经岩骨乙状窦前入路的创伤性及并发症

目的探讨经岩骨乙状窦前入路的创伤性及并发症，为岩斜区肿瘤寻求更合理的治疗手段。方法同顾分析28例采用经岩骨乙状窦前入路手术的岩斜区肿瘤病入的临床表现、影像学特征、手术方法和术后处理等。结果肿瘤全切16例，近全切9例，部份切除3例。术后颅神经疵状全缓解5例，症状同术前10例，症状加重10例，昏迷3例。脑脊液耳漏12例。结论经岩骨己状蜜前入路是目前处理岩斜区肿瘤较好的手术入路。但该手术入路创伤性大．并发症较多且严重。     

岩斜区肿瘤手术入路选择的探讨

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤的手术入路选择。对53例岩斜区肿瘤患者的手术治疗进行分析。方法患者采用颞底经天幕入路11例,枕下乙状窦后入路12例;（颧弓或眶颧）翼点入路12例;乙状窦前入路2例;颞底、乙状窦后幕上下联合入路7例;颞下前岩骨硬膜外入路7例;扩大的前颅底硬膜外入路2例。结果32例（61％）患者肿瘤全切除,9例（17％）次全切除,12例（22％）大部切除。术后新发生颅神经功能障碍16例（30％）,死亡2例（4％）。结论枕下乙状窦后入路、颞底经天幕入路等岩斜区手术入路均可以在熟练的显微操作技术及神经导航、神经内镜下进行。主体生长于硬膜外的岩斜肿瘤适合于采用硬膜外入路手术切除。幕上下联合入路对巨大岩斜区肿瘤是理想的手术入路。     

后颅窝骨瓣成形术（附32例报告）

目的根据后颅窝病变的不同位置选择最佳手术人路，并观察后颅窝咬骨窗术改为骨瓣成形术的临床效果。方法对32例后颅窝病变根据不同的手术人路选择单侧骨瓣、单侧跨中线骨瓣、正中骨瓣，术毕均行骨瓣复位。结果骨瓣成形术后无一例发生脑脊液漏、皮下积液、伤口愈合不良等手术并发症。结论骨瓣复位符合解剖复位原则，减少了去骨瓣所致的手术并发症及骨瓣缺损对患者所致的心理影响。     

幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路切除巨大岩斜部肿瘤

目的 探讨幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路切除岩斜部肿瘤手术的技巧及并发症。方法 取颞枕游离骨瓣,分别于迷路前后将乳突及岩骨根部大部切除,但保留骨性半规管、耳蜗及鼓室的完整性;结扎并切断岩上窦,自乙状窦前方抵达岩斜部。结果 ４１例肿瘤包括脑膜瘤２０例,表皮样囊肿２０例,神经鞘瘤１例。手术全切肿瘤３４例,近全切除６例,大部切除１例。术后一过性失语１０例,脑水肿６例。脑干梗塞２例,第Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ及后组颅神经损伤     

幕上下联合入路切除岩斜区巨大肿瘤

目的:探讨岩斜区巨大肿瘤的手术入路和早期严重并发症的处理。方法:采取幕上下联合入路(颞下经小脑幕及枕下乙状窦后联合入路)对11例岩斜区巨大肿瘤进行手术治疗。结果:10例全切除,1例大部切除,效果满意。结论:有熟悉的解剖知识,采用颞下经小脑幕和枕下乙状窦后联合入路可以切除岩斜区巨大肿瘤。     

乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝区的显微解剖

目的 研究乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区结构的显微解剖,为临床应用该入路解决颅中后窝岩斜区病变提供解剖学依据. 方法 应用福尔马林固定的成人湿性头颅标本10例20侧,模拟乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区进行显微解剖观察. 结果 乙状窦后锁孔入路从后外侧到达颅中后窝岩斜区,可以清楚暴露小脑半球外侧面、颞骨岩部、三叉神经、面听神经、部分后组脑神经、脑桥外侧面、椎动脉、小脑前下动脉.磨除部分岩骨可以扩大内听道及三叉神经的暴露,切开小脑幕缘可以暴露部分滑车神经及部分颅中后窝. 结论 乙状窦后经内听道上锁孔入路充分利用了有效的骨窗,手术创伤小、并发症少.该入路使少数原本需要采用复杂入路方能切除的颅中后窝肿瘤,可通过较简单的手术入路进行切除.对于主体位于颅后窝的岩斜区中小型肿瘤显微切除是一种有效、安全、便捷的微创手术方法.     

颅后窝肿瘤行骨瓣成形术后并发症的观察与护理

总结145例颅后窝肿瘤行颅后窝骨瓣成形术术后发生颅内血肿、肺部感染、颅神经损伤、脑脊液漏与皮下积液的护理经验。提出实施预见性护理和加强高危时段病情观察是预防和控制术后并发症的重要措施。     

三维个体化数字解剖技术在脑桥小脑角肿瘤显微手术中的应用

目的 总结桥小脑角肿瘤21例患者,借助三维个体化数字解剖技术行乙状窦后入路显微手术的临床经验,评价该技术在处理桥小脑角肿瘤的应用价值. 方法 2011年1月至2011年11月共收治桥小脑角肿瘤21例,术前行薄层CTA扫描,数据经3Dview软件重建局部结构,根据解剖标志物设计个体化骨窗范围,术中根据三维个体化解剖模型制作骨瓣及制定显微手术方案行乙状窦后入路显微手术. 结果 所有病例骨瓣均一次成型并复位,无入路相关并发症,术野暴露良好,复位的骨瓣在随访中愈合良好.术后随访3～12个月,均行CT及MRI检查,无1例出现脑脊液漏或皮下积液,无1例出现手术入路相关并发症.术后CT检查均显示骨瓣无移位,并且骨瓣生长良好,三维重建更直观显示颅骨固定及愈合情况. 结论 根据三维个体化解剖技术施行桥小脑角肿瘤的显微手术,能减少术后相关并发症发生.     

枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的介绍应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术技术。方法回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术治疗的8例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,并对手术方法进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除6例,次全切除2例。术后新增脑神经损害2例,无手术死亡病例。结论枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路是切除主体位于后颅窝、同时累及中颅窝的岩斜区脑膜瘤的安全有效的改良入路,娴熟的显微神经外科技术,熟练掌握入路的显微解剖可获得满意的手术疗效,有利于提高肿瘤切除率和疗效。     

经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗岩斜区肿瘤

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗的临床疗效。方法 回顾性研究经显微手术治疗的23例岩斜区肿瘤，对肿瘤病理类型、临床和影像学特征、手术入路、手术切除技巧及术后常见并发症的处理进行系统分析。结果 在手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除16例，近全切除4例，大部分切除3例，无手术死亡。结论 经岩骨乙状窦前入路可全切除岩斜区肿瘤。该手术入路对颞叶和小脑牵拉轻，可为岩斜区肿瘤手术切除提供良好的暴露。     

巨大型岩斜脑膜瘤的手术策略

目的探讨巨大型岩斜脑膜瘤的手术策略。方法回顾性分析32例直径超过4.5cm的岩斜脑膜瘤患者手术及预后情况。将患者分为枕下乳突后入路组与颅底外科乙状窦前入路组,对其手术时间、肿瘤切除情况、及术后神经功能损伤情况进行对比研究。结果枕下乳突后入路组肿瘤全切除率及次全切除率分别为43%、36%;乙状窦前入路组分别为39%、22%,两组差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）,但枕下乳突后入路组患者神经功能后遗症的发生率较乙状窦前入路组低且症状轻,Karnofsky预后评分较高［枕下乳突后入路组为(75±18)分,乙状窦前入路组为(49±26)分］,两组差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01)。结论巨大型岩斜脑膜瘤患者的肿瘤切除情况与手术入路的选择无明显相关性。枕下乳突后入路手术,在不加重神经功能损伤的前提下,应尽量争取肿瘤全切除;如不能全切除,应缩小瘤体≤3cm,以利术后放射外科治疗,可能是较为安全有效的治疗方案。     

Single-stage maxillary and nasal floor reconstruction with the double-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap

Palatal integrity is essential for useful speech, deglutition, good oral hygiene, and prevention of nasal regurgitation. Maxillary defects after tumor extirpation, therefore, can have serious functional and cosmetic implications. Given the often disappointing results obtained with local and regional pedicled flaps for maxillary reconstruction, a variety of microvascular free flaps have been utilized in recent years, including the rectus abdominis, fibular, radial forearm, and latissimus dorsi flaps. Experience with these techniques has been documented in a limited number of case reports. We describe our single-stage approach to maxillary and nasal floor reconstruction with the double skin-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap. A series of five patients is presented; six of these immediate free flap reconstructions were performed for defects resulting from tumor resection. A vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap was used in all cases, designing two separate skin paddles to accommodate the measured maxillary and nasal floor deficiencies. Anastomoses of the deep inferior epigastric artery and vena comitans were performed end-to-end to the facial artery and vein, respectively. In addition, orbital floor reconstruction with calvarial bone grafts or titanium mesh was performed in all five patients. Separation of the oral and nasal cavities was maintained postoperatively. No intraoperative complications, perioperative mortalities, flap losses, instances of skin paddle necrosis, hematomas, or oronasal fistulae were observed. One patient required bedside drainage of a surgical site abscess that resolved without adverse sequelae. Over the past 4 years, the double skin-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap has provided reliable results at our institution for single-stage reconstruction of maxillary and nasal floor defects. This reconstructive technique should be considered a viable method that can alleviate the functional and cosmetic debility associated with these defects.     

Combined petrosal approach to petroclival meningiomas

OBJECTIVE: To study the use and advantages of combining the posterior petrosal approach with the anterior petrosal approach to petroclival meningiomas. METHODS: Seven cases of petroclival meningiomas operated on via the combined petrosal approach were retrospectively analyzed. The basis on which this approach was selected was assessed, as were its benefits and risks. RESULTS: Gross total resection was achieved in five of the seven patients. No mortality or decrease in Karnofsky performance score was observed at the time of the last follow-up examination. Six of the seven patients had serviceable hearing before the operation. Only one patient lost hearing after the operation, and this hearing loss occurred in only one ear. Before the operation, six patients were House-Brackmann facial nerve function Grade I, and one patient was Grade II to III. At the last follow-up examination, facial nerve function was Grade I in five patients, Grade II in one patient, and Grade V in one patient. Tumors in all patients involved the cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, petroclival junction, and middle clivus. All patients possessed a large posterior fossa component of tumor measuring an average of 3.6 x 3.5 x 4.2 cm. In four patients, the tumor was attached for the entire width of the clivus to the contralateral petroclival junction. Four patients displayed central brainstem compression. Four patients displayed bony changes at the petrous apex. All patients displayed total or partial encasement of the vertebrobasilar artery and its major branches. CONCLUSION: The combined petrosal approach should be considered for patients who have a large petroclival meningioma and serviceable hearing. This approach enhances petroclival exposure and the degree of tumor resection, especially in the area of the petroclival junction, middle clivus, apical petrous bone, posterior cavernous sinus, and Meckel's cave. The combined petrosal approach also allows better visualization of the contralateral side and the ventral brainstem, which facilitates safe dissection of the tumor from the brainstem, the basilar artery, and the perforators. If a patient has an early draining bridging vein to the tentorial sinus (before it reaches the transverse-sigmoid junction) or a prominent sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb, the combined petrosal approach provides significant working space.     

Petroclival tumor model—technical note and educational implications

Petroclival area lesions are rare, and their surgery is challenging due to the deep location and to the complex relationships between the tumor and the neurovascular structures. The objective is to present a petroclival tumor model simulating the distorted anatomy of a real petroclival lesion and propose its use to practice microsurgical removal while preserving neurovascular structures. Four embalmed cadaver heads were used in this study. An endoscopic endonasal transclival approach was used to access the dura in front of the trigeminal nerve; a pediatric Foley was inserted above the trigeminal nerve and was gradually inflated (one-balloon technique). If a larger tumor model was desired, an additional balloon was placed below the trigeminal nerve (two-balloon technique). A pre-mixed tumor polymer was injected into the petroclival space and allowed to harden to create an implanted tumor. A post-implant CT scan was done to evaluate the location and volume of the implanted artificial tumor. Tumors were subsequently excised via retrosigmoid and anterior petrosal approaches. Six petroclival tumors were successfully developed: three were small (9.41–10.36 ml) and three large (21.05–23.99 ml). During dissection, distorted anatomy created by the tumor model mimicked that of real surgery. We have established a petroclival tumor model with adjustable size which offers opportunities to study the distorted anatomy of the area and that is able to be used as a training tool to practice microsurgical removal of petroclival lesions. The practice dissection of this tumor model can be a bridge between a normal anatomic dissection and real surgery.     

Retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach to Meckel's cave and the middle fossa: surgical technique and outcome

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to determine whether some petroclival tumors can be safely and efficiently treated using a modified retrosigmoid petrosal approach that is called the retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach (RISA). METHODS: The RISA was introduced in 1983, and since that time 12 patients harboring petroclival meningiomas have been treated using this technique. The RISA includes a retrosigmoid craniotomy and drilling of the suprameatus petrous bone, which is located above and anterior to the internal auditory meatus, thus providing access to Meckel's cave and the middle fossa. Radical tumor resection (Simpson Grade I or II) was achieved in nine (75%) of the 12 patients. Two patients underwent subtotal resection (Simpson Grade III). and one patient underwent complete resection of tumor at the posterior fossa with subtotal resection at the middle fossa. There were no deaths or severe complications in this series; all patients did well postoperatively, being independent at the time of their last follow-up examinations (mean 5.6 years). Neurological deficits included facial paresis in one patient and worsening of hearing in two patients. CONCLUSIONS: The approach described here is a useful modification of the retrosigmoid approach, which allows resection of large petroclival tumors without the need for supratentorial craniotomies. Although technically meticulous, this approach is not time-consuming; it is safe and can produce good results. This is the first report on the use of this approach for petroclival meningiomas.     

Surgical management of petroclival chordomas: report of eight cases.

In the management of skull base chordomas, surgical treatment is essential to achieve long-term control. A petroclival chordoma growing laterally in the skull base is one of the most challenging tumors for neurosurgeons. We have treated petroclival chordomas based on the principle of maximal surgical resection of the tumor with minimal morbidity. Lateral skull base approaches were used to approach petroclival chordomas in eight patients. The surgical procedure involved removal of soft tumor tissue and extensive drilling of adjacent bony structures. Gross total resection of the tumor was achieved in six patients. Subtotal resection in the remaining two patients was associated with acceptable morbidity. In cases of petroclival chordomas, lateral skull base approaches can be used as a primary procedure, although those approaches may be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.     

Reconstructive indications of simultaneous double free flaps in the head and neck: A case series and literature review

Extensive and complex defects of the head and neck involving multiple anatomical and functional subunits are a reconstructive challenge. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the reconstructive indications of the use of simultaneous double free flaps in head and neck oncological surgery. This is a retrospective review of 21 consecutive cases of head and neck malignancies treated surgically with resection and reconstruction with simultaneous use of double free flaps. Nineteen of 21 patients had T4 primary tumor stage. Eleven patients had prior history of radiotherapy or chemo‐radiotherapy. Forty‐two free flaps were used in these patients. The predominant combination was that of free fibula osteo‐cutaneous flap with free anterolateral thigh (ALT) fascio‐cutaneous flap. The indications of the simultaneous use of double free flaps can be broadly classified as: (a) large oro‐mandibular bone and soft tissue defects (n = 13), (b) large oro‐mandibular soft tissue defects (n = 4), (c) complex skull‐base defects (n = 2), and (d) dynamic total tongue reconstruction (n = 2). Flap survival rate was 95%. Median follow‐up period was 11 months. Twelve patients were alive and free of disease at the end of the follow‐up. Eighteen of 19 patients with oro‐mandibular and glossectomy defects were able to resume an oral diet within two months while one patient remained gastrostomy dependant till his death due to disease not related to cancer. This patient had a combination of free fibula flap with free ALT flap, for an extensive oro‐mandibular defect. The associated large defect involving the tongue accounted for the swallowing difficulty. Simultaneous use of double free flap aided the reconstruction in certain large complex defects after head and neck oncologic resections. Such combination permits better complex multiaxial subunit reconstruction. An algorithm for choice of flap combination for the appropriate indications is proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.     

Combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach for extensive petroclival meningioma surgery: report of experience with 7 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Resection of petroclival meningiomas offers great challenges to the neurosurgeons. Our experience of 7 cases using a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach surgery was evaluated for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. METHODS: From July 2002 to July 2005, resections of 7 petroclival meningiomas, which involved both supra- and infratentorial regions, were performed via a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach. The extent of tumor resection was evaluated by MRI 3 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were investigated. RESULTS: The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 cm (mean: 4.4 cm). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 3 cases, giving a GTR rate of 43%. Subtotal resection (STR) was carried out in 4 cases. Neurological status remained intact in one case, while others presented with cranial nerve deficits (VII, VI, V, III and lower CN). No death was reported in the cases during the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: The combined keyhole approach is suitable for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. It provides easy and quick access to the supra- and infratentorial juxtaclival region without any petrous bone drilling. Complications related to the approach can be minimized.     

Plastisch-chirurgische Rekonstruktion von Defekten der Thoraxwand nach onkologischen Resektionen

In defect reconstruction following radical oncologic resection of malignant chest wall tumors, adequate soft-tissue reconstruction must be achieved along with function, stability, integrity, and aesthetics of the chest wall. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the oncoplastic concept following radical resection of malignant chest wall infiltration with an interdisciplinary approach. Between 1999 and 2005, 36 consecutive patients (nine males, 27 females, mean age 55 years, range 20-78) were treated with resection for malignant tumors of the chest wall. Indications were locally recurrent breast carcinoma (patient n=22), thymoma (n=1), and desmoid tumor (n=1). Primary lesions of the chest wall were spinalioma (n=1), sarcoma (n=7), and non-small-cell lung cancer (n=2). There were distant metastases of colon and cervical cancer in one patient each. Soft-tissue reconstruction was carried out using primary closure (n=1), external oblique flap (n=1), pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (n=3), latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (n=18), vertical or transversal rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (n=9), free tensor fascia lata- flap (n=6), trapezius flap (n=1), serratus flap (n=1), and one filet flap. In 15 reconstructive procedures microvascular techniques were used. An average of 3.4 ribs were resected. Stability of the chest wall was obtained with synthetic meshes. The latissimus dorsi flap is considered the flap of choice in chest wall reconstruction. However, alternatives such as pectoralis major flap, VRAM/TRAM flap, free TFL flap, and serratus flap must also be considered. Low mortality and morbidity rates allow tumor resection and chest wall reconstruction even in a palliative setting.