神经根管减压术治疗腰椎神经根管狭窄症

目的 探讨神经根管减压术治疗腰椎神经根管狭窄症的临床疗效.方法 对25例确诊为腰椎神经根管狭窄症患者行神经根减压术治疗,分别进行术前及术后3、12、24个月VAS和JOA评分,同时进行影像学评价.结果 术后VAS逐渐降低,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),随时间延长VAS降低明显;术后各时段间差异比较亦有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后JOA评分明显增高,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但术后各时段间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后24个月临床症状改善优良率为84%(22/25).结论神经根管减压术是建立在熟练掌握神经根解剖特点基础上行椎板有限开窗、对狭窄的神经根管充分减压、椎弓根钉棒系统植骨内固定治疗神经根管狭窄症疗效满意.     

经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的 探讨经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的安全性及早期疗效.方法 2017年3月～2019年1月,本科收治单节段腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症患者35例,均采用经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术行侧隐窝及神经根减压.比较患者术前、术后即刻、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后6个月、术后1年的腿痛VAS评分及腰椎Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)差异.术后1年采用改良MacNab标准评价手术疗效.结果 所有患者均顺利完成侧隐窝及神经根减压,手术时间50～125 min,平均(80.36±12.34)min;所有患者术后均获得随访12～15个月.患者术后即刻及各随访时期的腿痛VAS评分及ODI指数均较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).按改良MacNab标准评价疗效:优19例,良10例,可6例,优良率82.9％.结论 经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的早期疗效显著,是有效的微创治疗方案.     

脊柱内镜减压治疗高龄腰椎退变性脊柱侧凸合并神经根管狭窄

目的探讨局麻下脊柱内镜减压治疗高龄腰椎退变性脊柱侧凸合并神经根管狭窄的疗效。方法局部麻醉下经椎间孔入路,从背侧和腹侧减压受压神经根。术后症状改善采用下肢痛视觉疼痛模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)评估,手术疗效采用改良MacNab标准评估。结果术中1例硬膜撕裂,术后出现随体位变化的疼痛不适感,3周后症状改善。12例侧凸腰椎冠状面Cobb角39.3°±6.8°。12例随访(19.4±3.4)月。下肢痛VAS评分从术前(6.5±1.2)分,改善为末次随访(1.2±0.9)分(P=0.000)。ODI从术前(67.5±6.1)%,改善为末次随访(29.0±6.6)%(P=0.000)。末次随访改良MacNab标准优良率为83.3%(10/12)。结论高龄退变性腰椎侧凸合并神经根管狭窄的处理需要考虑患者自身条件,局麻脊柱内镜下减压能够有效缓解神经压迫症状,改善生活质量,是一种可供选择且安全有效的方法。     

两种术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床对比研究

[目的]研究椎间孔镜TESSYS术与椎板开窗椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴或不伴腰椎神经根管狭窄的疗效对比。[方法]回顾性分析本院2017~2018年治疗的腰椎间盘突出症伴或不伴腰椎神经根管狭窄64例患者临床资料。根据治疗手术方式分为两组,采用经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS术的为TESSYS组,共34例,采用椎板开窗椎间盘切除术的为开放组,共30例,术后随访12个月,观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症,进行VAS评分、ODI评分和改良MacNa评分评价临床疗效,采用独立样本t检验对比分析数据。[结果]两组患者均顺利完成手术,TESSYS组在手术时间、出血量、切口长度、术后下地时间和术后住院时间方面均低于开放组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TESSYS组早期并发症1例,开放组早期并发症3例。两组患者随访6~18个月,随时间推移,两组患者VAS和ODI评分均显著减少,不同时间点间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前两组间VAS和ODI评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后24h、术后3个月,TESSYS组VAS和ODI评分均显著低于开放组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);但术后6、12个月,两组间VAS和ODI评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时根据改良MacNab评价标准,TESSYS组优良率94.12%;而开放组优良率83.33%;两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS术与椎板开窗椎间盘切除术均能有效的治疗腰椎间盘突出症,但TESSYS术在术后短期内恢复更快。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术行腰骶神经根减压松解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术(TESSYS)行腰骶神经根减压松解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧和临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2013-12—2014-10采用TESSYS技术治疗的112例腰椎间盘突出症。术前、术后即刻、术后3个月及末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价患者疼痛程度。末次随访时采用改良Macnab评分标准评价临床疗效。结果本组手术时间45~180 min,平均58.6 min;X线曝光频率13~62次,平均18.9次。术中硬膜囊撕裂7例,无神经根损伤、椎间隙感染等严重并发症。102例术后获得随访3~15个月,平均9.8个月。术前VAS评分(7.7±1.6)分,术后即刻(2.8±1.3)分,术后3个月(1.5±0.5)分,末次随访时(1.9±1.5)分。术后即刻VAS评分明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(t=3.667,P=0.001);术后3个月VAS评分明显低于术后即刻,差异有统计学意义(t=2.862,P=0.001);末次随访与术后3个月VAS评分差异无统计学意义(t=0.033,P=0.120)。末次随访时采用改良Macnab评分评定疗效:优49例,良38例,可15例,优良率85.3%。结论采用TESSYS技术行腰骶神经根减压松解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症是安全有效的微创手术,正确理解和掌握TESSYE技术要点是保证手术成功的关键。     

经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗L_5-S_1神经根管狭窄症

目的观察经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗L_5-S_1神经根管狭窄症的临床效果。方法2011-08-2013-12对25例L_5-S_1神经根管狭窄症患者采用经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗,术前术后及末次随访应用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估疼痛程度,应用日本骨科学会(JOA)下腰痛评分标准,评估腰椎功能改善情况,以治疗前及末次JOA分值计算改善率。结果 25例均完成手术,未发生神经根损伤、硬膜囊破裂、椎间隙感染等严重并发症。25例患者获随访6~36个月,平均14.3个月,患者在治疗前后VAS与JOA评分上有显著性差异(P0.001)。本组末次随访,优9例,良11例,可5例,差0例,整体优良率80%。结论经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗L_5-S_1神经根管狭窄症,是一种安全、有效的微创手术方式,具有术后恢复快、患者依从性好的优点,严格掌握手术适应证是手术成功的关键和疗效保证。     

经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗腰椎间盘突出的近期疗效观察

目的观察经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的近期疗效。方法采用TESSYS技术治疗65例腰椎间盘突出症患者,观察患者术后1周及1、3、6个月的疼痛VAS评分和ODI的改善情况,末次随访时采用改良Mac Nab标准评价疗效。结果手术时间60~110 min,术中出血量20~50 ml,术后住院4~7 d。65例均获得随访,时间6~8个月。无神经根损伤、硬膜囊破裂、脑脊液漏、椎间隙感染等并发症发生。术后各时段VAS评分及ODI均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时根据改良Mac Nab标准评定疗效:优37例,良22例,可6例,优良率为90.77%。结论经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,具有创伤小、恢复快及近期疗效可靠的优点。严格掌握手术适应证是手术成功的关键和疗效保证。     

保留棘突韧带复合体改良椎管减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症的疗效分析

目的探讨保留棘突韧带复合体改良腰椎管减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-06—2015-06采用保留完整棘突韧带复合体改良椎管减压术治疗的39例老年腰椎管狭窄症。比较术前、术后6个月、术后1年的VAS评分、ODI指数和JOA评分。结果本组获得平均3.4(1~6)年随访,2例随访1年后死亡。未出现腰椎滑脱及不稳,原有腰椎滑脱和侧弯没有加重。术前、术后6个月、术后1年的VAS评分、ODI指数和JOA评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后6个月、1年的VAS评分、ODI指数和JOA评分较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但术后6个月与术后1年的VAS评分、ODI指数和JOA评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保留棘突韧带复合体改良腰椎管减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症有利于维持腰椎的稳定性和承载能力,可获得满意的临床疗效。     

经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴或不伴腰椎神经根管狭窄的疗效观察

目的观察经椎间孔镜技术即TESSYS技术(Transforaminal Endoscopic Spine System)治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴或不伴腰椎神经根管狭窄的疗效。方法 2015年10月~2016年5月行TESSYS技术治疗腰椎间盘突出22例,其中15例伴腰椎神经根管狭窄。局麻下行突出髓核摘除、椎间孔成形及神经根管减压术。结果术前腰痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)分别为(7.18±0.84)分和(36.50±3.90)分,术后6个月随访时分别为(2.59±0.81)分和(18.95±2.57)分,明显改善(配对t检验,t=30.72、25.57,P=0.00、0.00)。随访6~12个月,末次随访根据改良Mac Nab评价标准,优6例(27.3%),良12例(54.5%),可3例(13.6%),差1例(4.5%),优良率81.8%。结论经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS技术在摘除突出髓核的同时能够充分对狭窄的神经根管进行减压,能够有效应用于腰椎间盘突出伴神经根管狭窄患者。     

椎间盘镜下神经根管减压术治疗根性症状为主的腰椎退行性病变

目的 探讨椎间盘镜下神经根管探查、减压术治疗有根性症状的腰椎退行性病变的临床疗效.方法 2010年1月～2011年12月对36例有根性症状的腰椎退行性病变在椎间盘镜下行神经根管探查、减压术,对比术前与术后6个月Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)和疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS),评价临床效果.结果 36例在神经根管探查时均发现存在神经根管狭窄,对神经根有明显的压迫,神经根活动度＜1 cm,进行神经根管减压后,神经根压迫解除,神经根活动度＞1 cm.手术时间(61.7±5.6) min,出血量(60.0±9.7)ml,术后住院(3.5±0.5)d.36例随访6 ～29个月,平均17.5月:术前ODI评分(72.3±6.2)分,显著高于术后6个月(21.2±8.6)分(t=49.204,P=0.000);术后6个月VAS评分(3.3±0.1)分,显著低于术前(7.7±0.8)分(t=-141.496,P=0.000).结论 椎间盘镜下神经根管探查、减压术可彻底解除神经根压迫,显著缓解神经根性症状.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.