脾脏肿瘤37例诊治分析

目的: 总结脾肿瘸病变的诊治经验.方法: 回顾分析37例脾肿瘸的病理类型及诊治.结果: 脾肿瘤早期临床症状无特异性,诊断主要依靠超声和CT检查.31例脾切除,1例脾部分切除,5例脾及周围脏器联合切除.术后病理类型:良性肿瘤22例(59.5%),恶性肿瘤15例(40.5%).结论: 影像检查是脾肿瘤主要诊断方法,脾切除术是治疗脾肿瘤的重要而有效的手段.     

血浆K-ras突变联合CA19-9检测对胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的: 探讨血浆K-ras基因突变联合CA19-9检测对胰腺癌的诊断价值.方法: 对连续58例疑为胰腺肿瘤患者,入院时抽取外周静脉血,分离血浆并提取DNA.采用突变富集PCR-RFLP法分析K-ras基因密码子12突变,用放射免疫法测定血清CA19-9.所有病例的血标本分析均在术前完成,并将检测结果与手术探查、病理诊断进行比较.结果: 41例胰腺癌患者中,血浆K-ras基因突变者29例(占70.7%),血清CA19-9升高者30例(占73.2%).联合K-ras与CA19-9检测胰腺癌的敏感性为90.2%(37/41).在其他17例非胰腺癌患者中,有3例血浆K-ras突变,8例血清CA19-9有升高.结论: 血浆K-ras突变可能是诊断胰腺癌的一个有价值的指标,若同时测定血清CA19-9,可提高检测胰腺癌的敏感性.     

晚期胰腺癌术中放射治疗的疗效评价

目的 探讨术中放射治疗对晚期胰腺癌的疗效. 方法 对16例晚期胰腺癌患者作姑息性手术加术中放疗,用9-15Mev电子线照射病灶区域,照射20~25 Gy,并与同期未作术中放疗的20例姑息性手术治疗的患者(对照组)进行疗效比较. 结果 术中放疗组腰背痛及腹痛缓解率为93.8%(15/16),对照组腰背痛及腹痛缓解率为40.0%(8/20)(P<0.01),术中放疗组中位生存期为13.5月,对照组为8.6月(P<0.05). 结论 姑息手术联合术中放疗能有效地缓解晚期胰腺癌患者的腰背痛及腹痛,并可延长生存期.     

联合应用肿瘤标志物对胰腺癌诊断和随访的临床评价

目的: 综合评价CA242、CA199和CEA对胰腺癌联合检测的诊断及其随访的价值. 方法: 对50例胰腺癌病人进行血清学肿瘤标记物检测,并利用其对12例可切除胰腺癌病人进行随访. 结果: 3种肿瘤标记物中敏感性和特异性以CA199最好,分别为82.0%和80.0%,联合检测这三种肿瘤标记物可提高其敏感性,敏感性可达90.0%.胰腺癌切除术后病人肿瘤标记物降至正常水平,随访中其再次升高表明有肿瘤复发或转移的可能. 结论: 联合检测肿瘤标记物有助于胰腺癌早期诊断,并可用于评价治疗效果以及监测肿瘤有无复发或转移.     

联合应用曲马多和恩丹西酮减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛和呕吐

目的 探讨联合应用曲马多和恩丹西酮对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛和恶心呕吐的疗效.方法 :将80例LC病人随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例.治疗组联合应用曲马多和恩丹西酮于术后一次性负荷剂量加静脉持续输入,术后24 h内观察疼痛和恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果 :对照组术后疼痛VAS评分30分以上的有28例(占70%),治疗组只有3例(占7.5%)(P<0.001);对照组24例(占60%)病人需应用哌替啶肌注止痛,治疗组只有1例.对照组恶心和呕吐总计31例(占77.5%),治疗组有8例(占20%)(P<0.001).结论 :联合应用曲马多和恩丹西酮能够减轻LC病人术后疼痛和恶心呕吐的发生,值得推广应用.     

ERCP在医源性胆管损伤中的诊治价值

目的：探讨ERCP对医源性胆管损伤的诊断价值.方法:通过对22例医源性胆管损伤行ERCP检查,分析判断胆管损伤部位、程度及类型,根据需要进行内镜下扩张引流或取石治疗.结果:狭窄部位:位于肝总管近端3例(占13.6%),远端2例(占9.1%),总胆管中上段17例(占77.3%).其中环形狭窄4例(占18.1%),线形狭窄3例(占13.6%),闭塞型狭窄5例(占22.7%),胆管中断10例(占45.5%).内镜下治疗13例次,其中胆管探条扩张后放置7-8.5Fr内置架引流(ERBD)8例(占36.4%))(其中2例先行ENBD 1周后再行ERBD),乳头切开(EST)取石3例(占13.6%).结论:ERCP对医源性胆管损伤具有重要的诊治价值.     

胰腺癌的区域性动脉灌注化疗

目的: 总结区域性动脉灌注化疗治疗晚期胰腺癌的临床疗效.方法: 用Seldinger法将导管插至腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉,再超选至肿瘤供血动脉(如胃十二指肠动脉、胰背动脉或胰十二指肠下动脉),依次灌注5-Fu、DDP或CDDP、THP或ADM.对照组采用静脉疗法,方案与治疗组相同.结果: CR 3例,PR 7例,有效率为47.6%,平均存活时间(10±5)个月,均明显高于对照组.结论: 区域性动脉灌注化疗是治疗晚期胰腺癌的有效方法之一.     

十二指肠镜对十二指肠乳头部肿瘤定性诊断的价值

目的: 探讨应用十二指肠镜检查对十二指肠乳头部良、恶性肿瘤定性诊断的价值.方法: 回顾性分析22例原发性十二指肠乳头肿瘤的病例应用十二指肠镜检查及活检的临床病理资料.结果:22例中十二指肠镜钳夹活检28次,发现恶性肿瘤20例(占90.9%),良性肿瘤2例.其中恶性肿瘤一次钳夹活检获阳性报告率为70%(14/20).结论: 十二指肠镜下肿瘤钳夹活检是十二指肠乳头部肿瘤的定性诊断的主要方法,合理的钳夹取材是提高十二指肠乳头部肿瘤疗效的关键.     

胆石类型与胆源性胰腺炎的关系

目的: 探讨胆囊结石(GS)、肝胆管结石(HS)与胆源性胰腺炎(AGP)之间的关系. 方法: 回顾性和前瞻性分析急性胆源性胰腺炎病因. 结果: 回顾分析500例AP发现,AGP占50.8%(254/500),其中GS诱发85.43%(217/254),HS诱发3.15%(8/254),胆道蛔虫诱发11.42%(29/254).前瞻性观察GS1439例,106例发生AGP,占7.37%;HS353例,1例发生AGP,占0.28%. 结论: GS较HS更易诱发AGP;酗酒、高脂饮食等复合因素的综合作用是AGP以及AGP重症化的重要原因.     

血清CA19-9评价胰腺癌患者放疗疗效的应用价值

目的:探讨通过检测立体定向放射治疗前后胰腺癌患者血清CA19-9的变化评价胰腺癌患者的放射治疗疗效及判断预后.方法:采外周血用电化学发光法测定40例胰腺癌患者放射治疗前后血清中CA19-9的含量和30例健康人血清中CA19-9的含量.结果:立体定向放射治疗前胰腺癌患者血清CA19-9含量为(128.06±82.46)U/ml,较健康人血清中CA19-9含量(36.32±19.36)U/ml明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0 01);立体定向放射治疗后胰腺癌患者血清CA19-9含量为(52.72±55.62)U/ml,较治疗前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后完全及部分缓解的患者其CA19-9水平为(35.43±18.22)U/ml,明显低于治疗后稳定甚至进展的患者 (71.55±63.28)U/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0 05).结论:立体定向放射治疗能明显下调胰腺癌患者血清CA19-9水平,成为中晚期胰腺癌治疗的主要手段; CA19-9可作为胰腺癌诊断、疗效观察和判断预后的重要客观指标.     

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in the treatment of exclusive cavernous sinus meningioma: functional outcome, local control, and tolerance

BACKGROUND: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) combines the precision of stereotactic positioning with the radiobiologic advantage of dose fractionation. METHODS: From June 1997 to June 2001, 30 patients with cavernous sinus meningiomas were treated with FSRT using fixed noncoplanar conformal fields. Patient skull fixation was achieved using the BrainLAB mask (20 patients) or Beverly frame (10 patients). The Cosman-Roberts-Wells coordinate frame was used for stereotactic space definition. In selected cases before 1999, and in all cases afterward, gadolinium-enhanced MRI for image fusion was performed. The median radiation dose was 52 Gy, with a daily fraction of 2 Gy. Patients were regularly followed up analyzing symptoms, tumor progression, and side effects. Neurocognitive function was evaluated retrospectively for 26 patients using Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS: Median follow-up period was 50 months (range, 28.2-74.5 months). Preexisting neurologic symptoms improved in 50% of the patients and worsened in 2 patients. Only 2 patients progressed and the actuarial local progression free survival was 93% at 4 years. Tolerance was good with 2 cases of late radiation toxicity which consisted of moderate short-term memory loss and dysphasia in one case and neuropsychologic deficit with seizures in the other. Postradiotherapy Mini-Mental State Examination results showed a median score of 28 (range, 16-30). CONCLUSIONS: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is a high-precision technique. It is safe and feasible in the primary and adjuvant treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy allowed local control in more than 90% of patients.     

Improved survival and local control after intraoperative radiation therapy and postoperative radiotherapy: a multivariate analysis of 46 patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic head cancer

HYPOTHESIS: Despite aggressive approaches, locoregional tumor control and survival rates for patients with cancer of the pancreatic head remain disappointing. In the present study, we address whether intraoperative and adjuvant radiotherapy may improve the prognosis for these patients. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: From February 1985 to December 1995, 46 patients with an adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head underwent pancreatic resection. The last 26 patients also received intraoperative radiotherapy (except 5 patients) and adjuvant external beam radiation therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data, tumor characteristics, surgical procedures, 5-year survival, and local control of disease were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The morbidity rate was not increased by adjuvant radiation therapy; it was 43% in patients treated with surgery alone and 57% in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy (P =.1); operative mortality was 8% (n = 2) and 9% (n = 2), respectively (P =.8). Overall 5-year survival and local control were 13% and 48.6%, respectively. The mean +/- SD 5-year survival was 5.5% +/- 5.3% (median, 10.8 months) in the surgery-alone group and 15.7% +/- 8.6% (median, 14.3 months) in the surgery plus radiotherapy group (P =.06); local control at 5 years was 29.8% +/- 16.9% and 58.4% +/- 19.9%, respectively (P<.01). Median metastasis-free survival was 8 and 9 months, respectively (P =.52). Multivariate analysis showed that adjuvant radiotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for survival (P<.01) and local control of the disease (P =.03). CONCLUSION: The present study supports the role of radiotherapy combined with pancreatoduodenectomy for treatment of cancer of the pancreatic head because even if the improvement in overall survival is moderate, it is effective in improving the local control of the tumor.     

The impact of tumor size on the efficacy of monoclonal antibody-targeted radiotherapy: studies using a nude mouse model with human renal cell carcinoma xenografts

Monoclonal antibody (Mab)-targeted radiotherapy is a unique approach in cancer therapy. Multiple factors affect the success of treatment. Internal radiation dosimetry and mini-dose Mab-targeted radiotherapy studies reveal that tumor size affects the efficacy of treatment. For tumors with calculated weight greater than 400 mg., intravenous administration of 131I-labeled A6H or A6H-C5H combination delivers significantly less tumor radiation dose (2070 +/- 580 cGy/100 microCi) than those for tumors of weight less than 200 mg. (5260 +/- 2460 cGy/100 microCi). In the mini-dose (an average of 73 to 86 microCi) Mab-targeted radiotherapy study of 109 mice with small tumors (six, 12, or 19 days after implantation), tumors 12 days after implantation (approximately 60 mg. in weight) showed regression in all mice and in 62% of mice gross tumor elimination was observed. In contrast, mini-dose therapy at day 19 (tumor weights approximately 170 mg.) resulted in tumor regression and tumor elimination rates of 33% and 17% respectively. These studies suggest that Mab-targeted radiotherapy is more suitable for treating small tumors.     

基于CT图像的腹腔镜超声引导I125粒子植入治疗胰腺癌术前规划

目的提出基于CT图像的腹腔镜超声引导I~(125)粒子植入治疗胰腺癌的术前规划方法,并评价该治疗方法的可行性。方法将1例胰腺癌患者的术前CT图像导入本实验室自主研发的治疗计划系统(TPS)中,获得肿瘤和周围器官的重建图像。借助基于肿瘤表面的虚拟手术导板,选择进针点位置,进而规划出粒子植入的针道及粒子数量,并评估辐射剂量。结果共规划21条针道,拟植入45颗粒子。术前规划中肿瘤的剂量参数指标D90为12 481cGy,V100为92.83%,可满足临床剂量要求;而周边正常胰腺组织的D90为0,V100仅为0.40%。结论理论上,腹腔镜超声引导I~(125)粒子植入治疗胰腺癌能保证粒子精准植入并达到肿瘤局部控制效果。     

A model for experimental interstitial radiotherapy using intracerebral D-54MG glioma xenografts in athymic mice

Due to its constant glial morphology and small variability as to tumor location and growth characteristics, the intracerebral D-54MG tumor xenograft provides the predictability and reproducability needed by models for the study of stereotactic interstitial radiotherapy. Development and results of experimental brachytherapy in an intracerebral human gliomas derived xenograft tumor model are reported. Tumor homogenate prepared from homogenized subcutaneous D-54MG xenografts was inoculated into the frontal lobe of athymic BALB/c mice (nu/nu genotype). The D-54MG glioma xenografts grew at the site of inoculation without intraventricular or subarachnoid spread. The increase of median survival (IMS) was 58.33% for the highest dose (9370 cGy) and 33.3% for the intermediate dose (5654 cGy). In both experiments the survival prolongation was statistically significant (p<0.05) as calculated by the Log Rank Rest for Kaplan Meier Survival Distributions. In the low dose group (3159 cGy) only a small and not significant IMS was achieved (16.67%). The results of the present investigation demonstrate the accuracy of the stereotactic operative procedure and the efficacy of experimental intracerebral interstitial radiotherapy with I125 seeds. Using a constant dose rate, experimental interstitial brachytherapy in brain-tumor bearing nude mice was shown to result in a dose dependant survival prolongation for the treated animals. The model may help to optimize the rational basis of clinical brain tumor therapy and is well suited to simulate dose and dose rate related therapeutic effects.     

Staging and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer. How small is an early pancreatic cancer?

To determine the tumor size that constitutes early pancreatic cancer, we reviewed and analyzed the English-language and Japanese literature (a total of 25 publications) on small pancreatic cancers less than 2 cm in diameter and/or stage 1 cancers. Reports on in situ carcinoma and intraductal carcinoma of the pancreas were also evaluated. The results were: (1) A total of 302 cases of small pancreatic cancer less than 2 cm in diameter reported at separate institutions were pooled from 15 reports. The rates for patients in stage I and those with no lymph node metastasis averaged 41.7% and 57.9%, respectively. The 5-year postoperative cumulative survival rate (5Y-PCR) was less than 50% in almost all these reports. Similar data were shown in the 7 collective reviews. (2) Another 33 cases of small pancreatic cancer of 1 cm or less in diameter were collected from three reports. The rates for stage I tumor and 5Y-PCR at one institution with two reports were 100% and 100% and the rates in the other report were 85% and 78%, respectively. (3) Twelve cases of in situ carcinoma and intraductal carcinoma of the pancreas were collected from four reports. All of the patients were stage I and were alive with no evidence of tumor recurrence for periods ranging from 6 to 78 months. Small pancreatic cancer less than 1 cm in diameter is better viewed as an early pancreatic cancer, and in situ carcinoma and intraductal carcinoma of the pancreas with minimal invasion to the pancreatic parenchyma may be defined as early pancreatic cancer, regardless of size. Received for publication on July 14, 1997; accepted on Sept. 9, 1997     

Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy using intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with one or two brain metastases

PURPOSE: A small fraction of patients with 1-2 brain metastases will not be suitable candidates to either surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) due to either their location or their size. The objective of this study was to determine the local control, survival, patterns of relapse and the incidence of brain injury following a course of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy while avoiding upfront whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in this subgroup of patients. METHODS: A Gill-Thomas removable head frame system was used for immobilization. Brain LAB software with dynamic multileaf collimator hardware was used to design and deliver an intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plan. A dose of 600 cGy was prescribed to the 100% isodose line that would encompass the lesion with a 3-mm margin. A total dose of 3,000 cGy was delivered in 5 fractions using 2 fractions per week. The patients were followed with neurological examination and serial MRI images done every 3 months following the procedure. RESULTS: Twenty patients have been treated using this fractionation schedule since April 2004. The 1-year local control at the site of original disease is 70%. The complete response, partial response and stable disease at the last follow-up were 15, 30 and 45%, respectively. Two patients had local recurrence at the site of original disease, while 5 had evidence of leptomeningeal disease. Two additional patients developed new brain metastases, resulting in a 1-year brain relapse-free survival of 36% following this approach. The median overall survival was 8.5 months. Three patients (15%) developed steroid dependency lasting 3 months or longer following the procedure. Four patients (20%) needed WBRT as salvage following this approach. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of hypofractionated SRS are comparable to both surgery and SRS data for solitary brain metastases in terms of local control and overall survival with acceptable morbidity in this cohort of unfavorable patients.     

Intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an innovative treatment approach for cancer of the pancreas. The common causes of treatment failure in pancreatic cancer are regional recurrence and distant metastasis. While at present the benefit of IORT in unresectable pancreatic cancer is still controversial and awaits further prospective trials for its clarification, the experience gathered over a period of 30 years with IORT for pancreatic cancer does suggest that IORT should be part of the adjuvant therapy of surgical resection. A combination with pre- or postoperative external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be beneficial for both resectable and unresectable patients. IORT was shown to be a relatively safe intervention and it notably improved the quality of life of patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinomas by alleviating their pain. Here, we summarize and discuss the experience reported to date and present our historical analysis of IORT for pancreatic cancer. Received for publication or Sept. 18, 1997; accepted on March 25, 1998     

Radiotherapy for pediatric brain stem glioma: radiation dose, response, and survival.

An analysis of 39 patients under 20 years of age with brain stem glioma treated with radiotherapy between 1977 and 1991 was undertaken. Twenty-eight (71.2%) of the patients responded well to initial radiotherapy, and 11 (28.8%) responded poorly. Median survival for the total patient population was 10 months. Response rates and median survivals were influenced by radiation dose: 45.5% and 9 months at doses less than 4499 cGy (n = 11), 83.3% and 13 months at doses between 4500 and 5499 cGy (n = 12), 66.7% and 11.5 months at doses between 5500 and 6499 cGy (n = 9), and 100% and 10 months at doses more than 6500 cGy (n = 7). Multivariate analysis revealed the response to initial radiotherapy was the only predictor of survival with radiation doses up to 6499 cGy. Four of the patients who responded well demonstrated radiological and/or histological calcification within or around the tumor at the time of clinical deterioration. Radiation injury was confirmed in two autopsy cases. The possibility that intratumoral radiation injury causes clinical deterioration is suggested.     

隆凸性皮肤纤维肉瘤的临床诊治

目的 进一步提高对隆凸性皮肤纤维肉瘤(DFSP)的认识,强调正确和规范化手术的重要性,并探讨综合治疗途径。方法 对1985年1月至2002年9月收治的163例DFSP病例,进行临床和病理资料的回顾性分析。结果 163例患者中有150例(占92．0%)曾被误诊为良性肿瘤而行局部切除手术,经补充广泛切除、病理检查最终明确局部有肿瘤残留者69例,占46．0％,其中49例(占71．0％)在体检或B超检查时未能发现残留灶。局部切除术后,肿瘤复发率可达45．1％,明显高于广泛切除术后复发率(5．6％)。在施行广泛切除手术的142例患者中,有99例皮肤切缘≥3cm,术后局部复发5例(5．1％),36例皮肤切缘在1∽2em,术后复发3例(8．3％)。46例(32．4％)行游离植皮,11例行筋膜皮瓣转移,1例行缺损区涤纶修补。术后的并发症主要是移植皮瓣的坏死(20例)和切口感染(6例),但术后2个月内均能治愈。有17例患者因为曾经多次复发或广泛切除术后病理报告明确切缘或基底仍有肿瘤细胞残留而补充放射治疗,放射量3275∽7000cGy。放疗后有1例患者出现湿性蜕皮,局部复发2例。在全部病例中,只有2例(1．2％)死亡,其中1例死于肺、肝转移;另有2例曾出现区域淋巴结转移,经手术治疗后存活至今。有13例(占8．0％)出现纤维肉瘤样改变(DFSP-FS),其恶性程度增加,其中11例见于局部复发的病例。结论 在局部切除术后,一经病理检查确诊为DFSP,必须施行补充广泛切除以避免肿瘤残留;规范化的广泛切除是治疗DFSP、降低复发率的主要方法;对术后切缘阳性、身体状况不适合手术治疗的患者辅以放射治疗仍不失为一种有效的治疗方法;对DFSP-FS,临床医师必须引起重视并采用更积极的治疗方案。