复杂型主动脉夹层的腔内治疗

目的探讨复杂型主动脉夹层腔内血管外科治疗方法。方法对25例复杂型主动脉夹层行腔内血管外科治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果25例患者年龄31—76岁，平均52．6岁。25例中6例术前合并肠管缺血，5例合并肾动脉缺血，3例既有肠管缺血又有肾动脉缺血，5例腹主动脉真腔完全被假腔压闭，4例合并下肢缺血，2例合并腹主动脉瘤。所有患者进行了腔内血管外科治疗，并取得了技术上的成功。2例合并腹主动脉瘤的夹层患者予以支架型人工血管封闭夹层破口后行开腹腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换术。术后内漏3例（2例漏血7d后停止，1例漏血持续存在）；其余22例患者术后即时造影示瘘口已被完整覆盖，假腔无血漏人，内脏动脉等恢复真腔供血。前述的合并症术后均逐渐恢复，无脏器及肢体缺血坏死发生，患者均痊愈出院。结论对复杂的主动脉夹层的治疗，腔内治疗与传统的手术相比，操作简单、损伤小、安全度大、并发症少，且可大大缩短患者的住院时间。腔内血管外科技术上的改进，使复杂的主动脉病变得以成功的治疗。     

DebakeyⅢ型夹层动脉瘤远侧破口的腔内封堵

目的 初步总结使用腔内技术处理夹层动脉瘤远侧破口的经验.方法 总结15例DebakeyⅢ型夹层动脉瘤近端破口腔内修复术后腹主动脉以远破口的二期介入处理经验.所有病例远侧破口持续存在,出现腰腹部症状或局部腹主动脉外径增加.本组病例中内脏动脉处破口7个(1个腹腔动脉内破口,6个肾动脉处破口),肾下腹主动脉破口4个,髂动脉破口7个;其中3例为内脏动脉破口合并髂动脉破口.肾下腹主动脉破口均采用一体式覆膜支架封堵;1例近右肾动脉破口使用先心封堵伞;其余内脏动脉和髂动脉破口均采用小覆膜支架封堵.结果 所有病例均顺利完成操作,腹主动脉和髂动脉破口封堵良好,无内漏.使用封堵伞的病例,夹层破口封堵良好,但由假腔供血的右肾动脉同时闭塞;肾动脉破口使用覆膜支架封堵病例中,1例显著内漏,2例微量内漏,其余病例封堵良好,无内漏.病例随访2 ～10个月,平均(5.0±2.0)个月,内漏病例CTA示假腔内部分血栓形成,但破口附近假腔仍有血流,其余病例夹层内均血栓形成.结论 针对适当患者,个体化方案封堵夹层动脉瘤的远侧破口是可行和安全的.     

支架型人工血管腔内治疗复杂主动脉瘤

目的：总结15例应用支架治疗复杂动脉瘤的初步经验。方法：Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤者主动脉极度扭曲1例；破口在弓部的Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤1例，需先行左右颈-颈和左右腋．腋动脉人工血管搭桥后再封闭左侧颈总动脉和锁骨下动脉：Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤近侧破口来自于变异发出的右锁骨下动脉1例；Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤合并肠系膜上动脉几乎完全闭塞和肠缺血1例；Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤真假腔难判断者4例；腹主动脉瘤瘤颈长度〈1cm需开窗型支架治疗1例；破裂腹主动脉瘤1例：5枚支架治疗胸腹主动脉瘤1例；腹主动脉瘤瘤颈夹角为90。2例；主动脉溃疡紧邻腹腔动脉，需开窗型支架开窗型人工血管治疗1；肝动脉瘤腹腔动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘1例。结果：15例病人经支架治疗均获得成功。结论：支架型人工血管治疗复杂动脉瘤为微创方法，但需严密设计。     

真腔远端完全闭塞De Bakey Ⅲb主动脉夹层的治疗方法

主动脉夹层是一类病情十分凶险的血管疾病,起病急骤,进展快,病死率高。我们对1例复杂的主动脉夹层病人联合采用覆膜支架腔内隔绝术和远端腹主动脉切开 人工血管置换术治疗,疗效较好。报告如下。1资料和方法1.1一般资料真腔远端完全闭塞的De BakeyⅢb型主动脉夹层,经磁共振血管造影(MRA)及数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊。病人为男性,63岁。病史1年。术前MRA(如图1a、b)示:De BakeyⅢb型主动脉夹层假腔明显扩张,真腔受压明显,近端破口位于降主动脉,距离左锁骨下动脉开口约3cm,破口长径约1.8cm,腹腔干动脉、肠系膜上动脉、双肾动脉均起源于…     

血管内覆膜支架系统在主动脉夹层二期手术重建肾动脉中的应用

目的探讨血管内覆膜支架系统在主动脉夹层二期手术重建肾动脉中的应用效果。方法分析2010年5月至2018年5月宜昌市第一人民医院收治的10例累及腹腔内脏动脉的主动脉夹层进行二期手术中接受开放手术的患者临床资料。结果手术均获得成功,无围术期死亡病例。术后腹主动脉CT血管造影示患者人工血管及支架内血流均通畅,缝扎的腹主动脉不显影。二期手术后随访0.5～3.0年,患者人工血管及支架内血流均通畅,未见狭窄,缝扎的胸腹主动脉不显影。6例患者因髂动脉有破口致髂动脉仍有夹层表现,未做处理,随访假腔未见增大。结论血管内覆膜支架系统可代替缝合线连接两根血管,尤其适用于解剖位置较深、不方便暴露和吻合的肾动脉重建,具有缩短肾热缺血时间、节省手术时间、创伤小、操作方便等优点,值得在临床中推广。     

主动脉夹层TEVAR术后远端破口的临床分型及手术时机的选择

目的 探讨主动脉夹层TEVAR术后远端破口的治疗方法.方法 对新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院血管外科2006年1月-2012年4月168例行TEVAR的Stamford B型主动脉夹层患者的病例资料进行同顾性分析,根据远端破口位置的不同将其分为4型:Ⅰ型:破口位于支架尾部;Ⅱ型:破口位于胸腹主动脉,距离内脏动脉较近或累及内脏动脉;Ⅲ型:破口位于肾下腹主动脉,破口未累及内脏动脉;Ⅳ型:破口位于髂动脉.据此分型标准,对主动脉夹层TEVAR术后发生远端破口的82例患者制定相应的治疗策略并决定手术时机.结果 有82例患者支架远端仍有破口,临床分型为Ⅰ型:12例出现支架尾部破口,均行支架远端破口腔内隔绝术;Ⅱ型:47例破口位于腹主动脉并累计内脏动脉,经随访,其中4例在随访中发现假腔持续扩大或伴有症状,行“杂交”手术,即先行内脏动脉重建(髂动脉-双肾动脉,髂动脉-肠系膜上动脉,髂动脉-腹腔干人工血管搭桥术),二期行胸腹主动脉腔内隔绝术.43例患者随访发现假腔无扩大,目前继续随访.Ⅲ型:13例破口位于肾下腹主动脉,均行腔内隔绝术.Ⅳ型:10例破口位于髂动脉,均行腔内隔绝术.术后围手术期无死亡.82例患者获得随访,随访时间10 ～36个月,平均随访时间(25.6±8.4)个月,在随访过程中未发现并发症.结论 对于TEVAR术后远端破口,应根据个体情况,结合临床分型选择适宜的手术时机和手术方式,从而达到满意的治疗效果.     

血管、淋巴管

支架型人工血管腔内治疗复杂主动脉瘤；Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复后转为StanfordA型10例分析；胸主动脉夹层合并腹主夹层动脉瘤的一期腔内治疗；血管损伤的腔内治疗体会；四肢骨骼肌血管畸形的分类与治疗方法的研究     

急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并灌注不良的腔内治疗

目的 总结急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并内脏或下肢动脉灌注不良的腔内治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2001年7月至2012年12月收治的23例急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并内脏或下肢动脉灌注不良患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女3例,年龄42～ 75岁,平均(52±9)岁.5例(21.7％)肾动脉缺血,9例(39.1％)肠系膜上动脉缺血,3例(13％)腹腔干缺血,6例(20.1％)下肢缺血(左下肢坏死1例).其中2例同时有肾动脉及下肢动脉缺血.分别采用不同的腔内技术治疗.结果 23例支架人工血管成功覆盖近端第一破口.11例(47.8％)其他分支动脉植入了支架.23例患者灌注不良得到改善,手术技术成功率100％.1例合并右髂动脉闭塞致下肢缺血者,支架人工血管覆盖第一破口并右髂动脉内植入支架后治愈.1例合并下肢动脉缺血坏死者支架人工血管植入术后一期行大腿中上段截肢术.23例患者均获随访,随访6 ～72个月,平均(21±11)个月,无移植物移位及器官缺血.本组无截瘫病例.结论 腔内支架人工血管植入覆盖主动脉夹层第1破口是首选的治疗手段.部分患者尚需结合分支动脉支架植入等方法来进一步治疗.     

主动脉腔内支架隔绝术治疗降主动脉瘤

目的探讨主动脉腔内支架隔绝术治疗降主动脉瘤的适应证和疗效。方法2005年3月-2008年10月,对21例典型B型（Stanford分型）主动脉夹层、5例假性动脉瘤、2例主动脉壁内血肿合并主动脉壁溃疡,在局麻（26例）或全麻（2例）下行主动脉腔内支架隔绝术。采用Medtronic Talent支架10例,Medtronic Valiant支架12例,微创直管型支架6例。结果28例手术均获成功,术后即刻造影示破口封闭,无内漏。术后无胸痛,无神经系统并发症,无内漏,术后住院时间（4.5±1.1）d,3-7 d。5例术后发热,吲哚美辛治疗1个月,体温正常。21例主动脉夹层术后1周CT扫描显示真腔扩大,血供明显改善,胸主动脉假腔内血栓形成,腹主动脉假腔存在,开口于假腔的分支靠远端破口供血;5例假性动脉瘤CT扫描显示破口封闭,假腔内血栓形成;2例壁内血肿CT扫描显示溃疡被支架覆盖。23例随访（21.3±10.2）月（1-40个月）,无并发症发生。结论主动脉腔内支架隔绝术疗效可靠,操作简单,创伤小,患者恢复快,并发症少,住院时间短。B型主动脉夹层、降主动脉假性动脉瘤和降主动脉壁内血肿均可采用腔内支架隔绝术治疗。     

应用一体式分叉支架型人工血管腔内治疗腹主动脉瘤42例

目的总结应用一体式分又支架型人工血管治疗腹主动脉瘤初步经验。方法本组42例，其中腹主动脉瘤39例，腹主动脉假性动脉瘤1例，Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤1例，降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤1例。除均在腹主动脉放置一体式分又支架型人工血管外，1例降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤者共放置5枚支架型人工血管，其中4枚直型支架用于隔绝降主动脉瘤；1例Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤者，降主动脉近侧破口用直型支架型人工血管封堵；1例因一侧髂外动脉闭塞需先经腹膜外切口行人工血管搭桥后才能放置一体式分叉支架。结果平均手术时间50min。1例死亡，8例附加近侧短的覆膜支架，1例附加远侧Cuff，1例近侧和远侧均加Cuff。8例术后有少量内漏，1周后内漏均消失。5例封堵了双侧髂内动脉，20例封堵了单侧髂内动脉，但均未导致臀肌坏死或疼痛等并发症。2例瘤颈与瘤体呈90度角也获得成功。结论一体式分又支架型人工血管可以达到隔绝腹主动脉瘤的作用，且操作更快捷。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.