盆腔淋巴结清扫数量与高危前列腺癌——文献回顾及基于单中心的初步研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫对高危前列腺癌患者的意义,回顾相关文献并探讨淋巴结清扫数量对前列腺癌的诊断及治疗意义。方法对2017年1月至2018年6月期间15例接受腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除及扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫高危前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析淋巴结清扫情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果患者平均年龄(68.4±5.8)(60～79)岁,患者术前均诊断为高危前列腺癌,术中盆腔淋巴结清扫范围包括双侧闭孔神经、髂外血管和髂内血管周围的淋巴结和脂肪组织。扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫平均手术时间(94.3±10.2)(75～116)min,平均出血量(22.5±4.2)(10～40)mL。术中未发生重要血管及神经损伤。清扫淋巴结数目6～29枚,中位数为15枚。盆腔淋巴结阳性8例,阳性率53.3%;阳性淋巴结中位数5枚。清扫术后引流管拔除时间5～36d,中位数为7d。与盆腔淋巴结清扫相关的术后早期并发症主要有下肢深静脉血栓(2例)、淋巴囊肿(1例)、淋巴漏(8例)等。结论高危前列腺癌患者行扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫具有较高阳性率,有助于对前列腺癌进行准确分期,足够数量的淋巴结数量及范围是影响高危前列腺癌综合治疗疗效的重要因素。     

前列腺癌根治术中盆腔淋巴结清扫的意义及并发症防治

目的 探讨前列腺癌根治术中盆腔淋巴结清扫的意义及并发症的防治措施. 方法 对239例接受前列腺癌根治性切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.患者平均年龄68(48～79)岁.Gleason评分>7者87例,占36.8%;PSA>20 ng/ml者117例,占48.9%.满足上述其中一项的高危患者148例,占61.9%.患者术前均诊断为临床局限性前列腺癌,术中盆腔淋巴结清扫范围包括双侧闭孔及髂外静脉旁淋巴结.淋巴结阳性患者术后均予全雄阻断内分泌治疗并随访其生化复发时间.结果双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫术平均手术时间20(15～35)min,平均出血量20(5～45)ml.术中未发生重要血管及神经损伤.清扫淋巴结数目1～23枚,中位数为7枚.术后中位住院天数16 d.清扫术后引流管拔除时间4～36 d,中位数为7 d.术后留置引流管<8 d者178例,占74.5%;>14 d、延长术后住院时间者20例,占9.4%.盆腔淋巴结阳性29例,阳性率12.1%;阳性淋巴结中位数1枚.与盆腔淋巴结清扫相关的术后早期并发症主要有下肢深静脉血栓、淋巴囊肿、淋巴漏、盆腔感染等.淋巴结阳性患者中位无进展生存期为10个月. 结论 盆腔淋巴结清扫可以检出难以发现的淋巴结转移,有助于对前列腺癌进行准确分期,不显著延长手术时间.随着术者技术的提高及手术方法的改进,并发症发生率会逐渐下降.     

腹腔镜盆腹腔淋巴结清扫术后淋巴囊肿的诊治进展

随着腹腔镜技术的发展,妇科恶性肿瘤(宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌)可在腹腔镜下完成手术。淋巴囊肿是盆腔淋巴清扫术后常见并发症之一,淋巴囊肿并不是致命性的,是否出现临床症状与淋巴囊肿的体积大小有关。本文就腹腔镜下盆腹腔淋巴结清扫术后淋巴囊肿的诊治进展进行综述。     

宫颈癌根治术后并发盆腔淋巴囊肿感染分析

目的研究宫颈癌根治术后并发盆腔淋巴囊肿以及感染的相关情况。方法选取本院2016年1月至2017年12月收治的行宫颈癌根治术患者62例进行研究。按照盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生与否将所有患者分为两组,其中发生盆腔淋巴囊肿的患者为观察组(32例),未发生盆腔淋巴囊肿的患者为对照组(30例),分析两组患者行根治术后术后并发盆腔囊肿的相关因素,以及根治术后发生盆腔淋巴囊肿并发感染的相关因素。结果观察组60岁、术后24小时引流量100ml、病理分期为Ⅱ期以及术中淋巴结清扫数20个、囊肿直径5cm以及有合并糖尿病的患者比例明显高于对照组,两组对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。年龄60岁、病理分期为Ⅱ期、淋巴结清扫个数20个、合并糖尿病、囊肿直径5cm是宫颈癌根治术后并发盆腔囊肿的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论年龄、病理分期、淋巴结清扫个数、术后24小时引流量、囊肿直径5cm及合并有糖尿病是宫颈癌根治术后并发盆腔淋巴囊肿的独立危险因素,临床中应加以注意。     

腹腔镜根治性子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴清扫术后是否放置引流对盆腔淋巴囊肿的影响

目的探讨子宫颈癌腹腔镜根治性子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴清扫术后不放置盆腔引流对术后盆腔淋巴囊肿的影响。方法将2012年1月~2016年2月我科105例因子宫颈癌行腹腔镜根治性子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴清扫术分为未引流组(盆腔未放置引流管,50例)和引流组(盆腔放置引流管并低负压吸引,55例),比较2组术后盆腔淋巴囊肿等并发症发生率。结果术后8周引流组淋巴囊肿发生率27.3%(15/55),与未引流组24.0%(12/50),2组比较无统计学差异(χ2=0.147,P=0.702)。未引流组盆腔感染发生率2.0%(1/50),低于引流组14.5%(8/55),但2组比较无统计学差异(χ2=3.781,P=0.052)。2组尿潴留、尿漏、下肢深静脉血栓发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜根治性子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴清扫术后放置盆腔引流管对淋巴囊肿的发生没有影响,不放置引流并不增加感染风险。     

甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的原因及治疗

探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的原因及治疗。收集2016～2019年山西省人民医院甲状腺外科655例甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术患者病例资料,其中发生淋巴漏18例,17例在联合多种保守治疗后成功治愈,1例经保守治疗无效后行二次手术并成功结扎。甲状腺癌颈清扫术时左侧较右侧易发生淋巴漏,大多数患者可通过饮食控制、负压引流、生长抑素、注射高渗糖等保守治疗治愈,保守治疗无效时可行再次手术进行补救。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中盆腔淋巴结清扫的技术改进

目的介绍腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中盆腔淋巴结清扫的手术方法改进及其疗效。方法2002年12月至2007年12月我院施行了129例膀胱癌腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清扫术。本组男性111例,女性18例。手术技巧的改良分为早期探索阶段和技术标准化阶段。早期探索阶段（25例）：尝试不同器械、不同手术次序、不同手术技巧的淋巴结清扫方法;技术标准化阶段（104例）：采用吸引器、电凝钩及血管闭合器（LigaSure）相结合的方法,按标准化的手术次序进行盆腔淋巴结清扫,其中13例施行扩大淋巴结清扫。结果全部病例盆腔淋巴结清扫术在腹腔镜下顺利完成。技术标准化阶段完成双侧标准盆腔淋巴结清扫术（91例）时间（76．1±17．8）min,出血量（62．6±30．7）ml,术中损伤髂外静脉（1．1％,1／91）,术后淋巴漏发生率（2．2％,2／91）,与早期探索阶段相比较,手术时间缩短、出血量减少、并发症减少。术后随诊1～5年,无继发出血,无下肢淋巴水肿,8例出现局部复发,6例发生远处转移。结论采用吸引器、电凝钩及LigaSure相结合的改良方法行腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清扫术能减少术中并发症,缩短手术时间,减少术后淋巴漏,肿瘤控制效果满意。     

腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的危险因素和治疗策略分析

目的探讨腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术后淋巴漏的危险因素和治疗策略。方法本研究共纳入56例在我院行腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术的阴茎癌患者。清扫手术的范围以腹股沟韧带上2cm为上界,缝匠肌内侧缘为外侧界,长收肌外侧缘为内侧界,股三角尖端为下界,清除该范围内的淋巴脂肪组织。淋巴漏在本研究中的定义:自术后第3天起,引流管引流>100ml的淡黄色液体,连续2d。采用Logistic多因素回归分析找出淋巴漏的独立危险因素。结果 56例阴茎癌患者的中位年龄为51岁,腹股沟清扫区平均每天引流量为63.65ml,而淋巴漏的发生率为36.0%(40/111),同时多因素分析结果显示,体重指数是淋巴漏的独立危险因素,OR值为1.03。经过适当处理后,出现淋巴漏的腹股沟伤口区的置管时间均<4周。结论腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的发生率较高,但术中对淋巴组织残端进行充分结扎,同时术后给予适当的治疗能减少淋巴漏的发生。     

颈部淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的观察和护理

目的探讨颈部淋巴结清扫术后并发淋巴漏的观察和有效的护理措施。方法对18例颈淋巴结清扫术后并发淋巴漏患者的治疗和护理措施进行总结。结果 653例行颈淋巴结清扫患者发生淋巴漏18例,占2.75%,经术后严密观察切口引流情况,采取持续恒定的负压吸引、控制饮食、补充营养、应用奥曲肽等有效的医疗护理措施,18例淋巴漏均顺利愈合,无感染发生。结论有针对性的护理有助于颈淋巴结清扫术后并发淋巴漏患者的康复。     

甲状腺癌清扫术后淋巴漏原因及处理

目的探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的临床特征及处理措施。方法回顾丽水市中心医院自2014年1月至2016年12月甲状腺癌手术患者的临床资料,对其中20例发生术后淋巴漏的患者进行临床分析。结果 20例患者18例保守治疗治愈,2例行再次手术治愈。结论做好预防是减少淋巴漏发生的关键,出现淋巴漏后多数病人可以保守治疗治愈,对于保守治疗无效的病人应采取手术的补救措施。     

Pathogenesis and treatment strategies for lymphorrhea and lymphocele after vascular surgeries on the lower extremities

From 1995 to 2003 lymphatic complications (lymphorrhea and lymphocele) after different vascular surgeries on the lower extremities were seen in 57 (4.6%) patients. All the methods of therapeutic and surgical treatment of lymphorrhea and lymphocele are presented. Problems of surgical policy and some aspects of pathogenesis of these complications are regarded. Ethiopathogenetic classification of lymphatic complications is proposed. Creation of lymphovenous anastomosis is regarded as the most promising method. This surgery was performed in 31 patients, efficacy was 96.8%. The method permits one to stop inflow of lymph into lymphatic cavity and to avoid lymphedema after surgery. Other methods of treatment have various efficacy.     

Intraoperative lymphatic mapping to treat groin lymphorrhea complicating an elective medial thigh lift

Groin lymphoceles and lymphorrhea are a rare complication of medial thigh lift procedures. The author describes a case in which a very thin patient developed groin lymphorrhea after an uncomplicated medial thigh lift procedure. Initial treatment interventions, including edema control and the placement of a drain with surgical exploration, failed to control the lymphatic leak. Additionally, the onset of an infection and abscess formation complicated the treatment efforts. Using techniques well established in treating cutaneous malignancies, the lymphocele was treated successfully by identifying three separately damaged lymphatic channels with the use of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye. No drains were needed and the immediate cessation of lymph flow was noted. Using this novel adaptation of a well-known technique, the groin lymphocele was able to be repaired quickly and effectively with minimal morbidity and no evidence of recurrence to date.     

Octreotide in the treatment of lymphorrhea after renal transplantation: a preliminary experience

BACKGROUND: Lymphorrhea is a minor complication after kidney transplantation but may develop into a lymphocele and prolong hospital stay. Treatment is conservative based on percutaneous drainage until lymphatic leakage cessation. It has been reported that octreotide has beneficial effects to treat lymphorrhea after axillary node dissection and excision of lymphatic malformations. The aim of this study was to report preliminary experience about octreotide treatment in lymphorrea after kidney transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 20 recipients of cadaveric kidney allografts with posttransplant lymphorrhea including 10 treated with instillation of povidone iodate solution, and the other 10 with octreotide (0.1 mg three times a day subcutaneously). We reviewed the daily amount of fluid collection, duration of lymphorrhea, complications, lymphocele formation, rejection episodes, graft outcomes, and hospital stay. RESULTS: The average duration of lymphorrhea was 8.5 (+/-4.5) and 16.3 (+/-7.3) days for the octreotide versus the povidone groups, respectively (P = .001). No complications occurred among the octreotide group, while three lymphoceles grew among patients treated with povidone solution. No differences were observed for acute rejection episodes or renal function between the groups. No octreotide-related adverse events were noted. CONCLUSION: The mean length of lymphorrhea was lower with octreotide versus iodate povidone solution treatment. There was a shorter hospital stay and minor patient discomfort. In conclusion, lymphatic leakage after kidney transplantation may be successfully managed by octreotide administration.     

Lymphorrhea as postoperative complication of living donor nephrectomy: a case report

We report a case of lymphorrhea after living donor nephrectomy. Clinically the donor presented with an increased flow of a liquid characteristic of lymph, which was treated successfully with iodinated povidone. The possible pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the development of lymphocele following renal transplantation are discussed.     

Percutaneous management of postoperative lymphocele

A case report of a pelvic lymphocele developing after lymphadenectomy for staging of prostatic carcinoma is described. This collection was successfully managed by percutaneous catheter drainage. The incidence, pathophysiology, clinical symptomatology, differential diagnosis, and treatment options of pelvic lymphocele are reviewed. We believe that percutaneous catheter drainage is currently the optimal treatment modality.     

Povidone-iodine instillation for management of pelvic lymphocele after pelvic lymphadenectomy for staging prostate cancer

The development of postoperative lymphoceles following pelvic lymph node dissection is a rare complication. It is a well-described complication of kidney transplantation. A patient who developed a symptomatic pelvic lymphocele after pelvic lymph node dissection for staging prostatic cancer was treated with percutaneous tube drainage, but the treatment was in vain. Successful treatment was accomplished with povidone-iodine instillation into the lymphocele. This simple, safe, and painless method for lymphocele treatment is recommended.     

Pharmacological prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in contemporary radical retropubic prostatectomy: Does concomitant pelvic lymphadenectomy matter?

The prevention of venous thromboembolism is a major concern in cancer patients undergoing pelvic surgery. Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a common treatment for localized prostate cancer and has been identified as a high risk procedure for postoperative venous thromboembolism. However, most patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in the current era have clinically localized, low volume disease and the risk of venous thromboembolism is very low. Multiple guidelines exist for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy and pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is recommended. Most urological surgeons in the USA however, do not routinely utilize pharmacological prophylaxis. A major concern arises when radical retropubic prostatectomy is performed with a concomitant pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pharmacological prophylaxis is known to increase the rate of lymph drainage and the rate of lymphocele formation. Evidence suggests that lymphocele may be an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism in the postoperative period. These factors raise concern over current guidelines calling for routine use of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in radical retropubic prostatectomy especially when lymphadenectomy is performed simultaneously.     

Lymphocele.

Lymphocele is a complication which will be familiar to the gynaecological surgeon, particularly the oncologist. It is also well recognised in association with urological pelvic surgery and renal transplantation. Occurrence of lymphocele has been described in relation to surgery in a wide variety of other areas including the mediastinum, axilla, neck, aorta and peripheral vasculature. Clearly many of these examples are unusual occurrences, but they serve to illustrate that this complication will be encountered occasionally by surgeons in any of a number of disciplines.     

Preventing Lymphedema and Morbidity With an Omentum Flap After Ilioinguinal Lymph Node Dissection

Background Pedicled omentoplasty has been advocated to prevent the formation of lymphocysts and lymphedema after pelvic lymph node dissection, We evaluated the possible benefit of a pediculated omentoplasty placed in the groin for preventing complications after ilioinguinal lymph node dissection. Methods In this pilot study, we report a series of four women and three men with inguinal metastatic lymph nodes. Each was treated with a pediculated omentoplasty after groin dissection. We examined complications such as lymphedema, lymphorrhea, wound breakdown, skin necrosis, and lymphocysts. Results Only one wound breakdown with skin necrosis was observed, and it healed satisfactorily in 10 days without exposing the femoral vessels. No lymphocele or infectious complications occurred, even though no antibiotic prophylaxis was used. Midthigh circumference increase ranged from 1.5 to 7 cm in four cases but remained asymptomatic. Furthemaore, lymphedema of the lower limb decreased in the three remaining patients, who previously had an enlargement of the thigh. No evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis was noted during the 4-month follow-up. Conclusions Pedicled omentoplasty seemed to facilitate the absorption or transport of lymph fluids and resulted in less lymphedema in the lower limb even after radiotherapy. Pedicled omentoplasty reduces both short-term and long-term postoperative complications without affecting treatment outcome and could even be considered as a safe and effective therapy for lymphedema of the lower extremity.     

The deep vein thrombosis caused by lymphocele after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection

Pelvic lymphocele is a postoperative complications than can result after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Radical prostatectomy have many risk factors of deep vein thrombosis including location of target organ, malignancy, old age, Trendelenburg position, pelvic lymph node dissection, and long procedure time. A 57-year-old man with a localized prostate cancer was treated with endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Deep vein thrombosis was detected as a first sign of pelvic lymphocele. Lymphocele was managed with a percutaneous drainage without sclerosant. We report a case of deep vein thrombosis due to pelvic lymphocele after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy.