老年糖尿病患者骨密度与血尿酸水平的相关研究

目的横断面观察老年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者骨密度及血尿酸水平,探讨两者之间的相关性。方法选择明确诊断为T2DM且年龄在60岁以上的患者254例,搜集患者资料,分别行骨密度测定,依据T值水平将患者分为骨量正常组(n=89例),骨量减少组(n=86例)及骨质疏松组(osteoporosis,OP,n=79例);依据血尿酸水平将患者分为高尿酸血症组(血尿酸≥420μmol/L)和血尿酸正常组(血尿酸420μmol/L)。结果 (1)老年T2DM男性患者血尿酸及各部位骨密度值均高于女性,OP患病率低于女性,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)男性患者血尿酸与腰椎1至4联合值(the lumbar vertebrae,L1-4)及Wards三角部位的骨密度呈正相关(r=0.366,P=0.009;r=0.367,P=0.008),女性患者血尿酸与各部位骨密度无明显相关性(P0.05)。(3)高尿酸血症组患者的血尿酸与股骨颈及大转子部位的骨密度呈负相关(r=-0.374,P=0.025;r=-0.535,P=0.001),血尿酸正常组血尿酸与股骨颈部位的骨密度呈正相关(r=0.212,P=0.010)。结论老年T2DM患者骨密度受性别及血尿酸水平的影响,正常偏高水平的血尿酸有利于稳定骨量。     

沈阳市2697名健康体检者超声跟骨骨密度调查分析

目的 了解沈阳地区健康男、女的骨密度情况。方法 回顾性分析2008~2010年中国医科大学附属盛京医院体检中心体检的1216名女性和1481名男性沈阳市健康体检者的骨密度，检测方法为定量超声跟骨骨密度测定。结果 女性平均T值-1.216±0. 960，男性平均T值-0.750±1. 028,二者差异显著；女性骨质疏松93例，占7.65%.，骨量减少663例，占52. 56%;男性骨质疏松37例，占 2.5%，骨量减少616例，占41.59%_。结论 女性各年龄段T值均低于男性，随着年龄增加，男女T值 均逐渐下降，进入围绝经期后女性T值下降更为迅速，定量超声跟骨骨密度测定可以作为骨量减少及骨质疏松的筛查手段。     

腰椎松质骨CT值与年龄、双能X线骨密度值相关性研究

目的研究女性腰椎松质骨CT值与年龄、双能X线骨密度值的相关性。方法 103例女性住院患者纳入研究对象,所有患者行腰椎骨密度与腰椎螺旋CT检查,双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)测量腰1~4椎体骨密度(BMD)和T值。CT扫描分析腰1~4椎体松质骨CT值。将所有研究对象的年龄、腰1~4椎体CT值、DXA测得BMD值及T值进行收集、整理及统计学处理。结果 1不同年龄段腰1~4椎体松质骨CT值差异具有统计学意义(F=102.5,P0.001);每两个年龄段间的CT值比较差异亦具有统计学意义(P0.001)。组内比较腰1~4椎体之间的CT值没有统计学意义(P0.05)。2按T值将所有研究对象分为3组(骨量正常、骨量减少及骨质疏松症组),各组间腰1~4椎体松质骨CT值差异具有统计学意义(F=248.6,P0.001)。组间两两比较,骨质疏松症组CT值骨量减少组CT值骨量正常组CT值,差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。组内比较腰1~4椎体的CT值没有统计学意义(P0.05)。3腰1~4椎体BMD值与椎体松质骨CT值呈显著正相关(P0.001)。结论女性腰椎椎体的松质骨CT值随着年龄增长逐渐减低。DXA测得BMD值与腰椎椎体松质骨CT值存在显著正相关。     

骨折风险评估工具（FRAX® )在评价绝经后女性骨密度的临床意义

目的探讨骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)在评价绝经后女性骨密度变化中的作用。方法 2014年12月至2015年12月完成双能X线骨密度测定的绝经后女性166例,问卷采集信息,应用FRAX计算代入或不代入股骨颈骨密度时各研究对象10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率,并结合骨密度测定结果、OSTA及IOF 1 min测试题进行统计学分析。结果 1骨量异常组年龄较高、体重较轻、BMI较低、身高变化较多、绝经年限较长,两组间具有既往骨折史的人数差异有统计学意义。2有或无BMD时,骨量异常组10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率均显著高于骨量正常组。3有或无股骨颈BMD时,FRAX预测值与股骨颈骨密度T值之间均呈显著负相关,而有和无股骨颈BMD的FRAX预测值之间呈显著正相关。4随着年龄或骨质疏松风险的增长,骨量异常发生率逐渐上升,10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率显著升高。5不代入BMD时,10年内主要骨质疏松性骨折概率识别骨量异常的ROC曲线的AUC为0.705(P0.001),cutoff值为3.75%,准确度为中等;10年内髋骨骨折概率识别骨量异常的ROC曲线的AUC为0.743(P0.001),cutoff值为1.75%,准确度中等。结论 FRAX能够反映机体骨密度变化,全面评估骨折风险,并可作为一项基本的筛检工具,应用于识别绝经后女性骨质疏松的高危人群。     

胰岛素样生长因子与血液透析患者骨质疏松症关系的研究

目的：探讨血胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）与血液透析患者骨密度的关系及其在骨质疏松症诊断中的作用。方法：45例骨量异常（骨量减少或骨质疏松）血液透析患者分别检测透析前血IGF-1、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽（PINP）、Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽（CTX）等生化指标,统计所有患者的骨密度值。15例骨量正常血液透析患者作为对照组。结果：透析患者骨量异常组血IGF-1水平显著低于骨量正常对照组（P〈0.001）,而且早在骨量减少阶段就已显示出差异性（P〈0.05）,血PINP、CTX显著高于骨量正常对照组（P〈0.001）。血清IGF-1水平与患者髋部的骨密度正相关（P〈0.001）,与PINP、CTX负相关（P〈0.001）,但与腰椎骨密度值无相关性。结论：IGF-1做为新型骨代谢生化标志物,其水平在血液透析患者中与骨密度变化相平行,对透析患者骨量变化的监测和骨质疏松症的早期诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

新疆老年男性骨转化生化标志物及性激素与骨质疏松症的相关性研究

目的探讨新疆老年男性骨转换生化标志物及性激素水平与原发性骨质疏松症的关系。方法采用双能X线骨密度仪检测146例老年男性患者腰椎、左侧股骨骨密度(BMD),平均年龄:72.4±7.9岁,基于骨密度T值分为骨量正常组(75例)和骨量异常组(71例),采用酶联免疫法测定Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端原肽(PINP)和Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽(CTX),放射免疫法测定雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T),比较两组骨转换生化指标和性激素水平是否存在差异及其与骨密度的相关性。结果 1 PINP与CTX在骨量正常组和骨量异常组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两者偏相关分析呈显著正相关(r=0.746 P=0.000)。2雌二醇、睾酮在两组中比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨量异常组雌二醇(17.48±7.61)低于骨量正常组(21.31±11.43),t=2.391,P=0.018;骨量异常组睾酮(3.50±1.02)低于骨量正常组(3.98±1.43),t=2.331,P=0.021。3汉族人群左侧髋关节骨密度高于维吾尔族人群,除Inter Tro部位外,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);年龄与髋关节各部位骨密度呈显著负相关。结论性激素水平降低可能是影响男性骨量减少的一个重要危险因素,而雌激素可能占主要地位;随着年龄的增加,老年男性髋关节骨密度呈下降趋势,测定左侧髋关节骨密度对诊断骨质疏松症有着重要意义。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市某社区维吾尔族女性跟骨骨密度与代谢综合征相关性分析

目的探索代谢综合征(MS)与不同年龄及代谢状态下维吾尔族女性定量骨超声检测跟骨骨密度(T值)与其之间的相关性。方法横断面研究,对象为新疆乌鲁木齐市二道桥某社区常住维族女性。按年龄分组,观察不同年龄段维族女性骨量的变化。按中华医学会糖尿病分会(CDS)[1]诊断MS的诊断标准,将549名女性分为高血压组136例,血压正常组413例;糖尿病组103例,血糖正常组446例;单纯肥胖或超重组290例,体重正常组259例;血脂紊乱组157例,血脂正常组392例;MS组86例,非MS组463例。根据既往史是否绝经分为未绝经组339例,绝经组182例;并用线性回归分析,研究跟骨骨密度的独立影响因素。结果高血压、糖代谢异常、MS组骨量T值均低于其代谢正常组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);高血压、糖代谢异常、超重或肥胖、MS组骨量减少、骨质疏松的患病率均高于其代谢正常组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);按年龄分组,不同组间T值不完全相同,随年龄增长,骨量减少的患病率升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);按是否合并绝经分组,绝经组骨量减少、骨质疏松的患病率明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MS作为多种代谢异常的症候群,骨量减少的患病率高,是骨质疏松发生的高风险人群。绝经是女性骨量减少的独立危险因素。     

绝经后女性膝关节骨性关节炎与胫骨软骨下骨骨密度的相关性研究

目的评价绝经后女性膝关节骨性关节炎与胫骨软骨下骨骨密度的相关性。方法选取2017年7月至2017年10月就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院的绝经后膝关节骨性关节炎女性80例,年龄45~92(65.2±10.9)岁。按照KellgrenLawrence诊断标准将Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级KOA分为A、B、C、D等4个组。将胫骨内侧及外侧选为感兴趣区(regions of interest,ROI)分别标记为ROI 1,ROI 2。采用GE Lunar Prodigy型双能X线骨密度仪分别测量两个ROI骨密度,同时测量股骨颈及腰椎骨密度。结果共纳入骨性关节炎患者80例。ROI 1平均骨密度值0.66±0.24 g/cm~2,ROI 2平均骨密度值0.46±0.19 g/cm~2,腰椎平均骨密度值0.76±0.15 g/cm~2,股骨颈平均骨密度值0.75±0.14 g/cm~2。ROI 1、ROI 2、股骨颈及腰椎骨密度值与KOA分级比较后发现,ROI 1、ROI 2、股骨颈骨密度值在4组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),腰椎骨密度差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。胫骨软骨下骨骨密度与KOA分级、年龄、腰椎骨密度、股骨颈骨密度进行相关性分析后发现,胫骨软骨下骨骨密度与KOA分级、年龄呈负相关,与腰椎及股骨颈骨密度呈正相关。结论随KOA的进展,胫骨软骨下骨皮质终板硬化,但其下方的松质骨骨密度减低。     

骨质疏松症风险一分钟测试在评价绝经后女性超声骨 密度变化中的作用

目的探讨骨质疏松症风险一分钟测试在评价绝经后女性跟骨超声骨密度变化中的作用。方法对273名门诊就诊的绝经后妇女进行骨质疏松风险一分钟测试,并采用韩国SONOST 3000超声波骨密度检测仪测定受试者右跟骨SOS值、BUA值、BQI值及T值,按问卷测试结果对各组进行统计学分析。结果问卷测试阳性组受试者年龄较高(P0.01)、身高较低(P0.05)、体重较轻(P0.01),跟骨定量超声各参数及骨密度T值均显著低于阴性组(P0.01)。随年龄或OSTA风险增加,测试结果阳性率升高(P0.05),骨密度T值显著降低(P0.05)。在所有测试问题中,问题2和问题4阳性回答受试者的BQI值及骨密度T值均明显低于阴性回答受试者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骨质疏松症风险一分钟测试可以简便、有效地反映骨质疏松骨密度改变,特别对于测试问题2或问题4阳性的绝经后女性应引起高度警惕,建议及早诊治。     

辛伐他汀对绝经伴血脂代谢异常女性跟骨骨密度的影响

目的 研究辛伐他汀对绝经后伴血脂代谢异常女性跟骨骨密度的影响。方法 分析885名绝经后口服辛伐他汀治疗血脂代谢异常（TC>5.18mmol/L 或 LDL-C> 3.37mmol/L）女性的跟骨骨密度,并依据T值分为骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松。结果 治疗前跟骨骨密度为305.3± 59.2 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数分别为115、446、324,口服辛伐他汀（20mg/d）治疗3月后骨密度为309.7±56.3 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数为117、459、319,12月后跟骨骨密度为312.5±60.9 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数为122、460、303。结论 绝经后伴血脂代谢异常女性应用辛伐他汀（20mg/d）治疗12个月后跟骨骨密度增高,但对骨质疏松患病风险无影响。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.