镍钛形状记忆合金环抱式接骨板治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折

目的探讨应用镍钛形状记忆合金环抱式接骨板治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的效果.方法对23例股骨干粉碎性骨折行切开复位镍钛形状记忆合金接骨板内固定治疗.结果 19例获随访的患者均达到骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间4～9个月.按Kolmert标准,优11例,良5例,中1例,差2例. 结论记忆合金环抱式接骨板治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折操作简单,固定可靠,疗效满意.     

不同内固定方式治疗锁骨骨折疗效观察

目的观察不同内固定方式(带螺纹的克氏针、锁定接骨板、限制加压接骨板)治疗锁骨骨折临床疗效。方法将139例锁骨骨折患者根据治疗方法随机分为A组(采用带螺纹的克氏针进行髓内固定)69例。B组(采用重建接骨板进行固定)39例;C组(采用锁定接骨板进行固定)31例;比较临床疗效。结果 A组骨折愈合优良率98.6%;B组骨折愈合优良率87.1%,C组骨折全部愈合(100%)。结论带螺纹的克氏针、锁定接骨板固定锁骨骨折愈合率高,功能恢复满意。     

不稳定锁骨骨折两种内固定手术治疗的分析

1999年～2003年,我科对198例不稳定锁骨骨折采用镍钛记忆合金环抱接骨板及克氏针钢丝进行内固定治疗,现对其疗效进行回顾性分析比较。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组198例,男126例,女72例,年龄12～70岁。左侧90例,右侧108例。中段骨折132例,中远段66例。新鲜骨折190例,陈旧性骨折8例。合并伤150例。镍钛记忆合金环抱接骨板内固定125例,克氏针钢丝内固定73例。1.2治疗方法采用颈丛或局部麻醉,以骨折处为中心作锁骨前方切口,进行骨折处的整复。分为2组,采用不同的内固定方法。①克氏针钢丝内固定组:选择与锁骨髓腔粗细大致一致的克氏针逆行穿针,…     

环抱内固定器治疗锁骨中段粉碎性骨折

锁骨中段骨折 ,尤其是粉碎性骨折 ,手法复位 8字石膏绷带外固定不容易维持对位 ,造成骨折延迟愈合或不愈合 ,常需内固定治疗。传统的内固定方法是克氏针、接骨板加钢丝固定。克氏针髓内固定简便易行 ,但因为克氏针直径小 ,不易控制骨折断端的旋转及成角 ,不能完全矫正畸形。接骨钢板内固定创伤大 ,易造成负损伤。我科自 2 0 0 0年起采用兰州西脉记忆合金股份有限公司生产的钛镍形状记忆锯齿臂环抱内固定器治疗锁骨中段粉碎性骨折 9例 ,取得满意效果。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　本组 9例患者 ,男 8例 ,女 1例 ,年龄 15～6 1岁 ,均为锁骨中段…     

形状记忆合金环抱式接骨板治疗锁骨骨折

1997年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月 ,我院采用形状记忆合金环抱式接骨板内固定治疗锁骨骨折 36例。手术操作简单 ,固定可靠 ,并发症少 ,后期效果满意 ,报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料　本组男 2 6例 ,女 10例 ;年龄 16～ 6 3岁 ,平均 2 2岁。锁骨中段闭合骨折 2 8例 ,远段骨折 8例 ,其中 ,合并肱骨骨折 5例 ,肩胛骨骨折 3例。车祸伤 2 7例 ,跌伤 5例 ,其他伤 4例。骨折类型 :粉碎型 15例 ,斜型 15例 ,横型 0例。骨折至来院治疗时间为 1h～ 2 w。形状记忆合金环抱式接骨板 :选用兰州医学院骨科研究所研制的钛镍合金环抱式接骨板内固定器。在 - 4℃…     

镍钛形状记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗桡骨近端1/3骨折

目的探讨治疗桡骨近端1/3骨折的理想内固定方法.方法 2001年8月～2004年4月,采用镍钛形状记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗24例桡骨近端1/3骨折.其中男19例,女5例.年龄16～48岁.摔伤9例,压砸伤5例,交通事故伤4例,直接暴力撞击伤3例,高处坠落伤3例.按照形状记忆合金环抱接骨板的安装方法进行骨折复位内固定.术后定期随访,观察骨折愈合及功能恢复情况.结果所有患者均获随访4～21个月,平均10个月.均无术中、术后并发症,切口Ⅰ期愈合;X 线片示骨折均于术后8～12周临床愈合,根据Anderson疗效标准,功能恢复优18例,良5例,可1例,优良率95.83%.结论应用镍钛形状记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗桡骨近端1/3骨折具有创伤小、操作简便安全、固定可靠、组织相容性好、并发症少等优点,有利于促进骨折愈合和肘、腕关节功能康复,是一种治疗桡骨近端1/3骨折的较好方法.     

两种内固定方法治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效分析

目的比较采用克氏针内固定和微型钛板治疗掌、指骨骨折的临床效果。方法克氏针内固定治疗组42例45处骨折,术后随访1.5～12个月,平均8.4个月;微型钛板内固定治疗组28例36处骨折,术后随访2～12个月,平均9.2个月。以TAFS标准评价术后掌指关节及指间关节功能和术后感染及骨折愈合时间。结果克氏针固定组优良率为68.9%,微型钛板固定组优良率为80.6%,克氏针固定组与微型钛板组差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。克氏针组33处开放性骨折中5处发生感染;微型钛板组26处开放性骨折中3处发生感染。骨折愈合时间微型钛板组为7～12周,平均8.1周;克氏针组为6～12周,平均7.8周。结论从术后关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率以及骨折愈合时间相比,微型钛板组的疗效明显优于克氏针组,克氏针组骨折愈合时间较前者短。     

形状记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗锁骨骨折

目的探讨形状记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗锁骨骨折的手术方法及疗效.方法采用西脉记忆合金环抱接骨板治疗锁骨骨折35 例,其中锁骨中段骨折28 例,中外1/3骨折7 例.结果 35 例病人全部获得随访,优良率94%.结论形状记忆合金环抱接骨板是一种方便有效的方法,具有手术操作简便,内固定确定等优点,值得推广.     

3种内固定方式治疗掌骨骨折的疗效比较

目的比较TINI形状记忆合金环抱器、微型钢板及克氏针内固定治疗掌骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-05—2014-05分别采用TINI形状记忆合金环抱器(环抱器组,46例)、微型钢板(钢板组,43例)、克氏针(克氏针组,29例)内固定治疗的118例掌骨骨折,采用TAM系统评分评价手指功能恢复情况。结果 118例均获得随访12~15个月,平均13个月。除克氏针组1例骨折愈合时间为12周外,其余患者骨折愈合时间为6~8周。末次随访时采用TAM评分法评价疗效:环抱器组优32例,良12例,可1例,差1例,优良率95.7%;钢板组优30例,良9例,可2例,差2例,优良率90.7%;克氏针组优12例,良10例,可4例,差3例,优良率75.1%。克氏针组TAM评分优良率明显低于环抱器组(χ~2=2.23,P=0.015)和钢板组(χ~2=2.28,P=0.014),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TINI形状记忆合金环抱器及微型钢板内固定治疗掌骨骨折在固定可靠性、骨折愈合时间及术后早期关节功能恢复上较克氏针内固定有较大优势。     

锁骨骨折4种固定治疗方法的比较

目的 比较锁骨骨折治疗方法的疗效。方法 对167例锁骨骨折的治疗方法进行回顾。结果 随诊6～18个月，平均12个月。外固定组41例，26例畸形愈合，9例延迟愈合，1例出现胸廓出口综合征。克氏针内固定组38例，3例延迟愈合，1例不愈合，4例克氏针退出，5例针尾刺破皮肤，其中3例针道有不同程度感染。钢板内固定组53例，均按预期愈合。接骨器固定组33例，均按预期愈合。结论 治疗锁骨骨折钢板与锁式接骨器的内固定治疗效果优于克氏针与外固定。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.