽度为5.3±0.6cm.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型髂间三角显露面积分别为5.00cm2 (1.42～11.90cm2)、1.04cm2(0.49～2.12cm2)、0.33cm2(0.10～0.92cm2),椎间盘显露百分比分别为78.3％、59.4％、42.5％.结论:腹部血管成像检查能够清晰显示腰骶椎前方大血管走行及分布情况,有助于L5/S1前路手术策略的制定.     

L4,5极外侧、L5S1后外侧椎间盘突出症漏误诊1例

我们经治1例L4,5极外侧、L5,S1后外侧椎间盘突出症,对L5,S1后外侧椎间盘突出症漏诊、后误诊.为总结教训,提高诊疗水平,现予总结报告. 患者,男,60岁,间歇性下腰痛32年,左下肢放射痛半年,加重10天.体格检查:跛行步态,痛苦面容,脊柱右侧弯,L4-5脊旁左侧压痛,加重左下肢大腿后侧,小腿后外侧及足背放射痛;大腿前内侧及小腿前内侧胀痛;左髌上缘10cm处周径较健侧小3cm,肌松驰.直腿抬高试验15°(+),加强试验(+),股神经牵拉试验(+),膝反射减弱,踝反射迟钝.X线片示腰前凸消失,骶椎腰化,L3-S1椎体前缘不同程度骨质增生.CT示L4,5椎间盘膨出、钙化,椎管狭窄,L5,S1神经根清晰(如图1a、b).诊断:L4,5(左)极外侧椎间盘突出症并椎管狭窄症.行半椎板切除术,术中发现L4,5椎间盘突出嵌顿同位左侧椎间孔内已钙化,突出物上顶L4下压L5神经根.切除关节突内1/2,摘除突出物与增生骨质重约8g,彻底松解神经根后冲洗关闭切口,预防性使用抗生素1周,除左小腿后侧胀痛外,术前症状体征全部消失,术后9天切口拆线出院.     

腰椎间盘突出摘除术后骨蜡残留致急性腰腿痛1例报道

患者 ,女 ,4 5岁。农民。因右侧腰腿痛一年 ,加重二天入院。患者于一年前因劳累后出现腰背部酸痛不适 ,向右下肢放射。咳嗽时有明显的下肢牵涉痛。二天前症状加重 ,出现跛行。查体 :脊柱无明显侧弯畸形 ,腰4～ 5右侧椎旁压痛点存在 ,右侧直腿抬高试验 4 0°(+) ,加强试验 (+) ,右小腿后侧及足部前内侧触、痛觉减退 ,口止母伸肌力减弱 ,膝反射、跟腱反射正常。CT片提示 :腰4～ 5椎间盘突出症。入院诊断 :腰4～ 5椎间盘突出症。入院后于次日上午在硬膜外麻醉下行腰4～ 5椎间盘摘除术 ,术后第一天 ,原症状较术前减轻。但术后第二天 ,出现右下…     

原发性椎间盘结核1例报告

原发椎间盘结核十分少见,我科收治1例,报告如下。 女性患者,40岁。住院号9287,X线号50985。因腰痛伴间歇性跛行1年,加重2月而入院。1年前行走滑倒致“腰扭伤”,随后腰痛渐重,行走困难,每行数百米就需蹲下休息。入院前2月,上述症状加重,需持拐助行。无低烧、盗汗及明显食纳差。查体:腰背肌痉挛,腰椎生理曲度变直。L5、S1棘突及其右椎旁压痛,并向右下肢放散,右侧直腿抬高试验60°(+),加强试验(+)。右小腿外侧及足背皮肤感觉减退。腰椎正侧位X光平片未见明显异常,CT示L4～5间盘突出。择期在连续硬膜外麻醉下行L4～5间盘突出后路全椎板减压…     

特殊类型腰神经根变异1例

1998年 10月 ,我们对一例腰椎间盘突出症患者施行髓核摘除术 ,术中发现 L5 、S1 两神经根特殊变异 ,报告如下。1　临床资料　患者 ,男 ,45岁。腰及右下肢后外侧痛 1年余 ,加重 1月入院。此前间断行保守治疗 1年 ,效差。查体见L5 - S1 间隙压痛 ( ) ,并向右下肢放散。右直腿抬高试验 (+ ) ,加强试验 (+ )。右拇趾背伸肌力 级 ,右跟腱反射消失。CT和 MRI示 L4- 5 椎间盘膨出 ,L5 - S1 椎间盘突出。治疗 :硬膜外麻醉行后路手术。术中切除 L4- 5 、L5 S1 间右侧黄韧带 ,切除 L5右侧椎板。探查见 :L5 及 S1 神经根 (右侧 )变异 ,两神经…     

L4,5吻合棘并L5右侧浮动半椎板1例报告

正吻合棘(KS)是指腰椎相邻2个棘突相互靠近碰撞引起下腰痛,腰椎过伸时症状加重的一种疾病~([1])。本院2016年收治1例L_(4,5) KS并L_5右侧峡部裂及近横向脊椎隐裂致L_5右侧形成浮动半椎板的病例,现将诊疗过程报告如下。1一般资料患者,男,30岁,因"劳累后下腰部正中及右侧髂腰部疼痛加重1年"就诊。追问病史,12年前新兵训练5 km武装越野时曾出现类似症状,疼痛     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.