抗肾小球基底膜病六例分析

肺出血-肾炎综合征泛指凡是有咳血及肾炎并存的-大组临床现象（即Goodpasture综合征），而抗肾小球基底膜病是肺出血-肾炎-抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体（血及肾）阳性的一类疾病的专称。现将符合诊断标准的6例患者报告如下。     

抗肾小球基底膜肾炎的发病机制

抗肾小球基底膜（glomerular basement mem brane,GBM）病是循环中的抗GBM抗体在组织中沉积所引起的一组自身免疫性疾病。肺、肾为主要受累的器官，如病变局限在肾脏称为抗GBM肾小球肾炎；当肺肾同时受累时称为Goodpasture综合征。临床可表现为肺出血和／或急进性新月体肾炎。多数患者起病急、病情进展快、预后差，急性肾衰竭是本病的主要死亡原因。     

100例新月体肾炎的免疫病理分型及临床病理分析

目的：了解新月体性肾炎的免疫病理分型及其临床病理特点。方法：对我科近10年来经肾活检确诊的100例新月体性肾炎进行回顾性分析,对患者血清进行抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）和抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体的检测。结果：100例患者中21％为抗GBM抗体型,其中6／21例同时合并ANCA阳性;47％为免疫复合物型,其中9／47型ANCA阳性;32％为少免疫沉积型,其中17／32例为ANCA阳性小血管炎。3种类型相比,抗GBM抗体型以青年男性为主,多有少尿或无尿（P＜0．05）,肾小球受累受为广泛（P＜0．001）,预后差（P＜0．001）。免疫复合物型以中青年为主,多表现为肾病综合征（P＜0．01）,强化免疫抑制治疗有效。少免疫沉积型以中老年为主,有多系统受累（P＜0．05）,治疗效果相对较好。结论：我国新月体肾炎中虽仍以免疫复合物型为主,但抗GBM抗体型和ANCA阳性小血管炎并不少见。肾活检免疫病理和血清自身抗体的联合应用对新月体肾炎进行分类更接近病因学诊断。     

应用抗肾小球基底膜抗体的中和性单克隆抗体治疗抗肾小球基底膜肾炎大鼠的实验研究

目的 应用抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体的中和性单克隆抗体注射抗GBM肾炎大鼠,观察各种生化指标及肾脏病理学的变化。 方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为5组,每组9只：(1)肾炎模型组：经尾静脉注入人抗GBM抗体;(2)正常对照Ⅰ组:经尾静脉注入非抗体性的健康人lgG;(3)对照Ⅱ组：经尾静脉注入抗GBM抗体的中和性单克隆抗体;(4)干预Ⅰ组：经尾静脉注入人抗GBM抗体,第7天后再经尾静脉注入抗GBM抗体的中和性单克隆抗体(1.5 ml/100 g);(5)干预Ⅱ组：经尾静脉注入人抗GBM抗体,第14天后再经尾静脉注入抗GBM抗体的中和性单克隆抗体。分别在实验后第7、14、21天观察大鼠24 h尿蛋白量、BUN、Scr和肾组织病理学的变化。 结果 第21天干预Ⅰ组尿蛋白量为（16.62±5.53） g/d、BUN为（11.53±2.26） mmol/L、Scr为（102.46±16.86） μmol/L,均显著低于肾炎模型组（P < 0.05）;干预Ⅱ组较肾炎模型组也有所降低,但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。干预Ⅰ组和干预Ⅱ组肾脏细胞增生、新月体的形成及免疫复合物的沉积均少于肾炎模型组,但干预I组更为明显。对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组之间无明显变化。 结论 早期应用抗GBM抗体的中和性单克隆抗体能够有效改善抗GBM肾炎大鼠的肾脏病变。     

肾组织中缺乏IgG线样沉积的抗肾小球基底膜病患者的临床病理特点

目的 研究肾组织中缺乏IgG沿肾小球毛细血管袢线样沉积的抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）病患者的临床、病理及预后特点。 方法 选取北京大学第一医院肾内科1991年至2008年确诊的抗GBM病患者93例,其中40例肾脏病理中冰冻切片直接免疫荧光检查缺乏IgG沿肾小球毛细血管袢沉积的患者为研究组（A组）,53例肾组织中有IgG沿肾小球毛细血管袢线样沉积的经典抗GBM病患者为对照组（B组）,比较两组患者的临床、病理和预后的差异。 结果 两组患者在性别、年龄、咯血、少尿或无尿和肉眼血尿的发生率、蛋白尿水平、贫血程度、循环中抗GBM抗体百分结合率、ANCA阳性率、肾脏病理肾小球中新月体的比例及组成成分、患者的生存率以及肾脏预后等方面,差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。肾组织中缺乏IgG沉积的患者,从起病到确诊所需的时间较长（68 d比36 d,P = 0.013）;确诊时的血肌酐水平较低（716.0 μmol/L比896.8 μmol/L,P = 0.027）。其中4例患者肾组织石蜡切片行直接免疫荧光检查可以见到IgG沿GBM呈线样沉积。 结论 肾脏病理冰冻切片直接免疫荧光缺乏IgG线样沉积的抗GBM病患者,与经典抗GBM病患者相比,肾脏病变进展较慢,但其他临床及病理表现并无显著差异,肾脏预后及患者存活率亦无显著差异。因此,临床上应尽早检测血清抗GBM抗体,早期给予血浆置换治疗,以改善预后。     

抗肾小球基底膜肾炎病理改变

抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体介导的疾病是指循环中抗GBM抗体在脏器中沉积的一组自身免疫性疾病，单有肾脏损伤时称为抗GBM肾炎，同时合并肺出血时称为Goodpasture病。     

抗肾小球基底膜肾炎的治疗

抗基底膜肾炎（抗GBM肾炎）是一种罕见的、具有特征性病因的肾小球肾炎，患者体内存在特异性针对肾小球和／或肺基底膜内抗原的自身抗体。这些自身抗体与基底膜Ⅳ型胶原α3链特异结合后病情进行性发展，肾功能常在几天或几周内进入肾衰竭阶段。若无恰当的治疗，死亡率高达90％以上，少数患者早期即死于肺大出血。20世纪90年代后，随着对抗GBM肾炎的病因和发病机制进一步深入的认识，加上血浆置换、     

肾脏有免疫复合物沉积的抗肾小球基底膜病的临床病理特点

目的了解伴有免疫复合物沉积的抗肾小球基底膜(GBM)抗体相关疾病的肾脏病理表现及其临床特点.方法将我科近9年来确诊并行肾穿刺活检证实的10例伴有免疫复合物沉积的抗GBM抗体相关疾病患者与同期25例经典抗GBM肾炎患者的临床和病理资料进行比较.结果10例患者中,2例为膜性肾病,1例IgA肾病,1例膜增生性肾炎,1例过敏性紫癜性肾炎,1例膜型乙肝病毒相关性肾炎,其余4例系膜区有免疫复合物沉积,但原发疾病不清.与经典抗GBM肾炎患者比较,2组在年龄、性别、临床表现、血清学检查、肾脏病理、治疗及转归等方面无显著性差异.结论抗GBM肾炎可发生在其它肾小球疾病的基础上,其临床和病理特点与经典的抗GBM肾炎基本一致.临床上应及时检测血清抗GBM抗体,以利于早确诊而选择血浆置换和强化免疫抑制治疗.     

急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤23例诊治体会

目的探讨急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤患者的病因、临床特征、治疗和预后,提高该病的鉴别及临床诊治水平。方法选取2011年1月至2015年12月期间诊断为急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤的患者,收集并分析患者基本信息、实验室指标、影像学特点及肾脏病理特征,在确诊疾病后随访3年分析该病预后。结果本研究纳入23例急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤患者,年龄为11～70岁,平均年龄(47.2±17.9)岁;患者中男性12例,女性11例,男女均可发病。23例患者中,抗肾小球基底膜(glomerular basement membrane,GBM)抗体阳性4例,其中抗GBM抗体及抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,ANCA)双阳性1例;ANCA阳性19例,其中合并ANA及dsDNA阳性1例。23例患者均有咳嗽症状,其中14例患者病程中有咯血,15例肺部CT表现为新近出现的片状或弥漫性浸润影的肺出血,8例肺部CT表现以网格状影为表现的肺间质改变;通过对比分析发现,肺出血组贫血及肌酐升高程度较肺间质改变组更严重(均P0.05),通过生存分析发现肺间质改变组3年生存率高于肺出血组,但无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。23例患者中有14例行肾活检,其中13例病理提示新月体肾炎(Ⅲ型),1例狼疮肾炎患者病理表现为弥漫性狼疮肾炎(Ⅳ型)。急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤起病隐匿,进展快,大多病例经过积极免疫抑制治疗肺部病变可得到缓解,但总体看来预后差。通过3年随访,其中有5例死亡,9例进入维持性血液透析治疗,6例处于慢性肾功能不全未透析状态,3例肾功能恢复正常。结论急进性肾炎综合征合并肺损伤病因较多,其在临床上进展快,预后差,因此明确该病病因并予以针对性治疗,对疾病的确诊及患者的预后有着重要的意义。     

急进性肾小球肾炎治疗进展

急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,RPGN）又称新月体肾小球肾炎,是一组病理发展快、预后差的疾病,治疗原则是早期诊断早期治疗。现将其治疗进展阐述如下：     

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease in Japan: part of the nationwide rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis survey in Japan

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease is a rare, but well characterized cause of glomerulonephritis. It is defined by the presence of autoantibodies directed at specific antigenic targets within the glomerular basement membrane. This pattern of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and alveolar hemorrhage is often referred to as Goodpasture’s syndrome. The prognosis for patients with anti-GBM antibody disease is poor. In Japan, to improve the prognosis of patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), we conducted a nationwide survey of patients with RPGN and investigated the initial symptoms, laboratory findings including renal biopsy findings, treatment methods, and outcomes. Among patients with RPGN, patients with anti-GBM antibody disease were rare: 6.6% (47/715). Alveolar hemorrhage (Goodpasture’s syndrome) was observed in 23.4% of patients with anti-GBM antibody disease. Most patients with anti-GBM antibody disease had renal failure at the time of diagnosis. The mean serum creatinine level of patients with renal-limited anti-GBM antibody disease was 7.07 ± 4.21 mg/dl and that of patients with Goodpasture’s syndrome was 7.99 ± 4.31 mg/dl. The mean level of crescent formation was 78.99 ± 23.54% in patients with anti-GBM antibody disease, and a cellular crescent form was observed in 63.2% of those patients. The prognosis for patients with anti-GBM antibody disease is poor; the renal survival rate at 6 months after onset was 20.9%, and the mortality at 6 months after onset was 23.3%. To improve the prognosis for anti-GBM antibody disease, it may be necessary to detect this disease in the early stages and to treat it without delay. Presented at the 36th Eastern Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology.     

MPO-ANCA-positive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease successfully treated by plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease is clinically manifested as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) with crescentic changes. The renal prognosis is poor. We report here the case of a 61-year-old woman with myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-positive anti-GBM antibody disease. This patient was referred to our hospital because of RPGN. Anti-GBM antibody was positive with a titer of 38 EU. The MPO-ANCA titer was 65 EU. Chest imaging examination revealed pulmonary multiple nodules. ANCA-associated vasculitis was suspected. Renal pathology revealed cellular crescents in 13 out of 17 glomeruli. Immunofluorescence with anti-IgG antibody, anti-C3 antibody, and anti-fibrin antibody showed linear staining along the glomerular capillary walls. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with anti-GBM antibody disease. Hemodialysis was started because of uremic syndrome with elevated serum creatinine (6.84 mg/dL). In addition, treatment with plasma exchange using 3.6 L (90 mL/kg) of fresh frozen plasma combined with an oral dose of 40 mg of prednisolone was initiated. Within 3 weeks, both types of autoantibodies became undetectable. Subsequently, this patient achieved dialysis independence and remission of glomerulonephritis. No adverse effects were observed. In patients with MPO-ANCA-positive anti-GBM antibody disease, intensive therapy predominantly with plasma exchange might be operative, even though renal function is less likely to recover.     

Case of scleroderma with rapid progressive glomerulonephritis associated with both MPO-ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies

A 66-year-old male with scleroderma developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Renal pathology revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis with interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Immunofluorescent micrography showed linear deposition of IgG along the glomerular capillary wall. Both anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM Ab), and myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These findings were compatible with ANCA-related vasculitis and anti-GBM Ab nephritis. Laboratory findings showed rapid elevation of the serum creatinine level (5.9 mg/dL), and a high titer of MPO-ANCA (530 EU) and anti-GBM Ab (21 EU). He was started on methylprednisolone pulse therapy and temporary hemodialysis. Since the immunosuppressive therapy lowered both antibody titers steadily and improved renal function, hemodialysis was discontinued 4 weeks after the therapy. It has been reported that some scleroderma patients developed rapid progressive glomerulonephritis due to ANCA-associated vasculitis in addition to the typical scleroderma renal crisis. There have been few reports of a scleroderma patient associated with RPGN, in whom both MPO-ANCA and anti GBM antibodies were detected.     

Pulmonary Renal Syndrome Due to Anti-GBM and IgM C-ANCA Disease Requiring the Use of Novel Therapeutic Agents

There are several known causes for the clinical syndrome of pulmonary hemorrhage and acute renal failure. Here, we report a unique case of a 50-year-old man presenting in this manner. The initial diagnosis was one of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease that responded well to steroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange (PE). The pulmonary hemorrhage resolved, but he remained dialysis dependent. However, despite falling anti-GBM titers, the symptoms relapsed and standard therapy was reinitiated with limited success. The anti-GBM antibody titer fell to zero despite clinical deterioration, prompting a search for an alternative diagnosis. He was found to be IgM anti-proteinase-3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA) positive. The pulmonary hemorrhage responded successfully to the use of intravenous immunoglobulin and the antilymphocyte monoclonal antibody CD52. To our knowledge, this is the first known case of IgM C-ANCA in association with anti-GBM disease. As such, it highlights the predominance of pulmonary hemorrhage in this condition, as well as the need to consider alternative therapies in refractory cases.     

Dual myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-positive cases associated with prior pulmonary fibrosis: a report of four cases

Background  

Both myeloperoxidase-associated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM Ab) positivity have been demonstrated in patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), either with or without pulmonary hemorrhage; however, the implications of these antibodies in such patients have not yet been elucidated. The cases with dual positive antibodies were studied clinically, serologically, and pathologically, and the implications of antibodies are discussed here.     

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis with Subsequent Pulmonary Hemorrhage in the Course of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A 66-year-old man with uremia and on hemodialysis was referred to our hospital because of hemoptysis. A chest radiograph showed diffuse infiltration in the right lung field. Laboratory data were remarkable for renal failure accompanied by hematuria and proteinuria. A kidney biopsy revealed diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis with linear staining of IgG along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Circulating IgG anti-GBM antibody was not detected. Because the findings of renal biopsy suggested anti-GBM disease, the patient was treated with plasmapheresis and pulse steroid therapy, which resulted in a rapid resolution of his pulmonary symptoms and chest radiograph abnormalities. However, sputum culture submitted on admission yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3 weeks later. Therefore, immunosuppressive agents were discontinued and antituberculous agents were administrated. No relapse of pulmonary hemorrhage occurred during the next 1-year period of follow-up, but the patient did not regain renal function and remained on hemodialysis.     

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: a case report and a review of Japanese patients with and without alveolar hemorrhage

A 73-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because he had developed loss of appetite, abnormal behaviors, and consciousness disturbances that had begun in late February 1998. On admission, a renal biopsy was performed because of progressive deterioration of renal function, as evidenced by a serum urea nitrogen (UN) level of 109 mg/dl and a serum creatinine level of 16.3 mg/dl. Light microscopic examination showed severe cellular crescent formation with fibrin deposition in glomeruli and markedly degenerated Bowman's capsule. Immunofluorescence examination revealed linear deposits of IgG along glomerular basement membranes (GBM), and granular deposits of C3 on the GBM, as well as deposits of fibrinogen in Bowman's capsule. The patient was diagnosed as having anti-GBM antibody disease, based on negative results for myeloperoxidase (MPO)/proteinase-3 (PR-3)-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), high serum anti-GBM antibody titers, and the absence of pulmonary hemorrhage. He was treated with both combination therapy (cyclophosphamide and prednisolone) and plasmapheresis. In spite of the disappearance of anti-GBM antibody, his renal function did not improve, and he has been treated with regular hemodialysis since March 1998. We reviewed 49 cases of anti-GBM antibody disease in patients with alveolar hemorrhage (group A; Goodpasture's syndrome) and 39 cases in patients without it (group B) reported in Japan from 1975 to 1999, examining the differences between these groups, and we clarified the characteristics of these rare diseases in Japan. There was no difference in age, sex, and ANCA positivity between the two groups. The mortality rate was higher in group A (56.2%) than in group B (18.4%). About half of the patients underwent plasmapheresis, but it did not reduce the mortality rate or improve the renal prognosis. Received: November 20, 2000 / Accepted: November 19, 2001     

Analysis of clinical features and prognosis of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Objective To investigate the characteristics and outcome of glomerulonephritis in patients with both antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody. Methods The sera of 23 anti-GBM glomerulonephritis patients were collected and were tested for ANCA respectively. Characteristics and outcome of patients with coexisting anti-GBM antibody and ANCA were analyzed, and were compared with anti-GBM glomerulonephritis patients without coexisting ANCA. Results Among the 23 sera with anti-GBM antibody, 7 sera had coexisting ANCA (7 MPO-ANCA, 1 PR3-ANCA), which represented 30.4% of the anti-GBM glomerulonephritis patients. The incidence of hemoptysis and hematuria in ANCA+-anti-GBM glomerulonephritis group was significantly higher than that in ANCA--anti-GBM glomerulonephritis group (P＜0.05). No significant difference in age, sex, other clinical manifestations and pathological features were found between patients with and without coexisting serum ANCA. Conclusion The incidence of hemoptysis and hematuria in ANCA+-anti-GBM glomerulonephritis group is significantly higher than that in ANCA--anti-GBM glomerulonephritis group, but the prognoses of the two groups were poor.     

A 25-year experience with pediatric anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, which is extremely uncommon in children, is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and autoantibodies against GBM collagen. Pulmonary hemorrhage is the third component in Goodpasture Syndrome. Cigarette smoking and exposure to hydrocarbons have been linked to anti-GBM disease in adults, but such an association has not been established in children. We reviewed renal biopsy and autopsy specimens over 25 years from a major tertiary care U.S. children's hospital, diagnosing anti-GBM by clinical RPGN, crescentic glomerulonephritis, and linear immunofluorescence (IF) immunoglobulin G staining in patients under 18 years of age. We identified four patients, with and without pulmonary manifestations. The sole autopsy case showed diagnostic IF despite undetectable serum anti-GBM antibodies and positive testing for serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Three patients have survived 1–18 years following diagnosis, one of whom is recovering renal function. One adolescent had a history of smoking cigarettes and one had a probable hydrocarbon exposure. Anti-GBM disease is unusual in children, and the relationship to inhaled agents is incompletely understood. Serum anti-GBM antibodies are typically present, but cases with undetectable levels can occur. Some patients are anti-GBM and ANCA positive, with a small subset ANCA-positive, anti-GBM-negative. Ours is the first such described pediatric case.     

International Satellite Symposium on Acute Renal Failure, 15(5), 743–756 (1993)

A 70-year-old man with uremia was referred because of hemoptysis. A chest X-ray showed diffuse infiltration in the right lung field. Laboratory data were remarkable for renal failure, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, laboratory evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia was present. A kidney biopsy revealed diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis with linear staining of IgA along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). No thrombotic microangiopathy was noted on renal biopsy. Circulating IgG anti-GBM antibody was not detected, and IgA anti-GBM antibody was not tested. The patient was treated with plasmapheresis and pulse steroid therapy, which resulted in an immediate improvement in the pulmonary hemorrhage and hematological abnormalities. However, the patient did not regain renal function and remained on hemodialysis.