骨质疏松症患者腰椎平均BMD与腰椎椎体骨折相关性研究

目的 探讨骨质疏松症患者腰椎平均骨密度(BMD)与腰椎椎体骨折的关系.方法 选择2010年1月~2011年1月来我院治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折96例患者为骨折组,42例无腰椎椎体骨折者作为对照组.采用双能X线骨密度仪对两组患者腰椎正位(L2-4)BMD进行测定.结果 骨质疏松患者腰椎椎体骨折组患者BMD相对对照组较低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 腰椎BMD降低与绝经后妇女的骨质疏松性椎体骨折相关.     

绝经后妇女骨质疏松性椎体骨折与腰椎骨密度的关系

目的探讨绝经后妇女骨质疏松性椎体骨折与腰椎骨密度的关系。方法选择骨质疏松性椎体骨折的绝经后妇女23例为骨折组,无椎体骨折的25例绝经后骨质疏松妇女为对照组。两组的年龄、绝经年限、身高、体重、体重指数差异无显著性,均行胸腰椎正侧位X线摄片。用双能X线吸收仪（DXA）测量的腰椎（L2-4）前后位骨密度（BMD）、骨矿含量（BMC）和T值。结果骨折组BMD、BMC和T值均低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论腰椎BMD降低与绝经后妇女的骨质疏松性椎体骨折相关。绝经后骨质疏松妇女应重视BMD变化,预防椎体骨折的发生。     

绝经后妇女椎体骨折与骨密度的对照研究

目的探讨绝经后妇女骨质疏松性椎体骨折与骨密度的关系。方法随机选择椎体骨折的绝经后妇女120例为骨折组，无椎体骨折的120例绝经后妇女为对照组。两组的年龄、身高、体重等差异无显著性，均行胸腰椎正侧位X线摄片。用双能X线吸收仪（DXA）测量腰椎（L2-4）前后位及髋部骨密度（BMD）和T值。结果骨折组腰椎及髋部BMD和T值均低于对照组（P≤0．05）。结论腰椎BMD降低与绝经后妇女的骨质疏松性椎体骨折相关，髋部骨密度值的降低在一定程度上也能提示骨折的危险性。绝经后骨质疏松妇女应重视BMD变化，预防椎体骨折的发生。     

814例绝经后女性初潮年龄、绝经年龄及月经维持年限与骨质疏松症相关性研究

目的调查了解广州市社区绝经后妇女的生理因素对骨质疏松症的患病率及骨密度(BMD)的影响,为围绝经期女性骨质疏松的预防提供进一步证据。方法采用现场问卷调查了解受试者的基本资料,美国双能X线骨密度仪测量1199例绝经后女性的腰椎正位和左髋部骨密度,以年龄分组进行分析。结果共纳入的814名绝经后妇女当中,腰椎发生骨质疏松症300例,发生率36.9%;髋部发生骨质疏松的312例,发生率38.3%。绝经年限10年内的妇女中,初潮年龄较晚的骨密度越低,发生骨质疏松的风险越高; 55～65岁的绝经后妇女中,绝经年龄较早的骨密度越低,骨质疏松发生的风险越高;月经维持的年限越短,骨密度越低,发生骨质疏松的风险越高。结论广州市社区中绝经后妇女的骨质疏松患病率较高,初潮年龄较晚、绝经年龄较早或月经维持年限较短的妇女骨质疏松的发病率明显升高,建议早筛查、早诊断、早治疗。髋部BMD值是评价骨质疏松症较为敏感的指标,应该首选髋部作为骨密度测量的部位。     

绝经后女性腰椎T值评分与椎体骨折的关系

目的探讨绝经后女性腰椎骨密度的T值评分与发生椎体骨折的关系。方法选择原发性骨质疏松症女性患者共74例,其中发生椎体骨折患者37例,无椎体骨折患者37例,所有受检者均行正侧位胸腰椎X线摄片证实。两组女性的出生年月、身高、体重、绝经年限等无显著性差异。用双能X线吸收仪(DXA)分别检测正位腰椎(L1-L4)及一侧股骨近段股骨颈的骨密度(BMD)值及T值,统计腰椎部位的T值评分(T-Score),以腰椎T值评分达≤-2.5可入选,并对两组腰椎的T值评分进行统计分析。结果骨折组腰椎T值评分明显低于非骨折组腰椎T值评分(P0.05)。结论绝经后女性发生椎体压缩性骨折与腰椎骨密度的T值评分降低相关。     

50例绝经后高疾病活动期的女性类风湿关节炎骨密度的临床观察

目的观察绝经后高疾病活动期的女性类风湿关节炎患者骨矿物质密度水平的变化。方法收集50例绝经后女性RA患者一般临床资料,包括年龄、RA病程、绝经年龄、ESR、CRP、RF、抗CCP抗体、DSA28评分及雌二醇水平,应用双能X线吸收法(DXA)测定50例患者腰椎L_(1-4)和左髋关节部位的骨密度,分析其骨密度(BMD)的情况。结果 1.50例绝经后女性RA的DSA28评分大于5.1,属高疾病活动期,骨质疏松组发生率52%;远高于骨量减少组(30%)及骨密度正常组(18%)。2.骨质疏松组的绝经年龄比非骨质疏松组明显提前(P=0.005),抗CCP抗体水平明显升高(P=0.037),有统计学意义,但在年龄、病程、RF、DSA28评分及雌激素方面两者无统计学差异。3.Logistic回归分析结果显示抗CCP抗体(OR值1.025,P=0.041)是绝经后高疾病活动女性RA骨质疏松的独立危险因素。4.骨质疏松组,腰椎总骨密度较髋关节显著降低(P0.001);腰椎组内比较以腰1椎体BMD最低,而后依次为腰2,腰3、腰4(P=0.0003),左髋关节组内比较以大转子BMD最低,而后依次为股骨颈、小转子(P0.0001)。结论绝经后高疾病活动期的女性RA患者存在明显的骨质疏松,以腰椎骨密度(特别L_1)下降最明显;抗CCP抗体可能是高疾病活动期的女性类RA患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素。     

阿伦膦酸盐降低骨质疏松性椎体骨折风险的作用

骨质疏松症已成为全球严重的公共卫生问题,防治骨质疏松症和骨质疏松性骨折已成为目前关注的课题。骨质疏松性骨折最常见于椎体。阿伦膦酸盐是临床上治疗骨质疏松症的常用药物。众多文献表明,阿伦膦酸盐能明显增加患者骨密度（BMD）,使其发生椎体骨折和再骨折的危险性降低。与其他抗重吸收药物比较,阿伦膦酸盐增加BMD的作用较强。但目前尚未有文献对阿伦膦酸盐预防椎体强化术后椎体再骨折的疗效进行明确报道。     

血清维生素K1水平与绝经后女性腰椎骨密度相关性分析

目的探讨绝经后女性骨密度与血清维生素K1水平之间的相关性。方法使用标准化的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒测量46例绝经后骨质疏松女性和30名绝经后健康对照女性的血清维生素K1水平。检测腰椎(1～4)的骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)。结果绝经后骨质疏松女性组血清维生素K1水平明显低于正常对照组(P0.05),绝经后骨质疏松女性血清维生素K1浓度与腰椎BMD呈正相关(R=0.545,P=0.003);绝经后正常对照组血清维生素K1浓度与腰椎BMD呈正相关(R=0.513,P=0.009)。维生素K1对骨质疏松症的诊断敏感性和特异性分别为91%和98%(截止值:0.853 ng/mL);维生素K1的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.985,奇数比为18.88。结论维生素K1与诊断绝经后骨质疏松症呈负相关。     

血清羧化不全骨钙素对绝经后女性骨质疏松症诊疗意义的探讨

目的检测绝经后女性血清羧化不全骨钙素(ucOC)的水平,并探讨其影响因素及其对绝经后女性骨质疏松症诊疗的意义。方法选择南京医科大学附属南京医院2015年07月至2016年12月在骨科门诊就诊的绝经后女性患者108例,依据骨密度检查将这些患者分为骨质疏松组与非骨质疏松组;记录其年龄、身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)、绝经年龄、骨密度(BMD)等相关资料;抽取外周血测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血钙、血磷、羧化不全骨钙素(ucOC)的水平,并对上述资料进行相关的统计学分析。结果绝经后女性骨质疏松组患者的血清ucOC水平与非骨质疏松组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血清ucOC水平是骨质疏松症的影响因素(OR=2.806,P0.05)。(2)血清ucOC水平与腰椎骨密度呈负相关(r=-0.395,P0.05),但与髋关节骨密度无显著相关性(r=-0.248,P0.05)。结论血清ucOC水平的变化与绝经后女性骨质疏松症的发生关系密切,血清高ucOC水平是绝经后女性骨质疏松症发生的危险因素;推断血清ucOC水平对于绝经后女性骨质疏松症早期的预测和筛查具有参考意义     

IL-33与绝经后骨质疏松女性骨密度和骨代谢指标相关性研究

目的 探索血清白细胞介素-33(IL-33)与绝经后骨质疏松女性骨密度和骨代谢指标相关性。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法测定50例绝经后骨质疏松患者和50例正常绝经后妇女血清IL-33水平。采用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)测量患者和对照组的骨密度(BMD)。检测维生素D、钙、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平,以及1型胶原C末端肽(CTX)和1型前胶原N端前肽(P1NP)等骨转换指标。结果 在绝经后骨质疏松症女性中,IL-33水平显著低于健康对照组[(3.53±2.45) pg/mL vs (13.72±5.39) pg/mL,P=0.007];Spearman相关分析表明血清IL-33水平与年龄、BMI、PTH、CTX和P1NP水平呈负相关,与腰椎BMD和股骨颈BMD呈正相关。多元回归分析表明,年龄、BMI、腰椎BMD、PTH、股骨颈BMD和血清CTX和P1NP水平是骨质疏松症患者血清IL-33水平降低的独立预测因子。结论 血清IL-33降低是绝经后骨质疏松患者股骨颈和腰椎骨密度降低和骨转换增速的危险因素。     

Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often prescribed for a few years to suppress menopausal symptoms. Although its long-term use of HRT for the primary prevention of osteoporosis is not currently recommended, the long-term skeletal benefits of the limited therapy are of great interest. To determine whether administration of HRT for 2-3 years in the early postmenopausal years provides long-term benefits, such as prevention of bone loss and osteoporotic fractures, we studied a group of 347 healthy postmenopausal women with normal bone mass who had earlier completed one of four placebo-controlled HRT trials and who were reexamined 5, 11, or 15 years after stopping HRT. Of these women, 263 received either HRT or placebo for 2-3 years with no further bone-sparing treatment until follow-up, and the remaining 84 women reported either prolonged or current use of HRT at reexamination. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine (L1-L4) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the forearm were measured at baseline, the end of the trials, and follow-up. At follow-up, we assessed the radiological presence of vertebral fracture and collected information on the new incidence of nonvertebral fractures. Compared with that of the placebo-treated women, the BMD and BMC of HRT-treated women continued to show significantly higher values (>5%) even many years after stopping HRT. After stopping treatment, the rate of bone loss returned to normal postmenopausal rates. The preservation of bone mass in the HRT group was accompanied by a significantly reduced risk of all osteoporotic fractures as compared with the placebo group [OR = 0.48 (95% CI, 0.26-0.88)]. 'Fast losers' on placebo had more than a 4-fold higher risk of fractures than had the women on limited HRT with a normal rate of bone loss after withdrawal. In conclusion, limited HRT administered in the early postmenopausal years offers long-lasting benefits for the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss and osteoporotic fracture.     

Instant Vertebral Assessment: A Noninvasive Dual X-ray Absorptiometry Technique to Avoid Misclassification and Clinical Mismanagement of Osteoporosis

The presence of a vertebral fracture significantly increases the risk of future fracture, classifies a patient with "clinical" osteoporosis, and usually results in treatment for osteoporosis. However, the majority of vertebral fractures are silent, and lateral X-rays (the standard method for identification) are not routinely obtained. Instant vertebral assessment (IVA), a technology that utilizes dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), provides rapid assessment of vertebral fractures and is highly correlated with vertebral fractures, as assessed on standard lateral spine X-rays. To assess the role of IVA in patient management, we examined standard bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine, total hip, and femoral neck and spine IVA by DXA in 482 participants screened for an osteoporosis study, who had no previous knowledge of vertebral fractures. Using World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, subjects were classified using BMD at the spine, total hip, femoral neck, or any combination of these central sites. In addition, we considered subjects as osteoporotic if they had vertebral fractures independent of low bone density. We found that vertebral fractures assessed by IVA were present in 18.3% of asymptomatic postmenopausal women recruited for this study. The sensitivity of BMD alone to diagnose osteoporosis based on either a vertebral fracture or low BMD using WHO criteria ranged from 40 to 74%. This means that between 26 and 60% of osteoporotic individuals could have potentially been missed. Furthermore, 11.0-18.7% of clinically osteoporotic individuals would have been classified as normal by BMD criteria alone. We conclude that IVA is a useful adjunct in the clinical identification of osteoporosis and may prevent mismanagement of osteoporotic patients.     

绝经后女性躯干肌指数与骨质疏松性椎体骨折的相关性

目的 探索绝经后女性躯干肌指数与骨质疏松性椎体骨折（osteoporotic vertebral fracture,OVF）的相关性,为骨质疏松性骨折的防治提供新的思路。方法 共纳入424名绝经后女性,其中OVF 212例,骨质疏松症（无OVF）212例,评估其临床因素,测量骨密度、四肢及躯干肌量。采用多元Logistic回归分析躯干肌指数与OVF之间的相关性。结果 与无OVF相比,OVF女性的躯干肌量及躯干肌指数较低（15.99±2.04 vs. 16.72±2.22;6.76±0.72 vs. 7.09±0.85）。调整骨质疏松症的传统危险因素后,躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度呈正相关（r=0.186,P＜0.001）,躯干肌指数是OVF的保护因素（P=0.037,OR=0.684,95% CI：0.478～0.978）,基于躯干肌指数,OVF的患病率在4个四分位中呈显著下降趋势。结论 在昆山地区绝经后妇女中,躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度及OVF密切相关。保持较高的躯干肌指数可能有利于减少OVF的发生。躯干肌指数与腰椎骨密度及OVF的相关性暗示了肌肉与骨骼的内在关联。     

椎体CT值筛查骨质疏松及预测骨折的研究进展

随着社会老龄化的进程,骨质疏松发病率显著增加,而筛查骨质疏松及预防骨折工作开展仍不充分,仍然有较多骨折患者从未接受过骨密度的检查。常规CT的广泛使用为骨质疏松增加了一种补充筛查方法,可以通过椎体CT值诊断骨质疏松及预测骨质疏松性骨折,且无需额外的辐射、费用、时间等,具有重要的临床意义。笔者论述了椎体CT值以及常规CT结合人工智能诊断骨质疏松及预测骨质疏松性骨折的研究进展。     

Association between vertebral fracture and increased mortality in osteoporotic patients.

Determinants of mortality were studied in a prospective study of 677 women and men with primary or secondary osteoporosis. Prevalent vertebral fractures were associated with increased mortality, but other known predictors of mortality explain a significant proportion of the excess risk. INTRODUCTION: In population studies, prevalent vertebral fractures are associated with increased mortality. It is unknown whether this excess mortality is related to low bone mineral density or its determinants or whether there is an additional component associated with fracture itself. METHODS: We studied 677 women and men with osteoporosis, 28-88 years old, of whom 352 had morphometrically determined vertebral fracture, to examine the risk and causes of mortality in patients with osteoporosis (defined densitometrically as a spine bone mineral density T-score < -2.5 and -3.0 for women and men, respectively, and/or one or more prevalent vertebral fractures without a history of significant trauma). The participants had enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in osteoporosis and were comprised of 483 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, 110 women with secondary osteoporosis, and 84 men with osteoporosis of any cause. Demographics, medical history, and other measures of skeletal and nonskeletal health status were assessed at entry. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.2 years, 37 (5.5%) participants died, with 31 of these deaths occurring in those with prevalent vertebral fractures. Compared with participants who did not have a prevalent vertebral fracture, those with one or more fractures had a 4.4-fold higher (95% CI, 1.85, 10.6) mortality rate. After adjustment for predictors for poor health--including number of medications, number of diseases, use of oral corticosteroids, alcohol intake, serum albumin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function, height, weight, gender, and age--the point estimate of risk remained elevated but was no longer statistically significant (hazard ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.93, 6.23). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalent vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients are associated with increased mortality. Other known predictors of mortality can explain a significant proportion of the excess risk.     

Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial

Raloxifene reduces vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and established osteoporosis, but its efficacy in women with osteopenia has not been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of raloxifene hydrochloride on the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and to compare this effect with that in women with osteoporosis as defined by the bone mineral density (BMD) T-score at the hip. We studied the 3204 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis without vertebral fractures at baseline in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Compared with placebo, 60 mg/day raloxifene reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures at 3 years independent of baseline total hip BMD. The relative risk for new vertebral fractures for the raloxifene group compared with placebo was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.32-0.88) for those with osteopenia and 0.31 (0.06-0.71) for those with osteoporosis. In raloxifene-treated women the rate of vertebral fracture was similar in women with osteoporosis (2%) to that in women with osteopenia (1.9%). For clinically apparent vertebral fractures, the relative risk of fracture in the osteopenia group for raloxifene was 0.25 (0.04-0.63) compared with placebo. There were no new clinical vertebral fractures in women with osteoporosis receiving raloxifene, whereas four occurred in the placebo group. We conclude that treatment with 60 mg/day raloxifene significantly decreases the risk of new vertebral fractures and new clinical vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women without baseline vertebral fracture who have osteopenia or osteoporosis.     

The skeletal response to teriparatide is largely independent of age, initial bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

In a recent study of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, treatment with teriparatide for a median of 19 months increased bone mineral density and decreased the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Using the same cohort, the current study evaluated the relationship between these therapeutic effects and the patient's baseline age, vertebral bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures. In women over 65 years of age, treatment resulted in a greater increase in vertebral bone mineral density than in younger women (treatment-by-age interaction, p = 0.037), but baseline age had no effect on the relative risk reduction for vertebral fractures (treatment-by-age interaction, p = 0.558). In women receiving placebo (with calcium and vitamin D), there was an inverse relationship between baseline vertebral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk. When compared across bone mineral density tertiles, the effects of teriparatide on the relative risk for developing new vertebral fractures and increase in vertebral bone mineral density did not differ significantly (p = 0.817 and p = 0.615, respectively). Teriparatide treatment significantly decreased vertebral fracture risk in patients with a vertebral bone mineral density T score of less than -33 or a score between -2.1 and -3.3 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively) and showed a trend toward reduced fracture risk in the group with a T score greater than -2.1 (p = 0.115). Placebo-treated women with two or more prevalent vertebral fractures had a significantly greater risk of developing new vertebral fractures than women with zero or one prevalent vertebral fracture (p < 0.001). When compared within prevalent vertebral fracture subgroups, the effects of teriparatide on the relative risk for developing new vertebral fractures were similar. The results of this study indicate that teriparatide offers clinical benefit to patients across a broad range of age and disease severity.     

Effect of raloxifene combined with monofluorophosphate as compared with monofluorophosphate alone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized,controlled trial

Raloxifene effectively reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recent data suggest that low-dose monofluorophosphate (MFP) plus calcium reduces the vertebral fracture rate in postmenopausal women with moderate osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combination of raloxifene and MFP in the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and severe osteoporosis. A total of 596 postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and severe osteoporosis (mean femoral neck T-score of –2.87 SD) were randomized to treatment with 60 mg/day raloxifene HCl and 20 mg/day fluoride ions (as MFP) or 20 mg/day fluoride and placebo for 18 months. All patients received calcium (1000 mg/day) and vitamin D (500 IU/day) supplements. Changes in bone mineral density (BMD), as primary endpoint, and the rate of osteoporotic fractures and biochemical markers, as secondary endpoints, were assessed. As compared with MFP, raloxifene plus MFP was associated with significantly greater mean increases in the BMD of the femoral neck (1.37% versus 0.33%; P=0.004), total hip (0.89% versus –0.42%; P<0.001) and lumbar spine (8.80% versus 5.47% P<0.001). In the raloxifene plus MFP group, 16 patients sustained 17 osteoporotic fractures, as compared with 22 patients sustaining 34 incident osteoporotic fractures in the MFP group (P=0.313). One patient in the raloxifene plus MFP group sustained multiple osteoporotic fractures, as compared with eight patients in the MFP group (P=0.020). MFP alone significantly increased the serum bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and the urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagene (U-CTX). The addition of raloxifene in the combination arm blunted the rise in bone ALP, which remained nevertheless significant, and abolished the increase in U-CTX. The combination of raloxifene with MFP was generally well tolerated. This study demonstrates that, in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and severe osteoporosis, the combination therapy of raloxifene plus MFP favorably influences the BMD and the bone formation and resorption balance, and may reduce the risk of multiple osteoporotic fractures compared to MFP alone.     

Predicting vertebral fracture incidence from prevalent fractures and bone density among non-black,osteoporotic women

We evaluated the ability of bone density and vertebral fractures at baseline to predict vertebral fracture incidence in a cohort of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The study population was 380 postmenopausal women (mean age 65 years) treated for osteoporosis in a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of the bisphosphonate etidronate at seven geographic centers in the United States. Baseline measurements of bone mineral density were obtained in 1986 by quantitative computed tomography at the spine and dual-photon absorptiometry at the lumbar spine and hip. Vertebral fractures were documented on serial spine radiographs. Proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the ability to predict the risk of subsequent fractures during an average of 2.9 years of follow-up. Presence of one or two fractures increased the rate of new vertebral fractures 7.4-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 55.9). Additional fractures at baseline further increased the fracture rate. A decrease of 2 standard deviations in spinal bone density by absorptiometry was associated with a 5.8-fold increase in fracture rate (95% confidence interval = 2.9 to 11.6). The lowest and highest quintiles of bone density had absolute fracture rates of 120 and 6 cases per 1000 patient-years, respectively. In general, the simultaneous use of two predictors (bone density and prevalent fractures or two bone density measurements) improved fracture prediction, compared with the use of a single predictor. We conclude that both bone density and prevalent vertebral fractures are strong, complementary predictors of vertebral fracture risk. The results suggest that physicians can use bone density and prevalent vertebral fractures, individually or in combination, as risk factors to identify patients at greatest risk of new fractures.