腰椎关节突关节不对称与青少年腰椎间盘突出症

目的:探讨青少年腰椎间盘突出症发生与病变间隙关节突关节不对称性的关系。方法:在CT片上观察并测量24例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者(年龄13~20岁)26个病变间隙的关节突关节形态及关节突关节角度,并与50例成年患者(年龄30~49岁)60个病变间隙比较。两侧关节突关节形态不同和(或)两侧关节突关节角度之差≥10°定义为关节突关节不对称,比较两组间关节突关节不对称发生率及其与椎间盘突出位置、病理类型的关系。结果:青少年组关节突关节不对称总发生率为57.7%,成年组为10%,两组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),关节突关节不对称与椎间盘突出位置、病理类型无关。结论:腰椎关节突关节不对称在青少年腰椎间盘突出症的发生率较高,可能是青少年腰椎间盘突出症发生的原因之一。     

腰椎小关节突不对称与椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出症患者小关节突不对称的意义。方法 对６３例具有腰椎间盘突出症临床及影像学表现的患者进行回顾分析,ＭＲＩ测量判断突出间隙有无小关节不对称,据此进一步分析其与椎间盘突出间隙,突出方向和程度以及椎间盘退变程度是否存在相关关系。结果 ６０．３％患者小关节突不对称,各腰椎间隙发生情况相近。小关节突不对称组７８．９％椎间盘突出为后外侧型,且突出方向大多数偏向小关节角大的一侧;     

下腰椎小关节的方向性与椎间盘突出和侧隐窝狭窄的关系

目的探讨下腰椎小关节的方向性在椎间盘突出的发生和侧隐窝狭窄的形成中的作用和影响。方法通过腰椎ＣＴ片对下腰椎小关节角度进行测量,并分析、研究小关节的对称性、方向性与椎间盘突出和侧隐窝狭窄的关系。共观察１３６例患者３８６个下腰椎间隙的ＣＴ影像,采用横切关节面角度（ＴＩＦＡ）测量法,测量了７７２个下腰椎小关节角度。结果（１）下腰椎椎间盘突出与小关节对称性无关;（２）在Ｌ４～Ｓ１小关节不对称的间隙中,椎间盘易突向矢状小关节侧;（３）小关节角度小于２０度易发生退行性侧隐窝狭窄症;（４）该组测量的国人下腰椎小关节角度明显小于西方学者测量的欧洲人的角度。结论（１）下腰椎高发椎间盘突出症为特殊体位导致的应力集中所致,与椎间小关节方向性无关;（２）在Ｌ４～Ｓ１椎间隙中,如果椎小关节角度不对称将影响椎间盘突出的方向;（３）下腰椎小关节角度太小易导致退行性侧隐窝狭窄的发生。     

经皮激光腰椎间盘减压术后腰椎关节突关节和椎间高度的变化

目的：观察经皮激光椎间盘减压术（percutaneous laser disc decompression，PLDD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后腰椎关节突关节和椎间高度的变化。方法：应用半导体激光系统对32例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行PLDD治疗。29例患者为单节段突出，其中L3/4 3例，L4／5 18例，L5/S1 8例；3例患者同时合并IA／5和L5/S1节段突出。利用Macnab标准评价随访患者的疗效，并观察术前、术后椎间盘突出节段关节突关节角的形态，测量L3，4、L4/5和L5／S1椎间高度指数和椎间盘突出节段关节突关节角的角度。结果：所有患者无术中和术后并发症。随访14～22个月，平均17个月，按Macnab标准评价：优14例（43．75％），良13例（40．63％）；可3例（9．37％），差2例（6．25％），优良率84．38％。术后L5/S1椎间高度指数与术前相比显著性下降（P〈0．05），但L3/4和L4／5椎间高度指数无显著性改变；关节突关节无明显退变；L4／5和L5／S1椎间盘突出侧的关节突关节角角度显著性下降（P〈0．05），但L3/4椎间盘突出侧的关节突关节角度无显著性改变。结论：经皮激光腰椎间盘减压术后患者的L5／S1椎间高度和腰椎间盘突出侧关节突关节角角度下降．有可能增加腰椎滑脱的风险。     

青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者下腰椎关节突关节不对称情况分析

目的 :测量青少年腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)患者下腰椎关节突关节角度,观察其关节突关节不对称(facet tropism,FT)情况。方法:选取2012年8月～2018年8月在我院就诊的LDH和腹部疾病患者。LDH组共纳入52例,其中男42例,女10例,年龄为17.9±1.4岁(14～20岁);L4/5椎间盘突出33例,L5/S1突出18例,L4/5、L5/S1双节段椎间盘突出1例;中央型椎间盘突出24个节段,左侧突出18个节段,右侧突出11个节段。选择腹部CT扫描的层面经过椎间盘且与上位椎体的下终板平行的腹部疾病患者111例作为对照组,其中男87例,女24例,年龄为17.8±1.7岁(14～20岁)。LDH组在腰椎CT片上测量L3-4、L4-5、L5-S1关节突关节角度(作一直线通过椎间盘中点连接棘突基底部中点作为腰椎矢状轴,通过上关节突内外点作一连线,一侧连线与腰椎矢状轴相交所形成的角度即为一侧关节突关节角度),双侧角度之差10°作为FT的衡量标准。对照组在腹部CT片上测量L3-4、L4-5、L5-S1关节突关节角度。结果:LDH组各节段的关节突关节角度的平均值与对照组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。52例LDH患者中,L3-4节段出现FT的患者19例,L4-5节段出现FT 27例,L5-S1节段出现FT 24例;而对照组111例患者中相对应节段出现FT的患者分别为19例、28例、18例,LDH组各节段FT出现的概率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。在LDH组34例L4/5椎间盘突出的患者中,15例出现FT;19例L5/S1椎间盘突出患者中,13例出现FT;椎间盘突出节段FT出现的概率明显高于对照组相应节段(P0.05)。结论:在青少年LDH患者的下腰椎中FT发生率显著高于普通人群,与青少年LDH的发生存在一定的相关性。     

小关节损伤程度对腰椎间盘突出症行经皮椎间孔镜手术预后的影响

目的 在经皮椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术(percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy,PTED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症手术中,评估小关节损伤程度对患者预后的影响.方法 纳入2016年7月-2018年7月于本科择期行PTED手术的67例L4-5节段腰椎间盘突出症患者,依据术中上关节突的损伤情况,将之分为两组:截骨结构累及上关节突的关节面,作为损伤组;未累及关节面,作为未损伤组.对比两组患者手术前后的VAS评分和ODI指数,以及椎间隙高度(Intervertebral space height,ISH)和椎间隙角度(intervertebral space angle,ISA)等数值和MacNab总体疗效、并发症情况.结果 67例患者中,椎间孔扩大成形过程中累及上关节突的关节面共计16例,列入损伤组;余51例未累及关节面,列入未损伤组.与术前相比,两组术后1 d、3个月和2年的VAS评分及ODI指数均显著下降(P<0.05);损伤组术后2年的腰痛VAS评分显著高于未损伤组(P<0.05),且显著高于术后1 d和3个月(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义.术后3个月和2年时,两组的ISH均有所丢失、ISA有所增加,其中损伤组术后2年的ISH和ISA与术前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且与未损伤组的同期比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后2年,损伤组的总优良率低于未损伤组,腰椎失稳和复发的发生率高于未损伤组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 小关节损伤程度对于PTED手术预后可产生明显影响,若椎间孔成形过程中损伤了小关节面,可能会不利于腰痛的改善,且可引起术后复发率及腰椎失稳的发生率明显增加.     

小关节不对称-青少年腰椎间盘突出症的放射学特征

目的 :成人与青少年腰椎间盘突出症中小关节不对称性的比较。方法 :研究组包括青少年组 2 5名患者 ,2 9个椎间盘和成人组 3 3名患者 ,5 0个椎间盘。使用CT测量每个小关节形态、小关节角、力矩臂角和长度。小关节不对称的诊断标准为 :双侧小关节的形态不同或双侧小关节角相差 10°以上。并比较了两组间小关节不对称的发生率及其与椎间盘突出的位置、类型以及椎间盘退变之间的关系。结果 :青少年组 (12个间盘 ,占 41% )小关节不对称的发生率明显高于成人组 (4个间盘 ,占 8% ) (P <0 .0 1)。小关节不对称与椎间盘突出的位置、类型以及椎间盘退变之间无统计学差异。结论 :小关节不对称性是青少年腰椎间盘突出症的一个放射学特点。     

腰椎间盘切除与人工椎间盘置换前后上位关节突关节内压力改变

目的测量腰椎间盘完整时、切除后及人工椎间盘置换后上一关节突关节内压力变化,探讨椎间盘切除及人工椎间盘置换对上一节段的影响,为人工椎间盘的临床应用提供理论依据。方法在7具成人新鲜尸体标本上,分别以200～2000N的轴向、1～10Nm的后伸、侧弯加载,测量L4、5椎间盘完整时、切除后及人工椎间盘置换后L3、4关节突关节内的压力并进行统计学分析。结果相同载荷(轴向、后伸、侧弯)下,上一关节突关节内平均压力:椎间盘切除后与椎间盘完整时差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);人工椎间盘置换后与椎间盘完整时无统计学意义(P>0.05);人工椎间盘置换后与椎间盘切除后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论腰椎间盘切除后上一关节突关节内压力降低,单纯椎间盘切除可影响腰椎的力学分布,进一步导致继发性腰椎结构的退行性改变;人工椎间盘置换后上一关节突关节内压力与正常一致,对腰椎结构具有保护作用,并提供了一定的生物力学基础和理论依据。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断和改良术式治疗经验体会(附8例报告)

目的 探讨极外型腰椎间盘突出症较为合理的手术方式。总结复习8例病人的临床特点、影像学资料和手术方式及治疗效果。方法 5例行关节突外侧开窗式椎间盘除术。3例合并有侧隐窝狭窄行关节突内侧部分切除减压加关节突外侧开窗椎间盘除术。结果 术后随访未见复发和腰椎不稳。优4例。良4例。结论 对于单纯的极外型椎间盘突出。采用小关节突外侧开窗,术中只切除少量的关节突和椎板峡部骨质;对合并有侧隐窝狭窄或椎管内椎间盘突出。采用小关节内侧部分切除,加小关节外侧开窗椎间盘除术式。保留部分关节突和椎板峡部。这两种术式均既处理了病灶。又最大限度地保留了骨性结构,对维持术后腰椎的稳定性和防止慢性腰痛的发生有积极的作用。     

青少年腰椎间盘突出节段与腰骶结构的影像观察

[目的]比较患病节段为L_(4-5)和L_5/S1的青少年椎间盘突出症患者的腰骶部解剖影像学差异,探讨青少年腰椎间盘突出症的解剖学原因。[方法]2010年6月~2015年6月收治的青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者27例,其中按发病节段不同分为两组,L_(4-5)椎间盘突出症患者13例,男9例,女4例,年龄13~18岁,平均(16.2±3.5)岁。L_5/S1椎间盘突出症患者14例,男10例,女4例,年龄14~18岁,平均(16.3±3.1)岁。分别测量两组患者腰骶部解剖结构形态,即L_5横突长度,腰椎正位X线片上髂嵴连线高度及移行椎情况,腰椎CT轴向平扫上病变间隙的关节突关节形态及关节突关节角,并对两组间的上述影像学指标进行比较。[结果]两组年龄及性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。L_(4-5)椎间盘突出症患者L_5横突长度、髂嵴连线高度及有腰椎骶化的比例明显大于L_5/S1椎间盘突出症患者(P<0.05),关节突关节不对称的比例两组接近(L_(4-5)61.5%VS L_5/S164.2%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]腰骶部的解剖变异对青少年腰椎间盘突出症的发生及发病的节段有显著影响。     

Contralateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Results of discectomy compared with those in primary herniation

STUDY DESIGN: The surgical outcomes of patients who underwent discectomy for contralateral recurrent herniation and primary herniation were evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the clinical results in patients undergoing surgery for contralateral recurrent disc herniation may be as good as those reported after primary discectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: No retrospective or prospective investigation has been conducted on the surgical treatment of contralateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: Sixteen patients who underwent surgery for recurrent disc herniation at the same level as primary disc excision, but on the opposite side, were analyzed prospectively from the recurrence of contralateral radicular pain (Group 1). All patients had reported a satisfactory results after primary discectomy. Fifty consecutive patients who underwent disc excision during the study period, who did not report recurrent radicular pain, were analyzed for comparison (Group 2). Overall patient satisfaction, pain severity, functional outcome, and work status were evaluated. RESULTS: At the 2-year follow-up, the clinical outcome was rated as satisfactory in 14 of 16 patients in Group 1 and in 45 of 50 in Group 2 (P > 0.05). Twelve patients in Group 1 and 42 in Group 2 had resumed their work or daily activities at the same level as before the operation (P > 0.05). Radicular pain was significantly improved in both groups at the 6-month and 2-year follow-ups. At the 6-month follow-up, low back pain was significantly improved only in the patients in Group 2; however, at the 2-year follow-up, low back pain was significantly improved in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical results in patients reoperated on for contralateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation compare favorably with those reported after primary discectomy. The improvement of pain in the low back and lower limbs reported by the majority of patients 2 years after reoperation suggests that fusion is not needed in this patient population.     

腰椎间盘突出症术后复发的临床分析

目的:探讨腰椎间盘突出症术后同节段复发的原因、诊断方法及影响二次手术疗效的因素。方法:32例有完整随访资料的椎间盘突出症术后复发病例,按治疗方式分为保守治疗组,椎板加椎间盘切除组与椎板、椎间盘切除加腰椎内固定植骨融合组。对各种治疗方法的适应证、疗效等进行总结,分析椎间盘切除术后可能的复发原因。结果:本组病例均获5个月以上随访,保守治疗组优良率100%,腰椎融合组优良率92.9%,非融合组优良率93.2%。结论:腰椎间盘突出症术后同节段复发的确切原因仍不清楚,对诊断明确并伴有神经根损伤表现的患者可行二次手术治疗,是否采用内固定加植骨融合术视患者不同情况而定。     

Anterior discectomy and total disc replacement for three patients with multiple recurrent lumbar disc herniations

Background context

Although results of primary discectomy are generally excellent with relief of leg pain, recurrent lumbar disc herniation is relatively common ranging from 5% to 25%. Patients with recurrent herniation may undergo revision surgery; however, this carries with it increased risks and lower success rates. Many surgeons will advocate a fusion in addition to repeat discectomy after the third recurrent herniated disc. With the approval of lumbar total disc arthroplasty, there now exists another option for the patient with three or more recurrent disc herniations to preserve motion, theoretically decrease the rate of adjacent-level disease, and ameliorate the patient’s symptoms.

Purpose

The purpose of this case report is to describe our experience using total disc replacement (TDR) in three patients after prior partial hemilaminectomy and discectomy for the treatment of a third and fourth recurrent lumbar disc herniation.

Study design

This article is a report of three cases from a spine specialty center describing an alternative surgical technique for patients with multiple recurrent lumbar disc herniation.

Methods

Comprehensive chart review of three patients with recurrent lumbar herniation who underwent TDR.

Results

Anterior discectomy and TDR were undertaken, and at most recent follow-up (8–12 months), all patients had improvement of their visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index. No patient had postoperative complications or reoperation.

Conclusions

Recurrent disc herniation is a relatively common problem that may be difficult to treat. Traditionally, a patient presenting with three or more recurrent disc herniation may likely have undergone revision discectomy with fusion. The current case report suggests that TDR may be an alternative option in select patients.     

腰椎间盘突出症再手术原因分析

目的：分析腰椎间盘突出症再手术原因并探讨其治疗方法和疗效。方法：回顾性分析1998年1月至2006年1月手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出症175例,其中17例复发性腰椎间盘突出症需再手术治疗,17例中,男11例,女6例;年龄35-65岁,平均49岁。经原椎板间扩大开窗法切除椎间盘11例,全椎板切除减压椎间盘切除5例（同时行内固定＋后外侧植骨融合）,单侧椎板切除1例。术后对患者的疼痛、运动功能、神经根受压表现进行观察,并根据Macnab标准对疗效进行评定。结果：17例均获随访,时间15-96个月,平均51个月。所有患者的疼痛、运动功能及神经根受压表现均有不同程度改善。按Macnab评定标准：优9例,良6例,可2例。结论：腰椎间盘突出症再次手术的主要原因为同一间隙闻盘组织再突出、继发性椎管狭窄、邻近椎间盘突出等。虽然腰椎间盘突出症再手术难度大于初次手术,但只要严格掌握手术指征,术前周密计划,仍可取得满意疗效。     

Long-term outcomes of standard discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a follow-up study of more than 10 years

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the long-term outcomes of standard discectomy for lumbar disc herniation. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term outcomes of standard discectomy to address postoperative problems, including residual low back pain and recurrent herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Most previous investigators found that favorable outcomes of standard discectomy were maintained for the long-term postoperative period. Although they observed postoperative complications such as residual low back pain and recurrent herniation, detailed analyses of these results have not been conducted. METHODS: The long-term follow-up results in patients who were observed for a minimum of 10 years after standard discectomy were evaluated by using the Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system through direct examinations and questionnaires. Radiography also was used in patients who agreed to visit the hospital, and findings were compared with those on preoperative radiographs. RESULTS: The average recovery rate calculated by using Japanese Orthopedic Association scores was 73.5 +/- 21.7%. Even though residual low back pain was found in 74.6% of the patients, only 12.7% had severe low back pain. The majority of the patients with severe low back pain were under 35 years of age at the time of operation, with preoperative advanced disc degeneration. The final Japanese Orthopedic Association scores in the patients with decreased disc height were significantly lower than those in patients with no decrease. However, the disc height of patients with a recurrent herniation was preserved. CONCLUSION: The long-term outcome of standard discectomy in this series was favorable. Although patients with preserved disc height generally had favorable results, the risk of recurrent disc herniation was high in this population.     

Recurrent lumbar disc herniation: results of operative management

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective evaluation of 28 patients with recurrent lumbar disc herniation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the outcome of the revisions (repeat discectomy), the risk factors of recurrent disc herniation, and the factors that influenced the outcomes of repeat discectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recurrent herniation following disc excision has been reported in 5-11% of patients. There have been many studies on recurrent disc herniation, but these studies have analyzed mixed patient populations. METHODS: Recurrent lumbar disc herniation was defined as disc herniation at the same level, regardless of ipsilateral or contralateral herniation, with a pain-free interval greater than 6 months. Eight women and 20 men were studied. The levels of disc herniation were L4-L5 (19 cases) and L5-S1 (9 cases). Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients. Revision surgery was performed in all patients by using conventional open discectomy. The pain-free interval, side and degree of herniation, operation time, duration of hospital stay, and clinical improvement rate were recorded. RESULTS: The mean pain-free interval was 60.8 months. There were 21 cases of ipsilateral herniation and 7 cases of contralateral herniation. The degrees of herniation in revision were protrusion (14 cases), subligamentous extrusion (3 cases), transligamentous extrusion (8 cases), and sequestration (3 cases). The degrees of herniation in the previous discectomy were protrusion (17 cases), subligamentous extrusion (10 cases), and transligamentous extrusion (1 case). The length of surgery was significantly different (P = 0.003) between the revision surgery and the previous discectomy. There were no significant differences between revision and previous surgery in terms of hospital stay or clinical improvement rates. Age, gender, smoking, professions, traumatic events, level and degree of herniation, and pain-free interval did not affect the clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Conventional open discectomy as a revision surgery for recurrent lumbar disc herniation showed satisfactory results that were comparable with those of primary discectomy. Based on the results of this study, repeat discectomy can be recommended for the management of recurrent lumbar disc herniation.     

髓核摘除术治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症

目的比较再次腰椎间盘摘除术与初次髓核摘除术的临床效果。方法2000年1月～2007年1月，因腰椎间盘术后复发再次行髓核摘除术的患者共31例，其中21例首次手术在本院施行者作为对照组。统计再手术患者症状缓解期，椎间盘突出侧别，手术时间，术中出血量，住院时间，术后并发症以及症状改善优良率，采用t检验及，检验进行统计学处理。结果随访6～48个月，首次术后症状缓解期平均为85个月，同侧复发22例，对侧复发9例。首次手术时间、出血量、并发症等指标均小于再次手术组（P〈0．05）；平均住院日及症状优良率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对于单纯椎间盘突出不合并椎管狭窄以及椎节不稳者，单纯行髓核摘除术临床效果令人满意。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后原间隙再突出的病因分析和策略

目的回顾性分析临床确诊为腰椎间盘突出症并行单纯髓核摘除手术治疗证实的患者,术后2年内出现原手术间隙髓核再突出的临床资料,为一期手术时减少腰椎间盘手术失败综合症的发生提供参考。方法分析1995~2005年我科收治的患腰椎间盘突出症并行单纯髓核摘除的患者中,术后2年内发生原间隙髓核再突出的63例患者的临床表现,以及该患者第1次手术时的临床资料及手术方式。其中男41例,女22例。初次手术在我科进行的9例,于外院进行的54例。行椎间盘镜及小开窗手术者21例,半椎板及全椎板手术者42例。单间隙手术者51例,2个间隙及以上者12例。结果17例患者再次手术时仍采用单纯髓核摘除治愈,41例患者行后路椎管减压髓核摘除椎弓根螺丝钉内固定植骨融合术(PLIF),5例患者行经椎间孔髓核摘除椎弓根螺丝钉内固定植骨融合术(TLIF)。所有病例均于二次手术后治愈。结论腰椎间盘突出症手术后再突出是一临床常见的难题,不论早期和晚期均有可能发生,合理选择手术适应症及恰当的手术方式有利于减少再突出的发生,二次手术可获得临床治愈。