高龄患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的围手术期处理

目的探讨高龄患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的并存疾病的围手术期处理。方法回顾性分析1998年4月～2003年12月间行LC的70岁以上高龄患者154例临床资料。结果154例中伴1种以上合并症者114例，完成LC130例，中转24例。术后发生各种并发症19例，均治愈，无死亡病例。结论高龄患者胆囊疾病在术前重视并存疾病的治疗、术中及术后监测的基础上LC更能显示其创伤小、恢复快的优越性，是高龄患者安全可靠的手术方法。     

有腹部手术史的患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床体会

目的探讨有腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及手术技巧。方法分析自2006年5月~2014年11月136例既往有腹部手术史患者施行LC术的临床资料。结果 129例成功完成LC术。2例右上腹广泛致密粘连无法暴露胆囊,1例分离粘连致十二指肠降部损伤,3例胆囊壁水肿、Calot三角显示不清,1例气腹针盲法穿刺损伤脐孔下方粘连小肠,均中转开腹完成胆囊切除术,术后未发生严重并发症。结论对有腹部手术史患者术前采用B超充分评估粘连,选择合适部位开放置鞘气腹法,腔镜直视引导下按非常规次序建立操作孔,术中精细分离粘连,行LC术是安全可行的。     

三孔打结法行腹腔镜胆囊切除257例

目的采用三孔打结法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC），进一步减少手术创伤。方法257例患者均在全麻下采用三孔打结法行LC，脐上或脐下皱褶处戳第一孔（直径10mm），置入腹腔镜，剑突下偏右侧戳孔（直径5mm）为主操作孔，右侧锁骨中线肋缘下2cm处戳孔（直径5mm）为辅操作孔，借用打结钳，应用丝线结扎处理胆囊管及胆囊动脉，切下胆囊由脐部孔取出。结果257例患者除1例因术中发现胆囊癌变中转开腹外，其余256例均获得成功。结论三孔打结法行LC是一种安全、可行的方法，此方法可进一步减少手术创伤，有利于术后恢复。     

小儿腹腔镜胆囊切除术54例

目的 探讨小儿腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscoptc cholecystectomy，LC）的特殊性。方法1992年10月～2003年12月54例小儿行LC，CO2流量（2．0L／min，气腹压力（10mmHg，腹壁3个操作孔的位置选择均应较成人位置稍低2cm。结果胆囊管冗长扭曲8例，胆囊管与肝总管异位汇合4例，肿大淋巴结压迫胆囊管l例。全组均成功实施LC。手术时间10～30min，平均24min。术中出血量15～80ml，平均35ml。住院时间4～7d，平均5．3d。48例随访7个月～5年，平均38个月，1例因胆总管结石，行T型管引流术，余47例均无并发症，无一例复发。结论低气腹压、腹壁操作孔的位置低与胆管解剖变异为小儿LC的特殊性。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中几类病人的治疗体会

回顾性分析2000年～2004年7月我院532例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床资料,探讨LC中几类病人在围手术期及术中操作困难的处理方法.532例中合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病者共58例;高龄(≥65岁)12例,术中操作困难者64例;术中操作困难多数因反复发作的粘连或急性炎症水肿粘连,51例,2个以上原因8例,11例中转开腹;有合并症及高龄患者顺利进行LC,术中、术后无并发症及死亡病例.因此,有合并症及高龄患者并非LC的绝对禁忌证,术前、术中处理得当,可顺利完成LC;术中操作困难的LC,必须熟悉肝外胆道解剖变异的类型,并熟练掌握对引起操作困难的处理方法.     

上腹部手术史患者行三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的总结对有上腹部手术史患者行三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术的安全性及经验。方法对解放军第451医院2011年6月至2015年6月期间收治的有上腹部手术史且行三孔LC术的98例患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 98例患者均成功建立气腹,其中96例成功完成三孔LC术,成功率为97.96%;1例患者因严重肥胖、腹腔内视野显露不足,于右侧腋前线处建立第4个Trocar后完成手术;1例患者因肝血管瘤切除术后胆囊三角区粘连严重而中转开腹手术。手术时间29~136 min,平均53 min,中位时间49 min。有29例患者术后放置引流管并于术后48 h拔除。术后无一例患者死亡、腹腔出血、胆汁漏等并发症发生,患者均于术后4 d痊愈出院。术后病理结果证实慢性胆囊炎51例,慢性胆囊炎急性发作38例,胆囊息肉9例,无胆囊癌患者。结论有上腹部手术史患者行三孔LC术是安全、有效的,术前应利用B超评估粘连并选择穿刺部位,术中直视下建立气腹,术中具体的解剖需要术者娴熟的操作技能。     

氧腹腔气体置换对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胃肠动力影响的临床研究

为观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）及LC术后进行O2气置换对胃肠动力的影响。笔者对15例腹腔O2气体置换行LC的患者（O2置换组）与同期15例仅行LC的患者（常规LC组）进行对照，于术前、术后行胃电图检查及胃肠激素检测。结果示，O2置换组LC术后3d内全部病例气腹均未完全吸收，占100%;常规LC组LC术后3d内均完全吸收。O2置换组术后胃肠动力恢复慢;O2置换组LC术后气腹存留时限明显长于常规LC组（P<0.01）。提示术后腹腔气体存留可能不利于胃肠动力的恢复。     

80岁以上高龄胆道结石患者的腹腔镜治疗

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）逐步取代传统胆囊切除术成为临床首选术式的同时,腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道取石也逐渐取代部分传统的开腹胆道探查术。由于高龄胆道结石患者合并症多,病程时间长,病情复杂,手术难度大,术后并发症较多,故临床上对此类患者行胆道手术存在顾虑。笔者2006年8月—2011年10月对14例80岁以上的高龄胆道结石患者行胆道手术,总结报告如下。     

免气腹与气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比研究

目的：探讨免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）与气腹LC的临床应用价值。方法：随机抽取60例胆囊疾病患者,分为免气腹LCⅠ组与气腹LC组各30例,同时选择合并慢性阻塞性肺病或冠心病的胆囊炎患者10例为免气腹LCⅡ组,进行临床观察和实验研究。结果：免气腹LC在术后镇痛药应用、术后体温、住院费用、并发症、血流动力学指标及免疫功能等均优于气腹LC。结论：（1）免气腹LC具有手术创伤小、术后患者痛苦轻、住院费用少等优点,优于气腹LC,术中出血量、术后应用抗生素时间两组差异无统计学意义;（2）免气腹LC较气腹LC在免疫功能方面更具优越性;（3）气腹改变血流动力学指标;（4）免气腹腹腔镜对因气腹禁忌而失去常规腹腔镜手术机会的患者具有重要的临床价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在60岁以上患者中的应用

目的 探讨60岁以上患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的安全性. 方法 2001年11月～2005年12月,施行513例60岁以上的LC,其中急性胆囊炎62例,慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石435例（合并胆总管结石2例）,胆囊息肉样病变16例.393例（76.6%）有合并症.＂三孔法＂行LC.气腹压力＜12 mm Hg. 结果 494例成功实施LC,其中2例同时行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石,2例行肺癌切除术（1例胸腔镜,1例开放手术）.全组发现11例意外胆囊癌,其中8例NevinⅠ～Ⅱ期行单纯LC,未作进一步治疗,术后随访1.5～4年未发现复发;3例（NevinⅢ期1例,Ⅳ期2例）中转行胆囊癌切除术联合局部淋巴结清扫术,均于术后0.5～2年肿瘤复发死亡.中转开腹手术19例（3.7%）,其中15例因胆囊与周围组织粘连严重,1例因胆囊管开口于右肝管且周围组织粘连,术中右肝管损伤（行右肝管吻合、T管引流术,恢复顺利,6个月后拔除T管,无右肝管狭窄）,另3例为意外胆囊癌Nevin Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期. 结论 60岁以上老年人LC手术安全可行,但要重视意外胆囊癌及严重腹腔粘连的发生.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.