食管癌术后再入重症监护病房患者的严重并发症特征分析

目的探讨食管癌术后严重并发症的特征及其变化特点。 方法2009年1月至2013年12月在华西医院胸外科接受食管癌切除术患者共3171例,其中因术后严重并发症再次转入重症监护病房(ICU)的患者153例,再入率为4.8%。收集153例患者的基本信息、并发症情况以及治疗结局,并进行回顾性分析。同时通过计算机系统检索有关食管癌术后并发症的临床研究,检索时间截至2014年1月。 结果153例再入ICU患者中死亡68例。肺部并发症、吻合口和心血管并发症是最常见的致死性并发症,发生率分别为2.7%(85/3171)、0.9%(29/3171)和0.3%(10/3171),病死率分别为1.1%(35/3171)、0.5%(15/3171)和0.2%(5/3171)。ICU获得性肺炎会增加死亡风险。多因素回归分析显示,患者再入ICU的时间间隔是死亡的独立危险因素(P＝0.044,OR＝2.151,95% CI为1.022～4.528)。分析总结相关文献,食管癌术后严重并发症根据年代可分为3个特征性时间段：1950年之前,顺序为休克、外科感染;1950至1980年间,顺序为吻合口瘘、肺部并发症;而1980年后,常见严重并发症顺序为肺部并发症、吻合口并发症和心血管并发症。 结论食管癌切除术仍具有较高的风险,再入ICU可以成为反映其严重程度的标准。目前,肺部并发症已成为食管癌术后最主要的致死性并发症,其次为吻合口并发症和心血管并发症。     

Does preoperative chemotherapy cause adverse effects on the perioperative course of patients undergoing esophagectomy for carcinoma?

The aim of this study was to clarify whether preoperative chemotherapy caused adverse effects on the perioperative course of patients undergoing esophagectomy. A total of 42 esophageal cancer patients were entered into a randomized trial and were analyzed. Twenty-one patients were assigned to immediate surgery (Surgery Group). The other 21 received two 5-day courses of chemotherapy comprising cisplatin (70 mg/m2) on day 1, and fluorouracil (700 mg/m2) and leucovorin (20 mg/m2) on each of days 1 to 5 (chemotherapy group). Hospital mortality comprised of one patient (2.3%) who had undergone an operation in the beginning of this series at 21 days after chemotherapy. Thereafter, the interval between the chemotherapy and operation was prolonged, with the average being 35 +/- 7 days. Preoperatively, both the lymphocyte counts and serum albumin levels were not increased in the chemotherapy group of patients even though their body weights increased. In the chemotherapy group, the operation time and the blood loss were increased and, on the 1st postoperative day, the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was high but the level of C-reactive protein was low. The incidence of positive microbial cultures of sputum and/or wound discharge within 8 postoperative days was higher in the chemotherapy group (42.9%) than in the surgery group (4.8%). The host defense damage caused by chemotherapy may be prolonged and may show adverse effects in patients undergoing esophagectomy in the early postoperative period. Minimally, a 4-week interval between the completion of chemotherapy and operation is recommended for preventing surgical mortality related to the preoperative chemotherapy.     

Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy: initial experience and outcomes

Background: Although surgical resection currently is the preferred treatment for fit patients with resectable esophageal cancers, it is associated with a relatively high risk of morbidity and significant perioperative mortality. Currently, a range of open surgical approaches are used. More recently, minimally invasive approaches have become feasible, with the potential to reduce perioperative morbidity. This study investigated the outcomes from one such approach. Methods: Outcome data were collected prospectively for 36 consecutive patients who underwent a minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. A three-stage approach was used, with all the patients undergoing a thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization, combined with either open or hand-assisted laparoscopic abdominal gastric mobilization, and open cervical anastomosis. An open abdominal approach was used for 15 of the patients and a hand-assisted laparoscopic approach for 21. A total of 34 patients had invasive malignancy, whereas 2 had preinvasive disease. A group of 23 patients (68%) who had invasive malignancies also received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results: The mean operating time ranged from 190 to 360 min (mean, 263 min). The median postoperative hospital stay was 16 days. In-hospital mortality was 5.5% (2/36), and perioperative morbidity was 41%. The perioperative outcomes for patients undergoing an open abdominal approach and those who had hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery were similar. For the patients who underwent a hand-assisted laparoscopic abdominal procedure, the total operating time was shorter (248 vs 281 min), and the blood loss was less (223 vs 440 ml). The median follow-up period was 30 months. The 4-year survival predicted by Kaplan–Meir for the 34 patients with invasive malignancy was 44%. Conclusion: The outcome for esophagectomy using thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization, with or without hand-assisted laparoscopic abdominal surgery, was comparable with data from conventional open surgical approaches. These approaches can be performed with an acceptable level of perioperative morbidity. Further application of these techniques, with close scrutiny of outcome data, is appropriate.     

食管癌术后肺部感染的原因及防治进展

摘要：食管癌是我国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率居世界首位，手术是首选治疗，但术后并发症及死亡率仍较高，其原因近几年文献报道较多，而结论却不一致，本文就食管癌术后肺部感染的原因及防治进展作一综述。     

Tranexamic acid and early saphenous vein graft patency in conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: Use of antifibrinolytic agents reduces the risk of bleeding and decreases the need for blood product use in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perioperative use of tranexamic acid decreases the rate of saphenous vein graft patency in the early postoperative period after conventional coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. METHODS: A total of 312 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to receive either tranexamic acid 100 mg/kg (n = 147) or placebo (n = 165) in a double-blinded fashion before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Saphenous vein graft patency was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging 5 to 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable with respect to baseline demographic data and surgical characteristics. A total of 237 (76%) patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging assessment. A total of 297 saphenous vein grafts were performed and 253 (85.2%; 95% confidence interval, 83.5%-86.9%) were seen in the tranexamic acid group, and 265 saphenous vein grafts were performed and 231 (87.2%; 95% confidence interval, 85.5%-88.9%) were seen in the placebo group (P = .4969). The blood loss and blood product transfusion rates in the tranexamic acid group were significantly lower than in the placebo group. There was no difference between groups with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of tranexamic acid before cardiopulmonary bypass did not seem to compromise early venous graft patency rates but reduced perioperative blood product transfusion rates. Consequently, tranexamic acid could be advocated for routine use in patients undergoing conventional coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.     

Optimum Treatment Strategy for Superficial Esophageal Cancer: Endoscopic Mucosal Resection versus Radical Esophagectomy

This study was designed to determine the optimum treatment for a superficial esophageal cancer involving the mucosal or submucosal layer of the esophagus. The subjects were 150 patients with a superficial esophageal cancer who underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or esophagectomy in Kurume University Hospital from 1981 to 1997. The mortality and morbidity rates, survival rate, and recurrence rate were retrospectively compared for (1) 35 patients who underwent EMR and 37 patients who underwent esophagectomy for a mucosal esophageal cancer and (2) 45 patients who underwent extended radical esophagectomy and 33 patients who underwent less radical esophagectomy for a submucosal esophageal cancer. Among the 72 patients with a mucosal cancer, lymph node metastasis/recurrence was observed in only one (1%); whereas of 78 patients with a submucosal cancer it was observed in 30 (38%). Among patients with a mucosal cancer the mortality and morbidity rates after EMR were lower than for those after esophagectomy. The survival rate after EMR was the same as that after esophagectomy. No recurrence was observed after either treatment modality. Among the patients with a submucosal cancer, the survival rate was higher and the recurrence rate lower after extended radical esophagectomy; than after less radical esophagectomy; the mortality and morbidity rates after extended radical esophagectomy were the same as those after less radical esophagectomy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the treatment modality (EMR versus esophagectomy) did not influence the survival of patients with a mucosal esophageal cancer, whereas it strongly influenced the survival of patients with a submucosal esophageal cancer. We concluded that EMR was the mainstay of treatment for a mucosal esophageal cancer, and extended radical esophagectomy was the mainstay of treatment for a submucosal esophageal cancer.     

Effects of Neoadjuvant Therapy on Perioperative Morbidity in Elderly Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

Background The use of cytoreductive therapy followed by surgery is preferred by many centers dealing with locally advanced esophageal cancer. However, the potential for increase in mortality and morbidity rates has raised concerns on the use of chemoradiation therapy, especially in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of induction therapy on postoperative mortality and morbidity in elderly patients undergoing esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer at a single institution. Methods Postoperative mortality and morbidity of patients ≥70 years old undergoing esophagectomy after neoadjuvant therapy, between January 1992 and October 2005 for cancer of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction, were compared with findings in younger patients also receiving preoperative cytoreductive treatments. Results 818 patients underwent esophagectomy during the study period. The study population included 238 patients <70 years and 31 ≥70 years old undergoing esophageal resection after neoadjuvant treatment. Despite a significant difference in comorbidities (pulmonary, cardiological and vascular), postoperative mortality and morbidity were similar irrespective of age. Conclusions Elderly patients receiving neoadjuvant therapies for cancer of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction do not have a significantly increased prevalence of mortality and major postoperative complications, although cardiovascular complications are more likely to occur. Advanced age should no longer be considered a contraindication to preoperative chemoradiation therapy preceding esophageal resection in carefully selected fit patients.     

Perioperative beta-blockade (POBBLE) for patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a pragmatic policy of perioperative beta-blockade, with metoprolol, reduced the 30-day cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and reduced the length of hospital stay in average patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery. METHODS: This was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial that occurred in vascular surgical units in four UK hospitals. Participants were 103 patients without previous myocardial infarction who had infrarenal vascular surgery between July 2001 and March 2004. Interventions were oral metoprolol (50 mg twice daily, supplemented by intravenous doses when necessary) or placebo from admission until 7 days after surgery. Holter monitors were kept in place for 72 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Eighty men and 23 women (median age, 73 years) were randomized, 55 to metoprolol and 48 to placebo, and 97 (94%) underwent surgery during the trial. The most common operations were aortic aneurysm repair (38%) and distal bypass (29%). Intraoperative inotropic support was required in 64% and 92% of patients in the placebo and metoprolol groups, respectively. Within 30 days, cardiovascular events occurred in 32 patients, including myocardial infarction (8%), unstable angina (9%), ventricular tachycardia (19%), and stroke (1%). Four (4%) deaths were reported. Cardiovascular events occurred in 15 (34%) and 17 (32%) patients in the placebo and metoprolol groups, respectively (unadjusted relative risk, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.66; adjusted [for age, sex, statin use, and aortic cross-clamping] relative risk, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-1.55). Time from operation to discharge was reduced from a median of 12 days (95% confidence interval, 9-19 days) in the placebo group to 10 days (95% confidence interval, 8-12 days) in the metoprolol group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.66; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial ischemia was evident in a high proportion (one third) of the patients after surgery. A pragmatic regimen of perioperative beta-blockade with metoprolol did not seem to reduce 30-day cardiovascular events, but it did decrease the time from surgery to discharge.     

Atrial fibrillation after esophagectomy is a marker for postoperative morbidity and mortality

Objective

Postoperative atrial fibrillation complicates recovery in 20% to 25% of patients after esophagectomy for cancer. The purpose of this study is to understand this phenomenon.

Methods

Between 1982 and 2000, 198 (22% of 921) patients had postoperative atrial fibrillation after esophagectomy. Propensity scoring and the Greedy Match algorithm were used to develop a cohort of control patients for statistical comparisons. One hundred forty-four patients who had postoperative atrial fibrillation were matched.

Results

Pulmonary complications affected 42% of patients in the atrial fibrillation group compared with 17% in the control group (P < .001). Anastomotic leakage was more common in the atrial fibrillation group (6.9% vs 1.4%, P = .035). Surgical sepsis migrated with atrial fibrillation 4 times more frequently (P = .001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that postoperative pulmonary complications (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-4.3) and surgical sepsis (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-9.6) were associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation. The mortality rates of the atrial fibrillation and control groups were 23% and 6.3%, respectively (P < .001). Median survival, excluding hospital deaths, was not different at 14.5 months (atrial fibrillation group) and 16.9 months (control group; P = .4).

Conclusion

Atrial fibrillation is a surrogate for surgical morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. The occurrence of atrial fibrillation after esophageal resection should prompt not only the appropriate management of the arrhythmia but also a search for a more ominous underlying cause.     

Surgical management of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: analysis of 209 cases

BACKGROUND: Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx, especially with proximal neoplastic lesions, whereas gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when resection extends below the thoracic inlet. HYPOTHESIS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition a safe and preferred method of reconstruction. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital that is a regional referral institution for esophageal cancer treatment and complex digestive reconstructions after esophagectomy. PATIENTS: We reviewed the records of 209 patients who underwent total pharyngolaryngectomy between May 1982 and July 1999. The majority of patients had advanced cancer: hypopharyngeal in 131 cases and cervical esophageal in 78 cases. INTERVENTIONS: Pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngogastric anastomoses (n = 127); pharyngolaryngectomy, cervical esophagectomy, and reconstruction with free jejunal transplant (n = 77); and pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngocolic anastomoses (n = 5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and prognostic factors influencing survival. RESULTS: The postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% (10 patients), with a postoperative morbidity rate of 38.3%. Alimentary continuity was achieved using the stomach (127 patients), colon (5 patients), or free jejunal autograft (77 patients). The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 62% and 24%, respectively. There was no significant difference with regard to the survival between gastric transposition and free jejunal autograft, but there were fewer complications in the gastric pull-up group (33% vs 47%, P<.05). The significant adverse factors affecting survival were tumor cervical localization, postoperative complications, disease stages pT3 and pT4 for the cervical esophageal tumors, microscopic pharyngeal penetration, or incomplete resection. The significant beneficial factors were tumor hypopharyngeal localization and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition the preferred method of reconstruction. Although the prognosis is poor, satisfactory short-term palliation can be achieved. The significant adverse factors affecting survival should be taken into account to select the candidates for surgery.     

胸腹腔镜联合食管癌Ivor-Lewis术与McKeown术近期疗效比较

目的：对比胸腹腔镜Ivor-Lewis术与McKeown术治疗食管癌的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年12月至2014年3月福建医科大学附属协和医院胸外二科同一治疗组采用全腔镜食管癌根治术治疗的288例胸中下段食管癌患者临床资料。其中,Ivor-Lewis组103例,McKeown组185例,两种手术方式均进行胸腹部淋巴结清扫。对比观察两种术式的围术期情况。结果两组术中出血量、中转开胸或开腹率、术后拔管时间、术后进食时间、术后住院时间、清扫淋巴结总数的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;而Ivor-Lewis组手术时间较McKeown组缩短[（283．4±32．0） min比（303．6±43．7） min,P＜0．01],住院总费用增高[（76492±18553）元比（68923±17331）元,P＜0．01）。McKeown组围手术期死亡1例（0．5％）,Ivor-Lewis组无一例围手术期死亡。Ivor-Lewis组术后总并发症发生率为16．5％（17/103）,明显低于McKeown组的31．4％（58/185）（P＜0．01）,其中术后肺部并发症、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、喉返神经损伤发生率均明显低于McKeown组（均P＜0．05）。结论全胸腹腔镜Ivor-Lewis术较McKeown术治疗胸中下段食管癌术后并发症发生率更低,但手术费用增加。     

食管癌辅助化疗期间并发症对预后的影响

目的探讨食管癌患者术后辅助化疗器件发生并发症对预后的影响。 方法回顾分析2003—2011年南京鼓楼医院接受食管癌手术治疗并采用辅助化疗的738例患者的临床资料,并随访至2017年12月。采用多变量Cox比例风险模型分析辅助化疗期间发生血液系统和非血液系统并发症与短期和长期病死率之间的联系。 结果在738例患者中,73例(9.9% )患者因辅助化疗产生并发症需要急诊住院治疗,血液系统并发症可导致术后90 d病死率升高(HR＝5.63,95% CI：1.26～24.81),在肿瘤分期为0～Ⅱ期的腺癌、无论切缘是否有残留的患者中尤为明显,食管腺癌术后5年疾病相关病死率显著升高(HR＝3.21,95% CI：1.05～10.33)。在预计预后较差组(肿瘤分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期)发生非血液系统并发症术后5年病死率较高(HR＝2.34,95% CI：1.17～4.89)。其他亚组患者发生血液系统或非血液系统并发症并不影响5年病死率。 结论食管癌患者接受食管切除术后行辅助化疗,发生相关并发症可能对患者近期及远期病死率产生不利影响。     

Totally endoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy

Esophagectomy is associated with significant risks of perioperative morbidity and mortality, as well as prolonged convalescence due to effects of the incisions used for conventional surgical access. Because the outcome of this procedure is palliative in the majority of patients, it is possible that laparoscopic techniques could improve initial postoperative outcomes and therefore make surgery more acceptable for patients with esophageal cancer. A new technique is described for Ivor Lewis esophagectomy, which incorporates a hand-assisted laparoscopic approach for gastric mobilization and a thoracoscopic approach for esophageal dissection and anastomosis. Initial experience in two patients has been encouraging, with postoperative hospital stay and convalescence shortened. Received: 17 December 1997/Accepted: 18 March 1998     

Perioperative Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for the Prevention of Postoperative Complications After Esophagectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose We conducted a prospective randomized clinical study to examine whether perioperative prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) could help in the prevention of postoperative complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Methods Forty patients with esophageal cancer eligible for radical esophagectomy were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 20), given perioperative PGE1, or to a control group (n = 20), given standard postoperative treatment. The main clinical endpoints examined were the incidence of postoperative complications, hospitalization, duration of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), portal vein blood flow, and serum bilirubin levels.Results Severe postoperative complications developed in five patients in the control group and two in the PGE1 group. There was one surgery-related death in the control group. The duration of SIRS was significantly shorter in the PGE1 group than in the control group (5.74 days vs 7.50 days; P = 0.047). Portal vein flow was also significantly lower on postoperative day (POD) 1 in the control group than in the PGE1 group (P = 0.042). Maximum postoperative serum bilirubin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with PGE1, at 2.91 vs 4.38mg/dl in the control group (P = 0.040).Conclusions The perioperative administration of PGE1 helps maintain adequate portal blood flow, improves hyperbilirubinemia, and attenuates the duration of SIRS, thereby reducing the risk of postoperative complications after esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer.     

Hand-Sewn Cervical Anastomosis Versus Stapled Intrathoracic Anastomosis After Esophagectomy for Middle or Lower Thoracic Esophageal Cancer: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Purpose The type of anastomosis and its outcome can affect postoperative morbidity, mortality, and quality of life after esophagectomy. We compared the outcomes of cervical hand-sewn anastomosis (CHS) and intrathoracic stapled anastomosis (ITS) performed after esophagectomy and gastric reconstruction. Methods Thirty-two patients with middle or lower thoracic esophageal cancer were prospectively randomized to undergo CHS (n = 18) or ITS (n = 14) after esophagectomy. We compared clinical data, postoperative symptoms, and long-term survival in the two groups. Results The rates of anastomotic leak and stricture in the CHS and ITS groups were 16.7% versus 7.1% and 0% versus 14.2%, respectively, which do not represent significant differences. The respective rates of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy were 38.8% versus 7.1% (P < 0.05), and proximal esophageal resection was 15 mm longer (P < 0.05) in the CHS group. There were no significant differences in symptoms 6 months after surgery, or in the overall 5-year survival rates (72.2% and 85.7%, respectively). Conclusions The two methods of anastomosis yielded similar anastomotic outcomes. Although the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was higher after CHS, and proximal esophageal resection was longer, this had little impact on postoperative symptoms and long-term survival.     

Limited operation for patients with T1 esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been introduced as a minimally invasive operation to prevent postoperative complications in patients with relatively early-stage esophageal cancer who have preoperative pulmonary or cardiovascular complications or who are in a high age bracket. However, this procedure for patients with esophageal cancer remains controversial, especially as regards curative surgery because complete intrathoracic lymphadenectomy cannot be performed in this operation. Thus, cancer recurrence after this operation has been considered to be high. To evaluate the benefits of this less invasive surgery for patients with T1 esophageal cancer, the prognoses of patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy were compared with those of patients who underwent traditional esophagectomy with thoracotomy. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1998, 33 patients with T1 esophageal cancer were operated on in our hospital. We introduced transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy in 19 patients who were over 70 years old or who had preoperative complications (transhiatal group). The remaining 14 patients were treated with the transthoracic procedure (transthoracic group). These 33 patients were followed up at our hospital until the end of 1999. The postoperative complications and prognoses in the two groups were compared. RESULTS: We were able to reduce the operation time using the transhiatal procedure. Even though no significant difference was detected, there were fewer postoperative pulmonary complications with this procedure (11%) than with the transthoracic procedure (21%). The incidences of in-hospital mortality did not differ between the two groups. Cancer recurrence was detected in 5 of 19 patients (26%) in the transhiatal group and in 5 of 14 patients (36%) in the transthoracic group; no difference was observed (P=0.562). The 5-year survival rate (58%) of the transhiatal group was no different from that of the transthoracic group (62%, P=0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Complete intrathoracic lymphadenectomy cannot be performed along with transhiatal esophagectomy; however, the prognoses of patients who were treated with this procedure were no different from those of patients who were treated with transthoracic esophagectomy. Thus, transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy might be a justifiable operation for compromised patients with T1 esophageal cancer.     

Immunonutrition in elective gastrointestinal surgery patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous trials have shown that perioperative immunonutrition could protect patients from infectious complications after gastrointestinal cancer operations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perioperative immunonutrition decreases postoperative morbidity, especially infection complications, mortality and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal tract surgery. METHODS: One hundred patients with a planned elective operation for benign or malignant gastrointestinal illness were randomized into two groups: group 1) oral supplementation for five days before and five days after surgery with 900 mL/day of a formula enriched with arginine, gamma-3-fatty acid and RNA + liquid diet ad libitum on one and two postoperative day and then solid food (immunonutrition group; n = 50) or group 2) no artificial nutrition before and after surgery, on one and two postoperative day intravenous solution of 5% glucose and electrolytes and then normal diet (conventional group; n = 50). RESULTS: The groups were comparable for all key baseline and surgical characteristics. There were nine (18%) infectious complications in both groups. Overall complication rates were 28% (n = 14) in the immunonutrition group and 24% (n = 12) in the conventional group. No significant difference between the groups was found in complication rates, mortality or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Routine perioperative immunonutrition to the patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery is not beneficial.     

大网膜纵隔移位固定对食管癌Ivor-Lewis术后胸内感染的预防

目的：探讨大网膜纵隔移位固定对食管癌Ivor-Lewis术后近期胸内感染并发症的预防价值。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院普通胸外科于2010年1月至2014年5月行Ivor-Lewis手术的148例食管癌患者的临床资料，其中行大网膜纵隔移位固定者84例（改良组），未行大网膜纵隔移位固定者64例（对照组），评估两组患者术后近期胸内感染发生情况。结果改良组和对照组分别为胸内感染发生率39．3％（33/84）和56．2％（36/64），其中合并出现败血症的比例分别为57．6％（19/33）和86．1％（31/36），差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）。但两组患者住院期间吻合口瘘、切口感染和心脏并发症发生率和病死率的差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。术后住院时间改良组较对照组明显缩短（中位13．0 d比16．5 d，P＜0．05）。结论大网膜纵隔移植固定改良手术可显著降低食管癌患者术后胸内感染的发生率及严重程度。     

Transhiatal esophagectomy

Between 1991-2001, 40 patients underwent esophagectomy without thoracotomy for: caustic esophageal stenosis (26 cases), cervical esophageal cancer (1), lower esophageal cancer (7), and acute post-caustic oesophagitis (2). Thirty-four patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy, 3 patients had an esophagectomy by "stripping" and in 3 other patients a combination of stripping and transhiatal esophagectomy. Postoperative complications included: injuries of the laryngeal recurrent nerve (2), pulmonary complications (13), anastomotic leakage (5). Two patients died in the postoperative period one from a myocardial infarction and the other from an acute myocardial dilatation. Trans-hiatal esophagectomy can be considered as a viable alternative to transthoracic esophagectomy in the management of the benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus. Transhiatal esophagectomy is a safe method of resection because of its reported lower morbidity and mortality and similar survival rates compared to transthoracic esophagectomy.     

经左胸保留膈肌食管裂孔术式在食管癌手术中的应用

目的探讨经左胸保留膈肌食管裂孔术式在食管癌手术中的应用效果。方法随机接受食管癌手术的68例患者分为2组,每组34例。观察组采用经左胸保留膈肌食管裂孔术式,对照组采用经左胸切开膈肌术式。比较2组手术效果。结果 2组手术时间、术中出血量及术后膈疝发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后肺部感染率低于对照组;术后第7天及1个月的MVV%、FEVl%、FVC%及ΔPaO_2、ΔPaCO_2均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月2组患者的MVV%、FEVl%、FVC%及ΔPaO_2、ΔPaCO_2差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经左胸保留膈肌食管裂孔的食管癌手术,可有效改善患者术后近期的呼吸功能,减少术后肺部感染率。