重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2/异体骨复合骨用于兔腰椎融合的正电子发射计算机体层摄影-CT研究

目的 通过应用正电子发射计算机体层摄影-CT(PET-CT)研究重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)/异体骨复合骨行兔腰椎融合术后不同时间点融合骨组织再血管化程度及成骨活性的变化.方法 成年雄性新西兰大白兔45只,随机分为3组,每组15只.在每只兔的L4、L5横突间行腰椎后路植骨融合术,3组分别植入rhBMP-2/异体骨复合骨条(复合骨组)、自体髂骨条(白体骨组)及异体髂骨条(异体骨组),每组于术后2、4、6周注射18F-NaF,利用PET-CT对各组动物进行全身显像,对比各组植骨区摄取值(SUV).结果 2、4、6周时复合骨组和白体骨组植骨区对18F-NaF的SUV均优于异体骨组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);复合骨组植骨区的SUV在4、6周时高于自体骨组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),2周时与自体骨组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).同一组内不同时间点复合骨组和白体骨组均在4、6周时局部SUV高于2周时,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);4周与6 周之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).异体骨组的SUV 3个时间点问差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 兔腰椎后路植骨融合术中PET-CT检测显示:rhBMP-2/异体骨复合骨可促进骨形成并改善局部血液供应,可作为替代自体骨的理想材料.     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2/异体骨复合骨用于兔腰椎融合的显微CT研究

目的 观察重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2/异体骨复合骨、自体骨与异体骨分别用于兔腰椎融合后,不同时间点融合骨组织微结构的变化.方法 成年雄性新西兰大白兔45只,随机分为3组,每组15只.在每只兔的L5、L6横突间行腰椎后路植骨融合术,各组分别植入复合骨条,自体髂骨条以及单纯异体髂骨条,每组于术后第3、4、5周各处死5只大白兔,分离保存融合节段标本.用显微cT扫描后行骨组织定量分析.结果 术后3个时间点中,复合骨组和自体骨组新生骨小梁的强度和形态均要优于异体骨组且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).第3周,复合骨组的组织骨密度(TMD)为(433.98±2.64)mg/cm3,高于自体骨组(424.81±4.69)mg/cm3(P＜0.05);第4周,复合骨组的骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)为(0.097±0.004)mm,高于自体骨组(0.082±0.003)mm(P＜0.01);第5周,复合组的组织矿含量(TMC)为(7.70±0.30)mg,高于自体骨组(7.00±0.24)mg(P＜0.01).结论 在兔腰椎后路横突间植骨融合中,重组人骨形态发生蛋-2/异体骨复合骨的成骨效应不低于自体骨,优于异体骨.     

外源性重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2应用于兔腰椎植骨融合中细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨外源性重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)应用于兔腰椎后路横突植骨融合中的促成骨效应细胞增殖作用及其成骨机制. 方法 45只新西兰大白兔随机分为三组(n=15),建立腰椎后路横突间植骨融合模型,分别植入rhBMP-2/异体骨复合骨条(复合骨组)、自体髂骨条(自体骨组)、单纯异体髂骨条(异体骨组).用流式细胞仪检测2、7、14、28、35 d具有成骨效应的骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)、成骨细胞、血管内皮细胞的增殖量. 结果复合骨组MSCs增殖量在术后2、7、35 d均比自体骨组和异体骨组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).复合骨组成骨细胞增殖量除在术后2 d高于自体骨组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.028)外,在其他时间点差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但复合骨组成骨细胞增殖量在术后2、7、14、28、35 d时均高于异体骨组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).复合骨组血管内皮细胞增殖量在术后2、7、28 d均高于自体骨组和异体骨组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在脊柱融合的不同时间段,外源性rhBMP-2能有效地促进MSCs、成骨细胞、血管内皮细胞增殖.     

同种异体骨与自体骨后路腰椎Cage椎间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病

目的探讨后路腰椎Cage椎间融合术中应用同种异体骨和自体骨植骨治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月柳州市柳江县人民医院收治的行腰椎后路Cage椎间融合术的60例腰椎退行性疾病患者的临床资料,其中自体骨植骨组和同种异体骨植骨组各30例,记录两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症发生情况;术后3、6、12个月采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价疗效;定期行影像学检查观察固定节段融合情况。结果自体骨组手术时间和术中出血量均少于同种异体骨组(P0.05)。术后12个月两组融合率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但自体骨组术后3、6个月融合率高于同种异体骨组(P0.05)。术后3、6、12个月两组ODI指数优良率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。同种异体骨组感染1例,骨延迟愈合1例,自体骨组供区疼痛1例;随访期间两组患者均无椎弓根螺钉断裂、松动、脱出及椎间融合器脱出等并发症发生。结论后路腰椎Cage椎间融合术中应用自体骨植骨,具有手术时间短,术中损伤轻微,早期融合率高的优点;同种异体植骨可达到与自体骨植骨类似的近期临床效果,在无法进行自体骨移植或自体骨移植骨量不足等情况下可以使用,远期疗效还有待进一步观察。     

三种腰椎后路椎间融合植骨材料的临床对比研究

目的探讨3种不同植骨材料及骨质疏松因素对腰后路椎间植骨成功率的影响、、方法回顾分析使用自体髂骨块（A组）、同种异体骨（B组）、融合器＋自体松质骨（C组）3种不同植骨材料行腰椎后路椎M融合手术患者共1121例,其中骨质疏松者共180例,通过X线及CT检查,对植骨融合率、融合时间、椎间高度、内同定火败率进行随访并对数据进行统计学分析。结果B组6l例中,11例患者（18．5％）出现植骨不融合．其中断钉6例,断棒2例．该组l在植骨融合率、内固定失败率、椎间高度丢失、融合时间等方面比另2组差（P〈O．05）。A组和C组植骨融合率分别为97．6％、98．2％,2组比较在各方面差异无统计学意义（p〉0．05）。在180例骨质疏松患行中,A绀患者融合率（90．3％）高于C组（84．6％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论后路腰椎椎间融合,使用同种异体骨融合率最低,内固定失败、惟间隙塌陷发生率较高;自体髂骨块与融合器＋自体骨植骨融合率高,内固定失败发生率小;埘于骨质疏松者,自体髂骨块融合情况更佳。     

rhBMP-2骨修复材料在后路腰椎内固定植骨融合术中应用

[目的]探讨rhBMP-2骨修复材料在腰椎内固定植骨融合术中应用的临床疗效。[方法]2015年1月～2016年4月在本院骨科收治的行后路腰椎体间融合术的腰椎退变性疾病患者73例,根据植骨融合材料分为两组。rhBMP-2组35例,采用rhBMP-2骨修复材料填埋Cage+椎弓根螺钉双侧内固定;自体骨组38例,采用自体骨骨质填埋Cage+椎弓根螺钉双侧内固定。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后螺钉位置不良率、Cage位置移位率、相对椎间隙丢失高度、椎间融合率以及治疗前后JOA评分及Oswestry指数(ODI)评估。[结果]两组间手术时间、术中出血量的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组术前、术后ODI和JOA评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。rhBMP-2组第12周螺钉位置不良率(7.14%)和Cage位置移位率(8.11%)分别显著高于自体骨组的3.29%和2.56%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而第24周,rh BMP-2组螺钉位置不良率(9.29%)和Cage位置移位率(8.11%)与自体骨组的10.53%和7.69%相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);rhBMP-2组术后椎间隙高度丢失(0.32±0.06)mm显著低于自体骨组的(1.41±0.40)mm,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);rhBMP-2组第12周椎间融合率为54.05%,低于同期自体骨组的79.49%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而第24周两组椎间融合率均为100%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]rhBMP-2骨修复材料应用于腰椎内固定植骨融合术中的起效时间晚于自体骨,但最终疗效与自体骨相当,但在恢复椎间高度上的作用优于自体骨,可以在临床上替代自体骨用于脊柱融合术中。     

复合骨环与自体髂骨块行犬前路腰椎椎间融合术的生物力学研究

目的：比较复合骨环与自体髂骨块行犬腰椎椎间融合的生物力学刚度。方法：8只杂种犬随机分成4组，分别以复合骨环和自体髂骨块行腰椎椎间融合，CSS万能生物力学测试机测定脊柱功能单位的5种抗载荷刚度。结果：复合骨环组在抗屈曲、抗伸展、抗侧弯和抗纵向位移方面与自体髂骨块组间存在显著性差异。结论：复合骨环行腰椎椎间融合明显优于自体髂骨块，可以成为理想的脊柱融合材料。     

合并横突骨折的腰椎横突间植骨融合术

目的　探讨合并横突骨折的腰椎横突间植骨融合术的成功率。方法　在经后路行椎板切除减压、椎体复位及椎弓根系统内固定的基础上 ,对 5 4例合并横突骨折的腰椎骨折脱位病人(均伴神经损伤 )进行了腰椎横突间植骨融合术 ,其中 :单侧植骨 18例 ,双侧植骨 36例。结果　单侧植骨 :骨融合 15例 ,失败 3例 ;双侧植骨 :骨融合 34例 ,失败 2例 ,总骨融合成功率为 90 .7%。结论　腰椎横突间植骨融合术是合并横突骨折的腰椎骨折脱位病人的有效骨融合方式。     

自体骨与异体骨腰椎椎间融合临床疗效的比较

目的比较自体骨及异体骨进行腰椎间融合的临床治疗效果。方法根据椎间融合材料的不同,将268例分为自体骨组和异体骨组,回访术后植骨融合情况及临床症状改善情况。结果两组术后临床症状改善明显。统计学分析表明两组在手术时间、出血量、输血量、住院时间及最终融合率方面无明显差别。自体骨组在椎间隙高度丢失率、平均融合速度与异体骨组有显著性差异。术后并发症自体骨组明显低于异体骨组(P<0.05)。结论自体骨与异体骨在腰椎融合术中疗效相近,但自体骨组术后并发症更少。     

复合骨在兔腰椎融合过程中相关基因表达调控的影响

目的 观察复合骨即重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)/异体骨不同时间点融合骨组织中BMP-2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达.方法 将新西兰大白兔60只随机分为3组,在L5、L6横突间行后路植骨融合术,分别植入复合骨条、自体骨条及异体骨条,于术后第1、2、3、4、5周取融合标本,用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(real time RT-PCR)分析内源性BMP-2和VEGF基因水平的变化.结果 术后第3周,复合骨组BMP-2为(5.3519±1.0384),VEGF为(0.9257±0.2534),均达到峰值且高于异体骨组和自体骨组(P<0.05),之后则缓慢下降.第4周后,内源性BMP-2表达仍保持较高水平,但VEGF的水平与自体骨组和异体骨组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 复合骨能有效地诱导内源性BMP-2和VEGF的表达,促进了成骨效应.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.