应用微创可注射型植骨材料结合内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 评估微创可注射型植骨材料（MIIG）结合内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的优势。方法 回顾性分析采用MIIG结合内固定方法治疗的13例胫骨平台骨折患者的临床资料,与年龄、性别、骨折类型较为相似且行自体髂骨植骨结合内固定治疗的13例患者的资料进行比较。对比手术并发症的发生率、胫骨平台关节软骨面的复位及手术后1年的软骨面再塌陷情况、膝关节功能恢复等情况。结果 全部患者均获得随访,随访时间12～50个月,平均18个月。MIIG结合内固定治疗的患者在胫骨平台关节软骨面术后1年再塌陷和手术并发症发生率方面较自体髂骨植骨结合内固定治疗有显著优势,在膝关节功能恢复和手术后即刻关节软骨面复位等方面无显著差异。结论 MIIG结合内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的最大优点在于减少术后并发症的发生和有效防止关节软骨面的再塌陷,是骨外科治疗胫骨平台骨折的有效方法。     

Tibial plateau fracture--biodegradable bonecement-augmentation

Between October 1996 and January 1999,29 patients (f:16,m:13,age: 22-86) with fractures of the lateral tibial plateau were operated on arthroscopic,fluoroscopic control or were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. 15 of them were retrospective and 14 prospective analysed.The metaphyseal defect after elevation of the depressed fragment was augmented in 11 cases with autologous spongeous bone grafting,in 9 cases with biodegradable bone cement (Norian SRS).Augmentation was unnecessary in 9 cases. The results according to the Lysholm score and the radiological results were good or excellent.Concerning the kind of augmentation no difference was noted. In the Norian SRS-group the duration of postoperative treatment was shorter than in the other group.The duration of partial weight bearing was shorter too.The results of the present study suggest that an injectable calcium phosphate cement may be a competent material for augmentation in lateral tibial plateau fractures because of the application form and the initial high mechanical stability.     

Treatment of complicated tibial plateau fractures with dual plating via a 2-incision technique

The operative treatment of complicated bicondylar fractures of the tibial plateau remains a challenge to most surgeons. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of dual plating via a 2-incision technique for the repair of complicated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. A series of consecutive patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a double buttress plate or a combination of locking plate and buttress plate via a 2-incision technique between March 2004 and March 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Radiological and clinical results and complications of the 2 different fixation methods were compared. Seventy-nine patients matching the criteria of this study were followed up for at least 24 months. All of the fractures healed, with 3 cases of deep infection, 7 cases of secondary loss of reduction, 3 cases of secondary loss of alignment, and 10 cases of knee instability. At 24-month follow-up, mean Hospital for Special Surgery scores were 77.8±9.4 and 79.0±7.9 in the double buttress plate group and combination group, respectively. No significant differences in clinical or radiographic outcomes were found between the 2 groups, except that the combination group needed less bone graft. Dual plating with 2 incisions provided good exposition for the reduction and fixation of complicated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Using a combination of locking plate and buttress plate reduced the amount of bone graft compared with the double buttress plate technique.     

The results of surgical treatment of tibial plateau fractures]

Between 1995-2003 84 patients were treated because of the tibial plateau fracture in the Department of Orthopaedics of Gdansk Medical University. 47 patients were evaluated at the follow-up. In the pure cleavage fractures after joint opening an open reduction and internal fixation via screws or buttress plate was performed. In the cleavage fractures combined with depression the treatment consisted of: open reduction, elevation of the depressed plateau "en mass", bone grafting of the metaphysis, fixation of the fracture with cancellous screws and buttress plating. Rasmussen modified scale was used to assess the outcome. Resnick and Niwoyama criteria were used in calculating the degree of the degenerative changes. The clinical results were very good in 5 patients, good in 26, fair in 9 and poor in 5 patients. In the radiological assessment a very good result were observed in 8 patients, good in 28, fair in 7 and poor in 4 patients. An anatomical reduction of the articular surface together with stable internal fixation of the fracture site decreases the risk of the degenerative changes and helps to achieve a good final result.     

A biomechanical analysis of internal fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures

OBJECTIVE: To compare the mechanical stability of fixation of an unstable bicondylar tibial plateau fracture with several different fixation techniques in a cadaveric model. DESIGN: Randomized laboratory investigation using a simulated bicondylar tibial plateau fracture with metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation. SETTING: Complex tibial plateau fractures were instrumented and tested under ramp and cyclic loading conditions on a servohydraulic materials testing machine. Intervention: Each tibia was instrumented sequentially with a lateral buttress plate, a lateral and a medial buttress plate, and a lateral buttress and an anteromedial antiglide plate for ramp load testing. For cyclic testing, one of the three constructs was used on each specimen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Vertical subsidence of the medial tibial plateau was measured in both ramp and cyclic loading in order to evaluate the three internal fixation techniques. RESULTS: No significant difference was measurable between the dual buttress construct and the lateral buttress/anteromedial antiglide construct. However, the lateral buttress plate alone provided significantly less stability. CONCLUSIONS: A lateral buttress plate with an anteromedial antiglide plate may provide equally effective fixation as compared with the dual buttress plating technique in complex tibial plateau fractures. This less invasive technique may also be associated with fewer complications due to the lack of soft tissue stripping that is required for its application.     

重组合异种骨加钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨重组合异种骨植骨加钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2001年6月～2003年3月,采用切开复位、重组合异种骨植骨加支持钢板(T型或L型)内固定,治疗胫骨平台骨折32例.男20例,女12例,年龄18～69岁,平均38岁.交通伤23例,坠落伤5例,砸伤4例,均为新鲜闭合性骨折.受伤至手术时间2～7天.术中植骨量2～6 g. 结果全部患者经9～23个月随访,胫骨平台骨折愈合良好,未见关节面下陷,重组合异种骨未见移动、吸收.按Pasmussen评分标准,优16例,良12例,可3例,差1例,优良率达87.5%. 结论重组合异种骨植骨加支持钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折效果良好,避免了取髂骨植骨及其并发症的发生.     

截骨复位治疗胫骨外侧平台压缩性骨折

目的探讨胫骨外侧平台压缩性骨折的治疗方法。方法 2002年1月至2008年12月采用截骨复位、植骨内固定治疗胫骨平台压缩性骨折32例。结果 32例患者获得12～24个月随访,平均随访时间15个月。随访12个月膝关节功能按Rasmussen标准评分,优21例,良9例,可2例,优良率达93.8%。比较术后即刻与随访12个月时胫骨平台塌陷高度、增宽宽度及外倾角,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等并发症发生。结论截骨复位法治疗胫骨外侧平台压缩性骨折,具有直视下易于将关节面整复到正常形态和高度、术中形成骨缺损区域小、植骨量少以及易于植入和植实等优点,尤其对于平台边缘有压缩性骨折及伴有胫骨平台增宽的病例,这种手术方法更具实用性。     

Tibial Plateau Fractures: Evaluation and Treatment

The goal of tibial plateau fracture management is a stable, well-aligned, congruent joint, with a painless range of motion and function. Minimally displaced stable fractures should be treated with protected mobilization. The treatment of displaced tibial plateau fractures, however, remains controversial. Surgical reduction and stabilization of displaced tibial plateau fractures, when indicated, requires careful evaluation of both the "personality" of the fracture and the soft-tissue envelope. The timing of surgery and the handling of the soft tissue in this region are critical to treatment success. After restoration of a congruent joint surface, bone grafting and buttress plating are usually needed to allow early range of motion and optimize treatment outcome.     

Functional outcome of tibial plateau fractures treated with the fine-wire fixator

OBJECTIVE: To review the functional outcome of patients with complex tibial plateau fractures treated with fine-wire fixation. DESIGN: Retrospective review with follow-up of patients in outpatient clinic. SETTING: Tertiary trauma center. PATIENTS: All patients who had fine-wire fixation for tibial plateau fractures between 1996 and January 2001 were reviewed. INTERVENTIONS: Fine-wire fixation with/without limited internal fixation for complex tibial plateau fractures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knee range of motion, adequacy of articular surface reduction, mechanical axis, Knee Society Clinical Rating Scale and Short-Form 36 Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighteen of twenty-one eligible patients were available for follow-up. There were 14 Shatzker VI and 4 V fractures. Seven fractures were open. Average follow-up was 28.2 months. All fractures united. There were three cases of delayed union, all progressed to union following additional procedures and bone grafting. There were no cases of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis or deep vein thrombosis. Seven patients had Knee Society Clinical Rating Scores of good/excellent (38.9%), and 11 had fair/poor scores (61.1%). Abnormal mechanical axes and multiple co-morbid injuries were associated with poorer outcomes. Although SF-36 scores were lower in the study group compared to matched population norms, 15 of 18 patients had full or partial return to pre-injury levels of functioning. CONCLUSION: Fine-wire fixation with limited internal fixation is a satisfactory method of managing complex high-energy fractures of the tibial plateau where soft tissue injury and bony comminution make traditional techniques of open reduction and internal fixation unsuitable.     

Arthroscopic-assisted reduction with bilateral buttress plate fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures

Purpose:Our aim was to determine the outcome of arthroscopic-assisted reduction with bilateral buttress plate fixation for the treatment of closed complex tibial plateau fractures.Type of Study:Case series.Methods:18 consecutive patients (12 men, 6 women) with complex tibial plateau fractures were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent arthroscopic-assisted bilateral buttress plate fixation of closed complex tibial plateau fractures. The average age at operation was 35 years (range, 23 to 45 years). The follow-up period ranged from 39 to 69 months, with an average of 48 months. Using the Schatzker classification, there were 11 type V and 7 type VI fractures. The clinical and radiological outcomes were determined according to Rasmussen’s system.Results:All of the 18 fractures united. Overall, 4 (22%) patients were rated as excellent, 12 (67%) good, and 2 (11%) fair. Secondary osteoarthritis appeared in 3 injured knees (16.7%). One patient had a wound dehiscence (3 cm long) of the medial incision. Condylar joint surface depression was noted in 3 patients without functional instability. Two patients had valgus alignment between 10° and 15°. Two patients had the paresthesia over the lateral calf. There were no complications directly associated with arthroscopy in any of the 18 patients. No deep vein thrombosis, infection, or knee stiffness was found at final follow-up.Conclusions:Arthroscopic-assisted reduction with bilateral buttress plate fixation for complex tibial plateau fractures allows accurate fracture reduction, diagnosis, and treatment of associated intra-articular lesions, and less dissection than open reduction internal fixation.     

胫骨平台后髁骨折的治疗

目的:探讨胫骨平台后髁骨折的治疗方法。方法:9例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者,男6例,女3例;年龄24~58岁,平均36岁。左侧2例,右侧7例。骨折类型:后外侧髁骨折5例,后内侧髁骨折1例,双髁骨折3例,采用后内和(或)后外侧入路复位内固定治疗。结果:9例均获随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均18·4个月。患膝关节功能评定按Hohl评分标准:优7例,良2例。关节面未见明显塌陷情况。结论:膝关节的后内和(或)外侧入路较前侧入路能更充分暴露后关节间隙及胫骨平台后髁,为骨折的直视复位和植骨内固定提供了良好的操作空间。     

Interference Screw Technique for Arthroscopic Reduction and Internal Fixation of Compression Fractures of the Tibial Plateau

Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) is recommended as state-of-the-art treatment for patients with pure compression fracture of the tibial plateau. We describe a new technique for ARIF of pure compression tibial plateau fractures that uses a cannulated, bioabsorbable interference screw. After a guide pin is placed in the center of the compressed fragment and a tamp is used to elevate the fracture (with bone grafting as desired), the interference screw is advanced over the guide pin, resulting in both elevation and buttressing of the fracture. As compared with previously described techniques in which percutaneous buttress screws were used, ARIF attained with an interference screw via the tibial metaphyseal window allows substantially improved efficiency of surgical steps, improved preservation of the soft tissue envelope, definitive articular reduction under arthroscopic visualization, use of a bioabsorbable implant, and elimination of the need for fluoroscopy.     

Grafting of tibial bone defects in knee replacement using Norian skeletal repair system

Introduction: The authors have been using Norian skeletal repair system (SRS) to repair cancellous bone defects in knee replacements since 1999. Norian SRS is injectable, biocompatible calcium phosphate cement with a high mechanical strength. This product is similar to the mineral phase of bone and should undergo gradual remodeling with time. We present our experience with this bone substitute in a total of 13 knee replacement surgeries. Materials and methods: This included three unicompartmental knee replacements (UKR), two bilateral UKR following tibial plateau fractures, five revisions of UKR to total knee replacements (TKR), two TKR revisions and one hinged knee prosthesis for significant deformity. Full weight bearing was permitted as soon as tolerated in all patients. Patients were evaluated at the latest follow-up using both the Knee Society Score (KSS) and GIUM (Italian UKR Users Group) knee scores. Results: At the latest follow-up, no poor results were seen with an improvement between pre-operative and post-operative knee scores in all cases. There was no evidence of bone loss or post-operative deformity. Complete compound resorption was seen in the first 4 cases. Conclusions: The authors state that Norian SRS is a practical alternative as bone grafting in knee replacement surgery for type 1 and 2 bone defects.     

Use of an injectable calcium phosphate bone cement in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures: a prospective study of twenty-six cases with twenty-month mean follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential benefit of a new injectable mineral bone cement (Norian SRS, Cupertino, CA, USA) for the treatment of tibial plateau fractures OTA types 41.B2-B3 and C3. DESIGN: Prospective study with established protocol. SETTING: University hospital; university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six patients gave informed consent to participate in this study and were available for follow-up examinations. All patients had sustained intraarticular tibial plateau fracture types OTA B2-B3 and C3. All cases were followed with a mean follow-up time of 19.7 months (6 to 36 months, median eighteen months). INTERVENTION: Twenty-five cases were treated with open reduction, osteosynthesis with screws or plate, and injection of Norian SRS in the subchondral bone defect. One case had closed reduction, screw osteosynthesis, and percutaneous cement injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Radiographs in two planes were evaluated prospectively at six, twelve, and twenty-six weeks postoperatively and at last follow-up using Rasmussen's radiologic score. Clinical parameters were measured at the same time intervals using Lysholm's and Tegner's knee scores. RESULTS: Two cases required early wound revisions because of sterile drainage. Two cases developed partial loss of reduction of the fracture between four and eight weeks after surgery, requiring revision surgery in one case (total complication rate 15.3 percent). No other patients had complications, and all other fractures healed without any displacement. The high mechanical strength of the cement allowed early weight bearing after a mean postoperative period of 4.5 weeks (1 to 6 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: An injectable mineral bone cement with high initial mechanical strength was used to fill bone defects in unstable tibial plateau fractures with good success. This material offers new perspectives in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures.     

Salvage of proximal tibial malunion or nonunion with the use of angled blade plate

Introduction: Single buttress plating laterally was sometimes performed by a few orthopedists to treat complex tibial plateau fractures with medial compartment involvement. However, we might encounter cases with medial compartment collapse due to such treatment. The causes of failure, the technique of the revision surgery, and the methods of prevention were investigated retrospectively. The purpose of this study was to report our clinical results of a retrospectively followed series of patients treated with blade plate fixation for proximal tibial metaphyseal nonunions and malunions which were treated with unilateral plating. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight patients with failed treatment of complex tibial plateau fractures due to single buttress plating laterally underwent the revision surgeries. Removal of the buttress plate, proximal tibial corrective osteotomy, and insertion of an angled blade plate medially were performed. Postoperatively, exercise of the range of motion of the knee was encouraged as early as possible. Results: Twenty-five patients were followed-up for a median of 4.8 years (range, 1.2–6.8), and all fractures healed at a median of 4.0 months (range, 3.0–6.0). The proximal medial tibial angle (PMTA) was corrected to the acceptable range (80–99°) in all 25 patients (P<0.001) and knee function improved in 22 out of 25 patients (P<0.001). Conclusion: For clinical and biomechanical considerations, single buttress plating laterally was unsuitable for complex tibial plateau fractures with medial compartment involvement due to relatively huge compressive loads on the medial compartment. The stability provided by a few screws of the buttress plate laterally was normally insufficient. An angled blade plate could be a useful armament in the management of metaphyseal nonunion and malunions of the proximal tibia. Its better stabilization could normally provide a high success rate.     

Minimal internal fixation and calcium-phosphate cement in the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau. A pilot study

We used calcium-phosphate cement combined with minimal internal fixation to treat 49 fractures of the lateral tibial plateau. There were 25 split depression fractures, 22 pure depression fractures and two bicondylar fractures. Anatomical reduction was obtained in 38 fractures, satisfactory reduction in nine and imperfect reduction in two. Of 44 patients reviewed at one year, 33 were rated as having an excellent reduction. Functional outcome as measured by the Rasmussen score was good or excellent at six months in 92% (44/48) of patients and in 95% (42/44) at one year. Eight (16%) showed some loss of reduction of the plateau. In seven of these the loss of reduction was slight (<3 mm) and no action was taken. One patient with a deep infection had gross loss of reduction and a poor functional outcome. Calcium-phosphate cement is a useful alternative to bone grafting for the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau.     

Posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures

OBJECTIVE: To present a case series of patients with posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated by direct fracture exposure and fixation through dual incisions. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Eight patients were identified that had posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Two patients had depressed posterolateral tibial plateau fractures with contained defects and did not have direct fracture exposure. One patient died of medical problems leaving 5 patients who underwent direct fracture exposure, reduction, and fixation. INTERVENTION: Posteromedial followed by posterolateral open reduction and internal fixation of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. RESULTS: At 6 to 24 months follow-up (mean 13 months), all patients returned to near full activities, each with aching after prolonged standing (8-hour shift). Range of motion averaged 2 degrees to 121 degrees of flexion. Three of 5 returned to manual labor jobs; the others were not employed at the time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures have a high association with lateral meniscal pathology and can be associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Reduction of the posterior plateau condyles is easiest with the knee in full extension. Flexion contractures can be a problem, and patients should be encouraged to regain/maintain knee extension. The dual-incision approach to these challenging fractures can result in good to excellent knee function for these patients.     

Treatment of complex tibial periarticular fractures using percutaneous techniques

Open reduction and internal fixation typically is reserved for the treatment of patients with articular or periarticular tibia fractures, or other tibial injuries that are treated inadequately with intramedullary nailing. This approach can result in extensive dissection and tissue devitalization. By modifying the method of fixation, the plating of tibial fractures has been expanded using a percutaneous technique. Using this approach, the fracture is reduced indirectly and plates are placed through subcutaneous or submuscular tunnels through limited incisions. Between 1992 and 1998, 17 patients with tibial shaft fractures and associated severe soft tissue injury, were treated using a percutaneous plating technique. Followup was available in 14 patients. Six patients required bone grafting procedures for delayed union or nonunion, although four of these patients had significant bone loss related to their injury. There were no malunions. Three patients had superficial infections related to external fixator pin sites and one patient had osteomyelitis develop. Percutaneous plating of the tibia offers an alternative method for stabilizing complex fractures with severely compromised soft tissues, especially those injuries with periarticular extension. This technique is thought to cause no increase in the risk of infection or soft tissue damage and permits rapid mobilization of the limb and patient. When using this treatment for patients with significant bone loss, bone grafting should be considered.     

Treatment of isolated posterior coronal fracture of the lateral tibial plateau through posterolateral approach for direct exposure and buttress plate fixation

Purpose  To present a case series of patients with isolated posterior coronal fractures of lateral tibial plateau treated by direct exposure and buttress plate fixation through posterolateral approach. Methods  Between May 2007 and April of 2008, eight middle aged patients were identified that had isolated posterior coronal fractures of the lateral tibial plateau. All eight patients underwent direct fracture exposure, reduction under visualization, and buttress plate fixation through posterolateral approach. Results  There were 1 case of split, two cases of pure depression and five cases of split-depression fractures. Four were associated fibular head split fractures without common peroneal nerve injuries. Five patients were injured from a simple fall on riding electrical bicycle while the knee was relaxed in 90° position The articular displacement (8 cases) measured in CT scan was 10.5 mm in average (range 8–15 mm). The cortical split length (from the articular rim to the distal tip, 6 cases) was 2.8 cm in average (range 2.4–3.5 cm). The articular reduction was perfect in seven (absolutely no step-off) and imperfect in 1(<2 mm step-off) as measured by X-ray. With a mean follow-up of 10 months (6 cases > 12 months), the average range of motion arc was 119°, four patients have flexion lag 10°–20°. The average SMFA dysfunction score was 15.8, and average HSS score was 98. All eight patients stated they were highly satisfied. Conclusions  Direct posterolateral approach by dividing lateral border of soleus muscle, provides excellent fracture reduction under visualization and internal buttress plate fixation for posterior coronal fracture of the lateral tibial plateau. Good functional results and recovery can be expected.     

注射式磷酸钙骨水泥在胫骨平台骨折中的应用

目的采用回顾性分析方法,对注射式β-磷酸三钙骨水泥作为植骨材料在胫骨平台骨折中的临床疗效进行评估。方法对23例胫骨平台骨折复位后骨缺损区采用可注射式磷酸钙骨水泥进行填充。结果全部病例平均随访15.4个月,均获得骨性愈合,无骨不连和感染情况发生,内固定无松动及脱落现象。注射式β-磷酸三钙骨水泥术后10～12周开始出现吸收,20～24周大部分吸收,28～32周基本全部吸收。术后6个月和1年膝关节功能良好。结论注射式β-磷酸三钙骨水泥具有安全、方便、副作用小、填充效果确实等优点。固化后具有较强的支撑作用,可提高患者膝关节早期功能锻炼的安全性,促进了骨折的愈合过程,是治疗和填充胫骨骨折骨缺损区的较佳方法之一。