CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤3例报告

目的评价CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤的临床效果。方法 3例脊柱骨样骨瘤,分别位于颈椎、腰椎和骶椎,肿瘤边缘紧邻脊髓或神经。局部麻醉后,CT引导下经皮穿刺将射频电极置入骨样骨瘤中心,应用90℃的射频高温持续4 min对瘤巢进行损毁。结果术中及术后无明显并发症发生。术后分别随访2、6、7个月（平均5个月）,疼痛缓解满意,3例VAS评分分别下降了6、8、8分,随访期内疼痛无复发,无神经功能损害。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤微创、安全,患者耐受性好,近期效果确切。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融术治疗髋部骨样骨瘤

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融术治疗髋部骨样骨瘤的可行性.方法 2006年8月至2010年1月对8例髋部骨样骨瘤患者采用CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融治疗,男5例,女3例;年龄12～25岁,平均18.8岁.患者均有髋部疼痛症状,夜间加剧.病史2个月至10年.病变部位:股骨颈4例、股骨小转子2例、股骨大转子1例,股骨转子间1例.术中应用CT薄层横断扫描确定病灶部位,将骨穿刺针经皮穿入瘤巢中心.行CT扫描证实穿刺针位置准确后撤出针芯,用穿刺针套管刮除瘤壁及瘤巢内肿瘤组织送病理学检查.再将微波探针沿骨穿刺针穿入瘤巢中心,将瘤巢中心温度逐渐加热至90℃,保持4～6min.术后预防性应用抗生素2 d.结果 3例病理学检查诊断为骨样骨瘤,另5例仅获得诊断性描述.全部病例随访6～21个月.术后24 h内疼痛均有不同程度缓解,1例随访5个月时仍有轻度夜间隐痛,再次行微波热消融治疗,随访8个月无复发.所有患者均未见股骨头坏死及其他并发症.结论 CT引导下骨样骨瘤经皮穿刺微波热消融术可以有效缓解或消除髋部疼痛症状,术后并发症少,短期疗效好,是一种安全、有效的新方法.     

16排螺旋CT对原发性小肝癌射频消融术后的随访价值

目的探讨16排螺旋CT对原发性小肝癌射频消融术后的随访价值。方法收集经临床确诊为原发性小肝癌并有射频消融治疗手术史的病例25例,对术后1个月~3年内CT和MRI检查的影像资料进行回顾性的分析总结,其中16排螺旋CT平扫及增强检查15例,MRI平扫及增强检查10例。结果 15例CT检查患者共有26个病灶,射频消融术后完全消融的病灶24个,不完全消融的病灶2个,5例患者肝内远处再发。10例MRI检查患者原共13个病灶,射频消融术后完全消融的病灶12个,不完全消融的病灶1个,2例患者肝内远处再发。CT与MRI检查结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与MRI检查比较,16排螺旋CT扫描技术对原发性肝癌射频消融治疗术后病灶的变化同样能进行客观的监测评价,是原发性小肝癌射频消融治疗术后随访评价的重要手段。     

髋关节骨样骨瘤

目的 探讨髋关节内骨样骨瘤的临床、影像学特点及治疗方法。方法 总结经手术病理证实的髋关节内骨样骨瘤11例病人的症状、体征、影像学表现、手术方法及治疗结果。结果 术后所有病例疼痛消失，于1～3个月后恢复正常活动，随访3个月～5年，无复发，髋关节功能正常。结论 髋关节骨样骨瘤疼痛定位不确切，X线因遮挡显示不清，容易误诊，CT是最好的检查方法，手术切除瘤巢是治疗的关键，CT引导下手术是保证瘤巢切除彻底的有效方法。     

MSCT引导下冷极射频消融治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的应用价值

目的探讨在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺冷极射频消融治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的安全性、疗效及其应用价值。方法76例恶性肿瘤84个瘤灶，瘤体直径3．0～15．0cm，平均8．5cm。根据消融术前MSCT图像制定治疗计划，在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺准确将针型电极插入肿瘤预定位置进行热消融，消融温度58～90℃，治疗时间15～120min。术后2h复查，观察有无急性并发症。术后1个月和每3个月CT复查观察肿瘤有无残留和复发，必要时可多次治疗。通过影像学评估消融的疗效，并统计生存期。结果76例恶性肿瘤84个瘤灶在MSCT引导下消融针均准确插入肿瘤预定位置并顺利完成热消融过程，未见严重并发症。术后1个月复查，84个瘤灶完全坏死15个；不完全坏死和部分坏死45个，总有效率71．43％（60／84）。治疗后生存率随访：6个月90．79％，12个月63．16％，18个月36．84％，24个月14．47％。结论在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺冷极射频消融技术是一种创伤小、易耐受、安全有效的治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的方法。     

氩氦刀冷冻消融姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻消融术在姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院收治的5例术后复发的韧带样纤维瘤患者,采用CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术进行治疗。对比术前及术后肿瘤大小、密度、强化方式、临床症状及血液学指标的变化,分析术后并发症的发生情况。结果 5例患者均顺利完成消融治疗。其中2例患者分别行3次及4次消融治疗,术后CT增强扫描示消融区明显液化坏死,边界清晰;残余肿瘤可见不同程度强化,术后12个月复查,5例患者肿瘤缓解率为80%(4/5);临床症状均有不同程度好转;术后并发症主要为疼痛、发热、软组织肿胀、排尿不畅、会阴部麻木等,1例患者出现皮肤冻伤;术后患者血液学指标急性期升高。结论 CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术具有创伤小、能有效降低瘤负荷、缓解临床症状等特点,可作为姑息治疗术后复发韧带样纤维瘤的一种有效方法。     

CT引导下经皮化学消融术治疗腹部淋巴结转移性病变

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮化学消融术治疗腹部淋巴结转移性病变的可行性和治疗效果。方法对15例腹部癌性淋巴结转移患者进行CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术。用20～23G Chiba针或21G多孔酒精注射针于局醉下分步穿入肿大的淋巴结内，注射超液化碘化油2～4ml加盐酸阿霉素30～50mg、卡铂200mg或健择400～600mg混合乳剂，尽量使之充满全部肿大淋巴结。术后随访1～13个月。结果无1例出现术中和术后并发症。患者疼痛缓解率100％，消失率20％。86．7％治疗部位淋巴结变小。结论CT引导下经皮化学消融术是治疗腹部癌性淋巴结转移的微创新方法，可减轻或消除疼痛、控制或减缓局部病变的发展。     

腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗肝细胞肝癌的疗效探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融术治疗肝癌的临床应用价值。方法:2011年5月至2015年10月为56例肝癌患者行腹腔镜下联合经皮超声射频消融术,记录术后肝功能、甲胎蛋白、生命体征及1个月后影像学检查结果。结果:56例患者、108个病灶均完成射频消融治疗,术后无针道出血、肝功能衰竭及邻近脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,102个病灶消融满意,6个病灶周围有残存,2个病灶在超声造影指引下予以再次消融,4个病灶在CT引导下再次消融,再次消融效果满意。结论:腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗特殊部位的肝癌具有消融完全,避免针道出血、周围脏器损伤等特点,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

冷循环射频消融治疗胰腺癌的术后并发症及处理

目的通过对冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌的术后并发症分析，评估冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌的安全性。方法回顾性分析了28例不能切除胰腺癌实施冷循环射频消融术后的并发症及其处理方法。结果冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌术后并发胰瘘6例，发生率21．43％，上消化道出血5例，发生率17．86％，术后发热16例，发生率57．14％，腹腔出血1例，发生率3．57％，肠系膜上动脉血栓形成1例，发生率3．57％。临床治愈率100％。所有患者均获得随访，存活12个月以上13例，最长者已达43个月，生活质量较好。结论冷循环射频消融治疗胰腺癌是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜下冷循环射频消融治疗肾细胞癌

目的 探讨腹腔镜下冷循环射频消融治疗肾细胞癌的可行性. 方法对12例肾癌患者选择性实施腹腔镜下冷循环射频消融治疗13次.肿瘤位于左肾4例,右肾7例,双肾1例.肿瘤最大径2.1～8.5 cm,其中T1N0M0 11例,T2N0M0 2例.术后采用CT、超声造影定期随访. 结果 平均手术时间(92±24)min,平均出血量(50±2)ml,术中均末输血.未见腹腔镜手术相关并发症.术后6周13个肾癌病灶,完全消融12个、消融不全1个,完全消融率92.3%(12/13).血红蛋白、红细胞沉降率、血肌酐、患侧肾小球滤过率较术前无明显变化(P>0.05).术后3个月10例患者复查CT,病灶完全坏死9例、部分坏死1例.随访时间1～16个月,中位数7.8个月,12例均生存.无局部及远处复发病例. 结论 腹腔镜下冷循环射频消融是一种安全有效治疗肾癌的新方法,比超声引导下射频治疗定位更加精确,可以应用于不适合超声引导下经皮肾穿刺射频消融的病例.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.