微型金属螺钉在治疗骨性锤状指的临床治疗中的体会

【】 目的 探讨微型金属螺钉法在临床中治疗骨性锤状指畸形的疗效。方法 对12例骨性锤状指畸形患者,采用手指背侧“S”形切口显露骨折断端,应用微型金属螺钉固定末节指骨骨折块,术后低温塑料夹板伸指间关节位单指固定4周后去除外固定开始主动功能锻炼,然后被动活动,循环渐进,练习程度早期以伤指轻度肿胀为止,晚期根据复查的X线片显示骨折愈合情况予以加强,术后随访标准采用Dargan功能评定标准评定其功能。 结果 术后全部12例获得随访,切口全部一期愈合,未出现伤口感染,关节无明显疼痛,通过4～20个月的随访,优良率为：91.6%,较传统的Ishiguro法固定时间短,功能恢复早。结论 作者发现微型金属螺钉在骨性锤状指的治疗手术操作方法简便易行,术后患指可以早期活动,避免了关节僵直及皮肤感染等并发症,功能恢复效果肯定,值得推广。     

克氏针固定抽出钢丝法联合微型带线锚钉治疗骨性锤状指

目的探讨克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点联合治疗骨性锤状指的临床应用。方法自2013-09—2014-12对15例骨性锤状指采用克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点。结果 15例术后均获得随访3~12个月,平均5个月。患指远端指间关节屈伸活动度:0°~70°4例,0°~60°8例,0°~55°2例,0°~30°1例。13例骨折骨性愈合,愈合时间平均3个月,其中2例背侧移位畸形愈合。2例术后骨折块移位,骨折不愈合。术后远端指间关节功能按Crawford功能评定方法评定:优8例,良5例,可2例。结论克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点联合治疗骨性锤状指可达到坚强固定,术后远端指间关节功能恢复满意,疗效可靠。     

微型外固定支架不经关节固定开放性粉碎性指骨骨折的临床分析

目的:探讨应用微型外固定支架固定开放性粉碎性指骨骨折的临床疗效。方法:2013年1月至2014年12月,采用微型外固定支架不经关节固定治疗13例开放性粉碎性指骨骨折,其中男9例,女4例;年龄18～56岁,平均35岁。开放性骨折Gustilo分型:Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ 型 5例。受伤至手术时间2～7 h,平均5 h.7例为指骨干骨折,6例骨折累及指骨关节面;其中1例合并指固有神经损伤;1例伴有软组织缺损,Ⅱ期皮瓣修复创面。术后石膏功能位固定2周,6～8周拆除外固定支架,积极行手指功能锻炼。结果:13例患者获得随访,时间3～12个月,平均7个月。1例出现掌指关节僵硬。术后无断钉、感染等发生,皮肤软组织愈合良好,均达骨性愈合,平均骨折愈合时间(4.6±1.0)周。术后功能恢复根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢断肢再植功能评定试用标准(TAM系统)评定,优7例,良4例,可1例,差1例。结论:微型外固定支架不经关节固定治疗开放性粉碎性指骨骨折,操作简便,稳定性好,可后期调整,对软组织骨膜破坏小,感染率低,可早期行功能锻炼,值得临床推广应用。     

微型锁定钢板外置治疗近节指骨粉碎性骨折

目的：探讨采用微型锁定钢板外置联合小切口复位治疗近节指骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法：自2018年1月至2019年12月,采用微型锁定钢板配合小切口切开复位治疗17例近节指骨粉碎性骨折患者,其中男13例,女4例;年龄16~64（37.2±20.1）岁;2例伴有软组织挤压开放伤,Ⅰ期急诊清创后固定治疗。术后6个月随访时根据美国手外科协会手指总主动屈曲量表（total active flexion scale,TAFS）评价疗效,观察骨折愈合,钉道情况,局部软组织愈合及并发症情况。结果：17例患者均获随访,时间6~12（9.3±3.6）个月。2例出现骨折延迟愈合,1例出现局部皮肤坏死,Ⅱ期植皮修复创面,无外置断钉及感染,皮肤软组织愈合良好,均达到骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12~24（15.7±2.1）周。术后6个月根据TAFS标准评定：优9例,良5例,差3例。结论：微型锁定钢板外置联合小切口复位治疗近节指骨粉碎性骨折,皮肤软组织情况良好,操作简便,有利于早期功能锻炼,指间关节活动度好,恢复期功能评分优良率高。     

新型胸锁关节解剖锁定钢板治疗锁骨近端骨折的临床疗效

目的 探讨新型胸锁关节解剖锁定钢板治疗锁骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年10月在我院诊疗的13例锁骨近端骨折病人的临床资料,其中男8例,女5例,年龄为（53.54±7.40）岁（40~64岁）,左侧4例,右侧9例。所有骨折均为闭合性骨折,受伤至入院时间为2 h~4 d。病人均采用新型胸锁关节解剖锁定钢板切开复位内固定治疗,术前以及术后随访根据Rockwood评分法评定肩关节功能。结果 所有病人均获得随访,随访时间为（14.69±2.10）个月（12~18个月）。术后手术切口均一期愈合,术后骨折临床愈合时间为（19.54±3.43）周（16~25周）。术后均未出现内固定失效、血管神经损伤、血气胸、骨折不愈合等并发症。末次随访根据Rockwood评分法评定肩关节功能,优12例,良1例。结论 锁骨近端骨折采用新型胸锁关节解剖锁定钢板治疗,固定稳定,安全有效,并发症少,术后可早期功能锻炼,恢复肩关节功能,可以成为治疗锁骨近端骨折的有效方法之一。     

微型骨锚联合掌长肌腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形

目的:探讨采用微型骨锚和掌长肌腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指的临床疗效。方法:自2008年1月至2013年6月,采用微型骨锚和掌长肌腱片移植治疗26例陈旧性锤状指患者,其中男18例,女8例;年龄18～52岁,平均(32.0±1.3)岁;机器绞伤8例,摔伤6例,打架扭伤6例,自发性断裂4例,刀伤2例。16例患者伸肌腱止点无肌腱附丽,10例有0.3～0.5 cm残留肌腱附丽。患者均有手指末节屈曲畸形,背伸活动障碍。术中将远侧指间关节予以克氏针固定于伸直10°～20°位,运用微型骨锚重建伸肌腱止点,取掌长肌腱片移植伸肌腱止点缺损区,4周后拆除克氏针,辅以石膏外固定下行功能锻炼。观察术后并发症情况,并采用Dargan功能评定标准对手指功能进行评价。结果:术后所有患者获随访,时间6～14个月,平均(5.0±0.3)个月。术后发生创口浅表感染2例,皮肤压迫性溃疡2例,关节活动障碍1例,均予以对症治疗后好转;发生创伤性关节炎2例,1例治疗后好转,另1例存在长期慢性疼痛;无内固定松动、断裂和肌腱断裂发生。按照Dargan功能评定标准评价手指功能,优17例,良8例,差1例。结论:采用微型骨锚结合掌长肌腱片治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形,具有手术操作简单,固定牢靠,并发症少,临床疗效肯定等优点,值得临床推广。     

改良石黑法在骨性锤状指治疗中的体会

[目的]评价改良石黑法治疗骨性锤状指的临床效果。[方法]回顾本科2017年3月～2019年3月收治的18例骨性锤状指患者,采用改良石黑法进行手术治疗,评价术后功能恢复情况。[结果] 18例患者均顺利完成术后随访,随访时间4～11个月,平均(7.53±1.04)个月,未出现切口及针道感染,切口一期愈合。按Crawford锤状指疗效评价体系评估:优9例,良6例,可3例;优良率为83.33%。[结论]改良石黑法治疗骨性锤状指操作简便,固定可靠,并发症少,临床效果好,是治疗骨性锤状指畸形值得推荐的手术方法。     

改良抽出钢丝法治疗骨与肌腱同时损伤锤状指

目的探讨改良抽出钢丝法治疗骨与肌腱同时损伤锤状指的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2008-08—2015-06诊治的10例(10指)同时存在撕脱骨折与伸肌腱止点断裂的锤状指,切开复位骨折,克氏针固定远指间关节,抽出钢丝法加压固定骨折块,并行伸肌腱止点重建术。结果本组切口均一期愈合,指甲无畸形生长。复查X线显示骨折复位良好,骨性愈合,关节面平整。10例均获得随访,随访时间平均12(6~18)个月。末次随访时按Crawford锤状指疗效评价标准评定:优6例,良3例,可1例。结论采用改良抽出钢丝法治疗同时存在撕脱骨折及伸肌腱止点断裂的锤状指具有手术操作简单、骨折固定牢固、并发症少等优点,疗效满意,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

应用AO微型接骨板及螺钉治疗手部骨折

目的 研究AO微型接骨板螺钉治疗手指骨折的疗效.方法 2004年1月-2009年6月,采用切开复位,AO微型接骨板螺钉内固定治疗手指骨折28例34指.术后均早期进行功能锻炼.结果 骨折全部愈合,X片示愈合时间为4～9周,平均5周.术后随访10～20个月,根据TAM功能评定：优21指,良9指,可3指,差1指,优良率为88%.结论 应用AO微型接骨板螺钉内固定治疗手部骨折,配合早期功能锻炼,可获得良好的效果.     

钢板加异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合

目的:探讨采用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合的临床疗效.方法:分析自2006年2月至2013年6月21例股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后不愈合患者采用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗,男12例,女9例;年龄18～62岁,平均34.8岁.骨折不愈合时间9～18个月,平均12.8个月.术后采用Merchan标准评定临床疗效.结果:21例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、内固定物断裂、脂肪栓塞、旋转畸形及明显的短缩畸形等并发症.术后随访8～24个月,平均13.2个月.19例患者术后达到骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为6.2个月(4～9个月),2例出现骨折延迟愈合,经7～13个月观察获得骨性愈合.术后1年膝关节功能按Merchan标准评定:优13例,良6例,差2例.结论:应用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合具有治愈率高,并发症少,术后功能恢复良好的特点,能够提高骨折稳定性及促进骨痂生长.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.