面部蜗轴的解剖及其在美容外科中的重要性

目的 介绍面部蜗轴的相关解剖及其在美容整形外科中的重要作用。方法 应用计算机检索PUBMED和网络上的相关文献，并限定语言种类为英文。同时检索中国期刊全文数据库的相关文章。结果 共检索到包括电子文献在内的英文文章210余篇，中文文章36篇，将符合标准的21篇文献纳入本文的参考文献。结论 面部蜗轴是口周肌肉的止点，与鼻唇沟的形成、SMAS、面部表情的表达、发音和语言等关系密切，在美容整形外科中具有重要作用。     

面部小切口悬吊除皱术

目的在小切口除皱基础上增加悬吊技术,探讨悬吊术的手术要点及并发症的发生原因和处理方法,以其达到最佳的除皱效果.方法行额部、头顶部帽状腱膜下及颞部、颊部皮下小切口分离术区,切断且松解部分额肌、皱眉肌,利用Gore-Tex线拉紧松弛的皮肤达到悬吊除皱目的.结果笔者为96例患者行上半面部小切口悬吊除皱术,门诊随访35例,大多数患者取得满意的除皱效果,无严重并发症发生.结论面部小切口悬吊除皱术在小切口分离的基础上增加了悬吊的力量,比传统手术方法操作相对简单、组织损伤轻、并发症少、除皱效果确切、值得推广.     

SMAS蒂颞部岛状皮瓣在下眼睑重建中的应用

目的 探讨以SMAS蒂颞部岛状皮瓣修复下睑缺损的方法及效果.方法 对8例下睑缺损的患者,设计以颞部SMAS为蒂的岛状皮瓣,在外眦部形成宽1.0～1.5 cm的蒂皮瓣,向内旋转180°,移植修复于眼睑缺损部位,皮瓣最大面积为2.2 cm×5.5 cm.结果 8例患者的皮瓣伞部成活,术后随访6～24个月,皮瓣与周围皮肤颜色、质地匹配,下睑功能良好,供瓣区瘢痕不明显,效果满意.结论 SMAS蒂颞部岛状皮瓣设计简单、灵活,操作容易,皮瓣血供可靠,供、受区瘢痕不明显,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

紫外线防护的最新进展

地球时刻都在接受太阳的辐射,其中56%为红外线（波长780～5000nm）,39%为可见光（波长400～780nm）,5%为紫外线（290～400nm）。紫外线辐射通常被皮肤中不同的色基例如黑色素、DNA、RNA、蛋白及脂类等所吸收,色基在吸收紫外光子的过程中导致发生不同的光化学反应,同时由于氧自由基的产生（ROS）而产生有害的效应。     

单切口额肌上睑SMAS瓣经眶隔后悬吊治疗上睑下垂

目的 总结单切口额肌上睑SMAS瓣经眶隔后悬吊治疗上睑下垂的适应证及手术方法.方法 取上睑重睑皱襞切口,SIFSF悬吊治疗上睑下垂,重建上睑提升动力通道近似上睑提肌滑行路径.自1993年7月至2009年11月,收治上睑下垂148例(215只眼),其中应用SIFSF经眼轮匝肌和眶隔后隧道悬吊治疗上睑下垂者81例(121只眼),包括严重或复发性上睑下垂、Horner′s 综合征、张口瞬目综合征、先天性睑裂狭小综合征和下颌面发育不良综合征伴有的上睑下垂等;应用上睑提肌腱膜缩短,提上睑肌粘连松解,节制韧带松解,睑板部分切除治疗上睑下垂67例(94只眼).结果术后早期发生睑内翻、角膜刺激者1 例,再次手术治愈;角膜溃疡者1例,经治疗好转;结膜脱垂者2例,术后血肿者2例,经保守治疗痊愈.在SIFSF悬吊治疗上睑下垂的81例(121只眼)患者中,术后经4周至10年随访者49例(69只眼),其中优良者30例( 45只眼),良好者17例(22只眼),矫正不足者2例(3只眼),矫正优良率为97%.术后提上睑功能和形态良好.矫正不足2例,经再次手术治愈.结论 单切口额肌上睑SMAS瓣经眶隔后悬吊治疗上睑下垂术式,可避免眉下切口,是一项符合上睑提肌生理功能的重建,适应证范围较广,手术操作简易,术后提上睑功能和上睑形态改善良好的手术方法.     

SMAS研究在面部提升术中的临床应用

目的：为了提高面部除皱手术疗效和减少手术创伤，深入探讨面部表浅肌肉腱膜系统（SMAS）的形态学特点，明确SMAS与面神经的关系。方法：12具（24例）成人尸头行大体解剖观察。结果：SMAS分布于面中部，位于下脂肪深层，与颈阔肌直接延续，SMAS与腮腺咬肌筋膜之间有脂肪组织存在。面神经出腮腺后，并非在SMAS深面，而是在咬肌筋膜深面走行。结论：SMAS是面部皮下脂肪和腮腺咬肌筋膜之间的独立组织结构层次。面部多层次剥离除皱术应在颧弓以下0．5cm区域行SMAS剥离。     

The trifurcated SMAS flap: Three-part segmentation of the conventional flap for improved results in the midface,cheek, and neck

While SMAS surgery revolutionized facelift procedures, the single flap created by conventional dissections suffers the drawback that it can only be advanced in one direction and sutured in place under uniform tension. Division of the flap into three segments overcomes this problem and allows independent pull to be applied in different directions to the upper midface, cheek, and neck.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, April 1993     

面部蜗轴的解剖及其功能的研究进展

目前,对面部表情肌的功能解剖学研究尚在初级阶段,对面部蜗轴的研究则更少,鉴于蜗轴在面部所起的重要作用,更多人开始致力于蜗轴的胚胎解剖学、比较解剖学,特别是功能解剖学的研究.现阶段蜗轴被关注的功能主要有其与人类面部动态美的关系、与鼻唇沟及SMAS的关系、与语言及表情的关系等方面.     

SMAS分离除皱术防止面神经颈支损伤的解剖学研究

目的为面颈区SMAS分离除皱术防止面神经颈支损伤提供解剖学依据.方法在12例新鲜标本和8例防腐固定标本上,解剖观测了面神经颈支的走行、分布、毗邻,建立相关的坐标体系,并得出面神经颈支的体表定位的坐标参数,分析颈支的分布特点及预防其损伤的手术操作方法.结果在以下颌角后下方最凸点为原点o的坐标系中,左侧面神经颈支的坐标值为(14.0mm,28.6±4.1mm)、(10.0mm,6.2±2.7mm)、(6.0 mm,-6.8±3.0mm)、(2.0mm,-16.2±4.5mm)、(0.0mm,-1 8.0±3.5mm)、(-2.0mm,-21.8±4.2mm)、(-6.0mm,-28.0±3.4mm)、(-10.0mm,-32.4±4.3mm).右侧侧面神经颈支的坐标值为(-18.0mm,24.2±5.1mm)、(-14.0mm,10.2±4.5mm)、(-10.0mm,-0.1±4.3mm)、(-6.0mm, -9.8±5.4mm)、(-2.0mm,m-15.4±6.7m)、(0.0mm,-18.0±5.8mm)、(2.0mm,-1 9.8±5.6mm)、(6.0mm,-22.8±4.9mm)、(10.0mm,-26.0±6.2mm)、(14.0mm,-29.2±5.3mm)、(18.0mm,-31.8±5.7mm).结论临床医生熟悉面神经颈支的位置、走行,有利于减少SMAS分离除皱术对其的损伤.     

Rhytidectomy: Suprazygomatic and infrazygomatic SMAS treatment

The soft tissues of the face and neck are firmer above the zygomatic arch than below it. The SMAS should be treated differently according to where it is situated with respect to this arch. Above the arch, both the skin and the S-SMAS are firmly attached making it possible to correct both simultaneously by means of a flap that includes both layers. Beneath the zygomatic arch correcting the I-SMAS by stretching and relocating it enhances the contour of the jaw and neck and gives greater support to the skin. This provides for even better conformation when excess subcutaneous tissue is resected. An intermediate region exists between the corrected areas of the S-SMAS and the I-SMAS where the rhytidoplasty is exclusively performed through traction and rotation of the skin, but added resources diminish traction sequels.     

改良SMAS分离悬吊面中部除皱术

为了提高面中部除皱手术疗效和减少手术创伤,根据耳前部SMAS相对与下方组织紧密相连的解剖特点,将SMAS分为固定的和移动的两部分,提出于剥离移动SMAS后悬吊于固定的SMAS上的改良SMAS分离悬吊面中部除皱方法,以减少手术并发症。自1995年1至11月经斯德拉斯堡欧洲美容整形诊所31例的实践,均取得满意疗效。认为,移动的SMAS是应用SMAS悬吊除皱术的关键组织结构,固定的SMAS是手术设计必要的组织基础。     

Suprazygomatic SMAS in Rhytidectomy

A personal method for the treatment of the suprazygomatic SMAS and its results are presented. By acting on the suprazygomatic fibromuscular layer in the rhytidectomy, the surgeon can avoid tension on the cutaneous layer, and possible consequences thereof, as well as diminish the probabilities of damaging the facial nerve. At the same time, desired effects as a result of pulling on crow's feet, wrinkles, lateral eyebrows, and wrinkles on the lateral forehead are enhanced.     

Rejuvenation of the Nasolabial Complex with Inverted Triangular-Shaped SMAS Grafts

Introduction: One of the most challenging aspects of facial aesthetic surgery is rejuvenating the nasolabial complex. Unfortunately, the numerous existing techniques for this purpose have shown limited results due to factors such as long-term unpredictability, modest levels of improvement, and failure to address all of the anatomic/biomechanical alterations simultaneously. In this paper we present our experience with the use of inverted triangular SMAS grafts to rejuvenate the nasolabial complex, analyzing important aspects of surgical technique, indications, and outcomes. Method: Fifteen patients underwent rejuvenation of the nasolabial complex using inverted triangular SMAS grafts, with a mean follow-up period of 18 months. Treatment of the nasolabial complex was performed concurrently to an extended SMAS facelift. The triangular-shaped grafts were harvested from the redundant tissue resulting after traction and inset of the SMAS flaps in the preauricular area. Dissection of the graft's pocket is carried out in the subcutaneous plane through a perialar incision. The resulting shape of the pocket resembles an inverted triangle or funnel, with more extensive dissection in the superior area. A Reverdin needle is inserted through a small 2–3-mm incision at the end of the nasolabial crease, adjacent to the oral commissure. The graft is then tied to the needle and inserted by simply extracting the latter from the inferior incision; the tied triangular graft falls naturally into position inside the pocket. Results: Rejuvenation of the nasolabial complex was performed satisfactorily in all patients. The graft's design provided enough tissue to appropriately fill and attenuate the depressed triangular area in the upper region of the crease. Contour of the inferior two-thirds of the crease was improved by the narrower portion of the graft. Postoperative recovery occurred uneventfully, the grafts were not palpable/perceptible, and there was no need for complementary treatment modalities. Conclusion: The presented procedure offers an additional means of rejuvenating the nasolabial complex with excellent results in selected patients. When compared to more conservative techniques such as the injection of alloplastic materials, the use of more consistent autogenous tissue offers permanent integration and less reabsorption, without the need for complementary treatments. The presented technique addresses all the fundamental treatment principles and provides an anatomically based, natural, and long-lasting solution for this challenging problem.     

应用SMAS蒂岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损

目的探讨以SMAS为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复眼睑及口周皮肤缺损的方法。方法根据皮肤缺损的部位,设计以SMAS为蒂的远位岛状皮瓣修复眼睑及口周皮肤软组织缺损。结果自1998年8月起,临床应用已14例,最大皮瓣面积为5cm×3cm,术后皮瓣全部成活,效果满意。结论应用设计供区部位较隐蔽的以SMAS为蒂的岛状皮瓣,远位转移修复眼睑及口周皮肤及软组织缺损,血供良好,皮瓣颜色质地与受损区域皮肤协调,效果满意。     

Complex SMAS-platysma and senility

Following an anatomic study of 18 hemifaces, the authors show the modifications to and the behavior of the complex SMAS-platysma in the process of senility. Through this investigation, they succeeded in better understanding the anatomic modifications to the face's deep structures caused by the loss of tonicity and consequent flaccidity of the integument upon them. The investigation also showed the ligamentary fixations existing among the SMAS, the parotid—masseteric fascia, the major and minor zygomatic muscles, and the adherences of the platysma to the mandible periosteum.     

改良SMAS分离悬吊面中部除皱术

为了提高面中部除皱手术疗效和减少手术创伤，根据耳前部ＳＭＡＳ相对与下方组织紧密相连的解剖特点，将ＳＭＡＳ分为固定的和移动的两部分，提出于剥离移动ＳＭＡＳ后悬吊于固定的ＳＭＡＳ上的改良ＳＭＡＳ分离悬吊面中部除皱方法，以减少手术并发症。自１９９５年１至１１月经斯德拉斯堡欧洲美容整形诊所３１例的实践，均取得满意疗效。认为，移动的ＳＭＡＳ是应用ＳＭＡＳ悬吊除皱术的关键组织结构，固定的ＳＭＡＳ是手术设计必要的组织基础。     

SMAS下层分离除皱术

采用ＳＭＡＳ下层分离全颜面除皱术１８例，重点介绍了手术操作时应注意的问题，对额区切除一帽状键膜组织和对所谓“羊腮”患者在直视情况下用美国生产的小型脂肪抽吸器抽吸后再行提紧手术疗效十分肯定。强调只要手术操作仔细，并发症可以避免。     

两级递进式提紧浅表肌腱膜系统除皱术

目的探讨两级递进式提紧面部浅表肌腱膜系统（superficial muscular aponeurotic system，SMAS）-颈阔肌除皱术效果。方法颞面颈部皮下小范围分离，颞区颞深筋膜浅面大范围分离，面颈部SMAS-颈阔肌下大范围分离，离断SMAS-颧颊部韧带。分SMAS-颈阔肌瓣为前、后两叶。先提紧前叶：在其前下方最远处以3-0涤纶线横褥式缝1针向后上提紧固定在SMAS的后上切缘处；再在其后上方以褥式缝合固定在颧弓根部骨膜上。后提紧后叶：在其前下方最远处以3-0涤纶线横褥式缝合，向后提紧固定在SMAS瓣的后切缘处；再在其后方横褥式缝合固定在胸锁乳突肌腱膜上。颞支蒂瓣也以两级递进式提紧固定，重建颈阔肌-耳韧带。额部除皱术的操作要点是确切地切除皱眉肌、降眉肌和额肌。结果共施术284例，绝大部分结果令医者与受术者双方满意。仅有9例发生中度（15～20ml）血肿，8例耳后乳突区皮瓣早期血运不良，经及时处理无不良后果产生。结论两级递进式提紧固定SMAS-颈阔肌瓣和颞支蒂瓣，对于提紧表情区，特别是鼻唇沟附近、颌缘前段的软组织松垂，具有比较明显的效果，但是对于静态脸型或（和）动态脸型比较宽大者，上述方法的效果不明显。     

面部除皱术要点分析

对自１９９１年至１９９４年收治的３４例（女性２９、男性５）面部除皱术患者，作回顾性分析，认为制定正确的手术适应证，掌握局部解剖，注意分层解剖额、颞、ＳＭＡＳ～颈阔肌层，加强术后处理，可提高手术效果（避免术后并发症）。