腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝胆手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝胆手术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜下肝切除、肝囊肿开窗及复杂胆囊切除等手术156例,手术中应用腹腔镜超声进行辅助检查,了解手术解剖入路结构及肿瘤分期。结果在19例肝切除及39例肝囊肿开窗手术中,腹腔镜超声在手术中标示重要肝内及肝外管道的走向及指导切除,在15例复杂胆囊切除中指导精确定位及进一步辨别可疑恶性占位。结论腹腔镜超声能够在腹腔镜肝胆外科手术中进行准确定位、指导治疗,对解决腹腔镜手术中外科医生触觉反馈减弱问题,提高手术效果有一定临床价值。     

腹腔镜超声在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声(LUS)在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中的临床应用价值。方法:对5例肿瘤直径均小于1.5 cm的微小肾癌患者施行后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术,术前行超声造影及增强CT检查提示瘤体包埋于肾实质内,术中应用LUS探查肿瘤的具体位置,了解瘤体与正常肾组织的界限,协助完成保留肾单位肾部分切除手术。结果:5例患者均成功施行保留肾单位手术,手术平均出血量150 ml,术后无并发症。结论:LUS在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中能够准确定位肿瘤位置,指导手术,提高对早发小肾癌施行保留肾单位手术的可能性。     

腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用价值。方法:用腹腔镜行肝切除术24例,其中肝血管瘤17例,原发性肝癌7例。术中常规应用腹腔镜超声检查了解肿瘤与周围组织的解剖关系,确定肿瘤分期和手术解剖入路。结果:13例行全腹腔镜肝切除术,9例行手助腹腔镜肝切除术。术中超声检查后中转开腹2例。手术平均出血量230ml,术后无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝切除术中能够确定肿瘤位置、临床分期并指导手术入路,提高了肝切除术的安全性,减少了手术并发症。     

术中超声定位在颅脑手术中的应用

探讨术中超声在颅脑手术中的应用价值。方法：术中对一些位于脑重要功能区，脑表面无明显间接征象的深部小病变应用超声定位检查。结果：本组术中超声定位检查３２例，超声显示深部病变的大小、部位、性质与术前ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ相吻合，根据超声提示都能精确探及病变。     

术中B型超声在急诊胆道手术中的应用

目的　通过总结 37例急诊胆道手术中应用术中B型声扫查 ,阐述术中B型超声的优越性。方法　应用术中B型超声扫查Calot三角、胆总管及肝内胆管。结果　 37例急诊胆道手术无胆道损伤 ,11例急性胆管炎无胆漏发生 ,2例急性梗阻性胆囊炎患者术中发现胆总管结石 ,6例急性胆管炎术前未发现结石者术中B型超声证实结石存在。结论　术中B型超声应用在急诊胆道手术中可避免术中胆道损伤、胆漏及残石的发生。     

超声切割止血刀在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

超声切割止血刀在腹腔镜结直肠、脾脏、胃等手术中得到广泛应用，其不产生烟雾，组织损伤小，切割、凝固组织一次完成的特点，促进了腹腔镜手术的发展。然而，超声切割止血刀在腹腔镜肝切除（laparoscopic liver resection，LLR）术中的作用报道较少。2005年7月至2006年7月，我们在手助LLR中应用超声切割止血刀治疗12例左肝胆管结石患者，现报告如下：     

术前超声预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术难度的分析

目的:根据术前超声资料建立预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)手术难度的评分表,并评价其科学性。方法:连续选择1 078例接受LC的患者,随机分为两组,训练样本960例,验证样本118例。采用自身前后对照试验方案,术前应用超声检测胆囊大小、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊颈结石嵌顿情况、胆囊结石数量与最大长径,以及脐孔、胆囊颈、胆囊底有无粘连;观察手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹、引流管放置情况、并发症及术后住院时间、切口疼痛、胃肠道反应、肛门排气等指标。根据960例训练样本LC的实际难度分为容易与困难两组,应用t检验、χ2检验筛选有统计学意义的超声检测指标,建立术前超声预测LC手术难度的评分表。进行受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析。结果:胆囊大小、胆囊壁厚度、单枚胆囊结石最大径、胆囊颈结石嵌顿、胆囊颈粘连、胆囊底粘连6项检测指标在LC容易与困难两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。应用6项指标建立术前超声预测LC难度评分表。经ROC分析,曲线下面积为0.948,与完全随机情况下获得的曲线下面积(0.5)相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经118例检验样本前瞻性误判概率评估,结果显示术前超声预测LC难度误判率约4.2%。结论:术前超声预测LC手术难度的评分表可正确预测手术难度,对手术适应证的选择具有重要意义。     

三维可视化技术结合术中超声在可切除肝癌腹腔镜手术的应用

目的探讨术前应用三维可视化技术结合术中超声实时引导在可切除原发性肝癌腹腔镜手术中应用的近期效果及价值。 方法回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院2021年1月至2022年3月行腹腔镜肝切除术的68例原发性肝癌患者资料,根据术前是否行肝脏三维重建及术中超声引导,将患者分为对照组和观察组,各34例。对照组术前增强CT检查后行手术规划,观察组术前在增强CT的基础上采用三维可视化技术进行肝脏三维重建,拟定手术方案,术中行超声实时引导。对比两组患者的手术方式、术中出血量、术中输血比例、肝门阻断时间、手术时间、术后并发症发生率及术后住院时间。 结果与对照组相比,观察组患者术中出血量更少,术中输血比例更低,术中肝门阻断时间、手术时间及术后住院时间更短（均P<0.05）。对照组6例患者中转开腹,两组手术方式比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.570,P=0.033）。观察组术后总并发症发生率显著低于对照组（11.8% vs 35.3%,χ²=5.231,P=0.022）。 结论术前三维可视化技术结合术中超声引导在可切除原发性肝癌腹腔镜手术中的应用,有助于制定个体化手术策略,提升临床治疗效果,减少术中出血和肝门阻断时间,降低术后并发症的发生率,对腹腔镜肝切除手术的发展有重要指导意义。     

腹腔镜超声波技术临床应用初探

微创伤手术（ＭＡＳ）的迅速发展，将腹腔镜术中超声影像术（ＬＩＯＵ）提到了一个非常重要的位置。作者简述了用腹腔镜术中超声影像设备的基本配置，并介绍了２８例胆囊结石腹腔镜胆囊切除术中超声检查，１８例剖腹手术术中超声影像检查，以及７例腔内超声检查的初步经验。腹腔镜术中超声影像术操作简便，实时图像清晰，结果准确，对提高微创伤外科手术的安全性、扩大其应用范围等方面将起到越来越重要的作用。     

软壳技术在超声乳化危险眼白内障手术中的应用

目的 评价软壳技术在超声乳化危险眼白内障手术中的应用价值.方法 对超声乳化危险眼白内障17例17眼进行回顾性分析.所有病例均在超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术中应用软壳技术,使用粘弹剂DuoVisc.观察术前及术后的视力、眼压、角膜中央厚度、角膜内皮细胞密度、手术中所用超声乳化能量和时间以及手术并发症. 结果 术后1周和1个月最佳矫正视力≥0.5分别为41.2%和70.6%.术后1 d的角膜中央厚度与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后1个月的角膜中央厚度与术前比较无差异性.术前和术后1个月角膜内皮细胞平均密度分别为(2173.84±680.3)个/mm2和(1713.4±560.0)个/mm2,二者比较无差异性.术后眼压、术中所用超声乳化能量和时间以及手术并发症均未出现特殊. 结论 软壳技术的正确应用,可以有效保护角膜内皮等眼内组织,拓宽超声乳化手术的适应证,提高手术的质量和安全性.     

The role of echo-laparoscopy in abdominal surgery: five years’ experience in a dedicated center

Background For more than 20 years intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) has been considered an important diagnostic tool in abdominal surgery. In the last few years, with the spread of laparoscopic surgery, echo-laparoscopy (LIOUS) has gradually replaced open ultrasonography, aiming to achieve similar results. Methods LIOUS was performed using an ALOKA 5.500 device, provided with a linear flexible laparoscopic probe that was compatible with a 10-mm port. IOUS was performed by means of a linear side-view, T-shaped or microconvex probe. The probes were sterilized with hydrogen peroxide. No water bath was used during the surgical examination, but full contact of the probe with the surface of the involved organ was always attempted. From 2001 to 2005, 36 liver resections, 40 pancreas procedures, 203 procedures for suspected common bile duct calculi, 541 colon and 82 stomach resections, and 82 adrenal surgery procedures were performed. IOUS or LIOUS was performed in 432 patients (43.8%). All livers and pancreases underwent intraoperative ultrasound, while biliary, colonic, gastric, and adrenal pathologies were selectively studied when there were doubts about the location and extension of the disease. Results IOUS and LIOUS were valuable diagnostic procedures, supplying relevant clinical information in 65.1% of the patients and modifying the surgical approach in 17.2%. LIOUS was used instead of cholangiography to study bile ducts when lythiasis was suspected, achieving high diagnostic specificity (98%) and accuracy (100%). Surgical anatomy of the bile ducts was correctly identified by LIOUS in every case. Discussion In our experience IOUS and LIOUS were of the utmost importance in better defining staging of disease, infiltration of neighboring structures, number and size of nodular lesions, and anatomy of the hepatic pedicle and intrahepatic structures, thus making it possible to more accurately plan surgical procedures.     

Liver resection with intraoperative and laparoscopic ultrasound: report of 32 cases

Background  Careful staging of hepatic tumors is mandatory for appropriate selection of patients for liver resection. Number and relationships of liver nodules are issues of utmost importance when evaluating resectability. Sensitivity of preoperative imaging for secondary lesions has been reported between 60–75% with spiral contrast-enhanced computed cosmography (CT), 80–85% with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 90–96% with intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). Also for primary lesions IOUS has been reported to allow detection of liver nodules in 17% and modify surgical strategy in 10%. The aim of this study was to point out the usefulness of open (IOUS) and laparoscopic (LIOUS) ultrasound in patients undergoing hepatic surgery for liver tumors. Methods  In the years 2004–2006, 50 patients, mean age 66 years (range 44–76 years) were evaluated for resective surgery at the General Surgery Department of Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. All of them were studied with biphasic CT and transabdominal ultrasound. Eighteen (36%) were judged unresectable. The others were scheduled for laparoscopy and LIOUS, by means of an ALOKA SSD–5500 (Aloka Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan), equipped with linear flexible tip laparoscopic probe. Results  Six patients (18.7%) were excluded because of pathology diffusion; 26 (81.3%) were resected, using ultrasonic shears (Harmonic ACE, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati Oh., USA) for parenchymal transection, 3 (11.5%) laparoscopically and 23 (88.5%) after laparotomy. IOUS was repeated in the latter group. LIOUS spared useless laparotomies in six patients (18.7%) and, coupled with IOUS, found undetected nodes in five patients (19.2%), changing surgical strategy in three patients (11.5%). Conclusion  In our experience LIUOS and IOUS proved to be of utmost importance both in the selection of patients for resective surgery and in planning surgical approach. Ultrasonic shears device and systematic pedicle clamping sped up resection time and reduced intraoperative bleeding.     

Intraoperative ultrasound during ex situ liver resection

This report describes the application of intraoperative ultrasound at the explanted liver during ex situ liver surgery. A 55-year-old woman underwent extracorporeal liver resection for multilocular metastases of a duodenal leiomyosarcoma. At surgery, routine intraoperative ultrasound (5-MHz probe) was performed before hepatectomy at the completely mobilized but still normally perfused liver. After hepatectomy ultrasound of the liver was repeated at the back table. By use of the ultrasonographic examination at the back table all the metastases seen with usual intraoperative ultrasound could be confirmed. In addition, one metastasis with a diameter of 6 mm was detected which had neither been suggested by peroperative computer tomography and sonography nor by intraoperative ultrasound or surgical exploration. In cases of extracorporeal liver surgery the combination of in situ and ex situ sonography may improve the identification of hepatic metastases.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided resection of gastric submucosal tumors

Background The laparoscopic resection of gastric stromal tumors is being performed with increased frequency. Wedge resection of anterior wall lesions is generally performed. The treatment of posterior wall lesions is still controversial. Methods We report three cases of gastric submucosal tumors treated by a laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach. All lesions were localized anterior gastric wall by intraoperative ultrasound on the. In the first patient the resection was performed with an endoscopic stapler; in the other patients, ultrasonic coagulation in association with an intracorporeal suture has been used. Results All patients were successfully treated laparoscopically; there were no conversions to open surgery. In all cases the operative course was uneventful. The postoperative hospital stay ranged from 6 to 8 days. Conclusions The results suggest that laparoscopic surgery is an adequate strategy for gastric submucosal neoplasms including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Intraoperative ultrasound is very useful in the selection of the technical approach with or without the endoscopic stapler. This article contains a supplementary video.     

术中超声在肝脏外科中的应用

当今,术中超声已成为肝脏外科手术中必不可少的工具。在检测潜藏的病变方面,术中超声在敏感性和特异性方面具有术前影像学检查无法比拟的优势,同时,术中超声亦可对多种手术操作予以实时指导和辅助。本文通过对文献的回顾,对术中超声的发生发展,在肝肿瘤、肝移植及肝脏外科其它领域的应用和对肝脏外科的影响做一综述。术中超声具有快速、安全、精确及功用多的特点,其对建立正确的术中决策和改进手术方式具有很大的应用价值。     

A comparison of intraoperative ultrasound versus cholangiography in the evaluation of the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Indications for intraoperative evaluation of the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are controversial, as is the goal of either anatomic definition or assessing for choledocholithiasis. One hundred twenty-five consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy underwent both intraoperative ultrasound and intraoperative cholangiography. Cholangiography required slightly more time to perform; it was more sensitive (92.8% vs 71.4%) but less specific (76.2% vs 100%) for choledocholithiasis than was ultrasound. Ultrasound was somewhat more difficult to perform, and, particularly in the setting of intraabdominal obesity, was often inadequate at providing clear visualization of the intrapancreatic common bile duct. It did not provide the same anatomic definition as an adequate cholangiogram. The overall incidence of choledocholithiasis was 11.2%.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, TN, USA, 18–19 April 1994     

Laparoscopic partial splenectomy for a splenic pseudocyst

We describe a laparoscopic hemisplenectomy that was performed to treat a 21-year-old patient with a large splenic pseudocyst located in the upper splenic pole. The diagnosis was made by computed tomography and ultrasound, and surgery was performed with ultrasound scalpel, clips, and fibrin glue. Surgery lasted 70 min and did not require blood transfusions. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3, and at 28-month follow-up there were no sequelae or recurrences. The laparoscopic approach is a valid alternative to laparotomy because the integrated magnified view enables the surgical team to perform surgery in a much shorter time and with greater hemostatic accuracy than the traditional technique.     

异位妊娠腹腔镜手术治疗与开腹手术治疗的疗效比较

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗异位妊娠的疗效及临床价值。方法选取我院2010年11月-2012年10月收治的68例异位妊娠患者，按照手术方式不同，分为接受腹腔镜手术治疗的实验组和接受开腹手术治疗的对照组，实验组患者35例，实验组患者33例。通过观察实验组和对照组患者的手术时长、术中出血量、患者术后首次排气时间、首次下床活动时间和住院的时间来对比两种手术方案的疗效。结果通过观察和统计得出，两组患者手术均顺利完成并且没有中转开腹的患者。两组患者的手术时长差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；但是实验组患者在术中出血量、术后首次排气时间、首次下床活动时间和住院时间方面均优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论腹腔镜手术在治疗异位妊娠时，安全性高、创伤小、术后恢复快、患者满意度高，可在临床上推广使用。     

Present indications and future expectations of ultrasound in surgery

Summary With the improvement of resolution in the ultrasound image, this technique has become more and more popular as a diagnostic means in various fields of medicine. Surgeons use diagnostic ultrasound pre-, intra- and postoperatively. Preoperatively, it is mainly employed for tumour staging, differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen, assessment of intra-abdominal and intrathoracic fluid in polytrauma and lately for arthrosonography. Intraoperative ultrasound has developed into one of the most important tools in intraoperative decision making in surgery of the liver, the bile ducts and the pancreas. Adenomas of the parathyroid glands may represent an indication for intraoperative ultrasound. Postoperative ultrasound has become increasingly important in the follow-up of tumour patients and the monitoring of patients in the intensive care unit. Interventional sonography can either be diagnostic or therapeutic. Both pre- and postoperatively, it can be used to help acquire material for microbiological, chemical and cytological examination. On the other hand, it is applied for drainage of abscesses and pancreatic pseudocysts, as well as pleural and intra-abdominal fluid collections. The main problem for the surgeon beginning to work with ultrasound today is the lack of training facilities with an experienced teacher. This is the origin of most of the other problems, such as quality control, 24-h service and interobserver-variations. With the new technologies already available or being developed, ultrasound is bound to gain even more importance for the surgeon in the future. Presented at the International Congress on Surgical Endoscopy, Ultrasound, and Interventional Techniques, Berlin 1988     

Intraoperative fluoroscopy vs. intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography for early colorectal cancer localization in laparoscopic surgery

Background In colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery, precise tumor localization is important for oncologically correct surgery and adequate tumor and lymph node resection margins. During laparoscopic surgery it is difficult to localize early CRC. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of two tumor localization techniques; intraoperative fluoroscopy and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. Methods Seventeen patients with CRC necessitating preoperative marking were alternately allocated to either the fluoroscopy (F) group (n = 8) or the laparoscopic ultrasonography (LU) group (n = 9). A three-step technique was used. At first lesions were localized preoperatively by metallic clips that were colonoscopically applied proximally and distally to the tumor site. Second, computed tomography (CT) colonography was taken to obtain preoperative staging. The location of the metallic clips was confirmed by CT colonography, preoperatively. Third, in the F group, intraoperative fluoroscopy was performed to localize the applied clips. In the LU group, the applied clips were detected from the serosal aspect of the colon using intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. Results In all patients, colonoscopic metallic clips were successfully applied and preoperative CT colonography correctly detected the location of the tumor. Marking sites were detected precisely using intraoperative fluoroscopy or intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography in all cases, without complications. The mean detection time was 15.8 minutes in the F group and 7.0 minutes in the LU group (p = 0.005). In the LU group, two cases were technically difficult because of interruption of the ultrasound by intestinal air. Conclusions Both intraoperative fluoroscopy and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography are safe and accurate techniques for intraoperative localization of early CRC. With regard to detection time, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography is superior to intraoperative fluoroscopy. However, when there is a massive amount of intestinal air, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography is cumbersome in localizing the lesion. Computed tomography colonography is useful for preoperative tumor localization and might be effective for shortening detection time during surgery. Presented in part at the 20th World Congress of International Society for Digestive Surgery (ISDS), Rome, Italy, December 2, 2006