硬膜外腔导管松解联合神经根孔外韧带剥离治疗粘连性腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨硬膜外腔导管松解、精确药物注射,选择性联合应用神经根孔外韧带剥离技术治疗粘连性腰椎管狭窄症所致腰腿痛的临床疗效。方法 2011-01-2012-06,收治粘连性腰椎管狭窄症患者72例,分成两个治疗组,各36例。对照组采用单纯骶管注射治疗;观察组采用经皮、经骶管入路,行硬膜外腔导管松解、精确药物注射,其中21例选择性联合应用神经根孔外韧带剥离技术。采用Oswestry功能障碍指数、疼痛视觉模拟评分评估患者术后疗效。结果术后末次随访时,两组患者的VAS评分和ODI均较术前明显降低(P<0.05),两组间VAS评分、ODI及ODI改善率比较均具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论经皮、经骶管行硬膜外腔导管松解、精确药物注射,选择性联合应用神经根孔外韧带剥离技术,可以有效缓解腰椎管狭窄症所致腰腿痛症状。     

经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化的临床研究

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化的临床效果及手术技巧。[方法]收集本院2014年12月~2016年11月收治的腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化患者共计10例,均行经皮侧方椎间孔镜技术进行治疗。平均病程26.5个月,平均随访时间10.2个月。分别于术前及术后1 d、3个月和末次随访时行视觉疼痛模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)和改良Mac Nab疗效评定对临床疗效进行分析评估,对患者术前和末次随访时X线片、CT和MRI影像学资料进行比较,并统计手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间等资料。[结果]腰痛VAS评分从术前的(8.46±0.23)降至末次随访的(1.12±0.19)分;腿痛VAS评分从术前的(8.68±0.22)分降至末次随访的(1.05±0.25)分;ODI评分分别从术前(81.25±2.86)分降至末次随访的(13.25±1.38)分。末次随访时,依据改良的Mac Nab标准评估,优良率达90%。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜技术可有效治疗腰椎椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化,使神经根得到及时彻底减压及松解,临床效果显著。     

棘突间撑开融合治疗中老年腰椎间盘突出症

[目的]探讨棘突间撑开融合固定术(ISDFF)治疗中老年腰椎间盘突出症的中短期疗效。[方法] 2014年1月～2015年10月采用ISDFF治疗的中老年腰椎间盘突出症患者60例,其中男性27例,女性33例,年龄52～88岁,平均(66.37±9.16)岁。通过疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及日本矫形外科学会评分(JOA)评价临床疗效,并通过影像测量手术节段椎间盘后缘高度及椎间孔高度。[结果]所有患者均顺利手术,平均手术时间(60.32±6.09) min,平均出血量(52.42±8.54) ml,平均住院时间(8.23±1.24) d。随访时间13～30个月,平均(20.27±4.26)个月。VAS评分从术前的(6.37±1.44)分降低至末次随访的(1.37±0.84)分,ODI由术前(71.27±11.35)%降低至末次随访的(28.63±5.44)%,JOA评分由术前(11.47±2.49)分增加至末次随访的(24.02±2.11)分,上述指标两时间点的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。影像学疗效评价方面,PDH由术前的(0.72±0.16) cm增加至末次随访的(0.87±0.18) cm,FH由术前的(2.07±0.32) cm增加至末次随访的(2.20±0.34)cm,两时间点差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论] ISDFF作为一种脊柱内牵引器,治疗中老年腰椎间盘突出症简单安全,近期疗效良好,是治疗中老年腰椎间盘突出症的新选择。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的早期临床疗效分析

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的早期临床疗效及手术技巧。[方法]收集本院2014年11月~2015年9月收治的腰椎管狭窄症患者35例,均为单侧侧隐窝狭窄,均行症状侧侧方椎间孔入路,L4、5节段24例,L5S1节段11例。平均病程23.9个月,平均随访时间6.5个月。分别于术前及术后1 d、3个月和末次随访时行视觉疼痛模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)和改良Mac Nab疗效评定标准对临床疗效进行分析评估,对患者术前和末次随访时X线片、CT和MRI影像学资料进行对比分析。并统计手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间等临床资料。[结果]腰痛VAS评分从术前(7.21±0.22)降至术后1 d、3个月、末次随访时的(1.97±0.19)分、(1.35±0.24)分、(1.13±0.25)分;腿痛VAS评分从术前(8.54±0.22)分降至术后1 d、3个月、末次随访时的(2.08±0.28)分、(1.11±0.16)分、(1.06±0.33)分,较术前均有明显改善;ODI评分分别从术前(75.89±2.61)分降至(23.22±3.09)分、(15.17±1.42)分、(13.85±1.26)分。末次随访时,依据改良的Mac Nab标准评估,优良率达91.4%。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜技术在早期可有效治疗腰椎管狭窄症,使神经根在侧隐窝处得到及时彻底减压及松解,临床效果显著。     

管状牵开器辅助下单侧固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症的临床观察

目的评估微创Quadrant通道下单侧内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法选择2012年1月~2014年12月在我院手术治疗的18例腰椎间盘突出症术后复发患者,经后路单侧肌间隙入路,微创Quadrant通道下行单侧椎弓根内固定+椎间融合术。Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)对患者再次手术前、手术后进行临床疗效评价,腰椎CT检查评估是否椎体间融合。结果所有的患者均随访6~25个月,平均12.6个月。术前VAS平均评分为7.31±1.6分,术后末次随访VAS平均评分为3.15±0.54分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ODI评分术前平均38.54±3.21分,术后末次随访平均为5.96±3.12分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访椎体间植骨均融合,无椎弓根螺钉断裂和融合器移位。结论微创Quadrant通道下单侧内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症安全有效。     

后路椎间盘松解融合固定治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形

[目的]评价经后路侧前方椎间盘切除松解治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折并后凸畸形的临床疗效。[方法] 2014年6月～2018年12月本院脊柱外科采用经后路侧前方椎间盘切除松解治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折并后凸畸形患者31例,其中男19例,女12例,年龄28～68岁,平均(50.58±10.09)岁。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和影像学测量评估临床疗效。[结果] 31例患者均顺利接受手术,未出现重要血管、神经、内脏损伤等并发症。手术时间100～180 min,术中出血量180～400 ml。所有患者术后随访10～52个月。VAS评分由术前(6.87±0.92)分至末次随访降至(1.48±0.74)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ODI指数由术前(67.32±7.80)%至末次随访降至(18.35±3.67)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Cobb角由术前(38.13±3.25)°至末次随访降至(8.03±1.89)°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);末次随访胸腰椎正侧位X线片及CT三维重建提示椎间骨性融合良好、矫正角度保持良好,内置物位置良好,无松动、断裂等并发症。[结论]经后路侧前方椎间盘切除松解矫正陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形临床效果满意。     

经皮椎间孔镜单切口治疗双节段腰椎间盘突出症的疗效

[目的]探讨运用经皮椎间孔镜单切口治疗双节段腰椎间盘突出症的可行性及其疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2010年3月～2016年3月在本院接受经皮椎间孔镜单切口手术并获得随访的27例双节段腰椎间盘突出症患者资料,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)、功能指数评分(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)和改良Mac Nab标准评估手术疗效。[结果]所有患者手术时间75～135 min,平均95 min;出血量15～25 ml,平均20 ml;住院时间3～14 d,平均6 d。所有患者随访9～60个月,平均26个月。VAS评分术前(9.00±0.35)分,出院时(3.15±1.25)分,术后1个月(2.51±1.67)分,末次随访时(1.41±0.33)分,术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ODI评分术前(71.21±15.22)分,出院时(29.46±9.23)分,术后1个月(17.58±7.16)分,末次随访时(10.13±5.29)分,术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。改良Mac Nab标准评价临床疗效:优18例,良6例,可1例,差2例,优良率为88.9%(24/27)。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜单切口治疗双节段腰椎间盘突出症对术者要求高,但具有创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快等优点,具有可行性且安全。     

微创Quadrant通道下椎间融合术治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症的初步疗效

【摘要】〓目的〓评价腰椎后路微创Quadrant 通道下椎间融合术治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症的初步临床疗效。方法〓2010年1月~2012年12月,我科收治25例复发性腰椎间盘突出症患者,采用后路原切口双侧肌间隙入路(Wiltse入路),经微创Quadrant 通道下行椎间融合术。应用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)对患者再次手术前、手术后进行临床疗效评价,腰椎薄层CT扫描及三维重建评估椎体间融合。结果〓25例患者均获得随访,随访的时间为12~36个月,平均19.2个月。术前VAS平均评分为8.26±1.4分,术后末次随访VAS平均评分为2.47±0.65分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ODI评分术前平均40.32±3.14分,术后末次随访平均为6.67±2.54分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访椎体间植骨均融合,无椎弓根螺钉断裂和融合器移位。结论〓微创Quadrant通道下椎间融合术治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症安全有效。     

Wallis治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床对比研究

[目的]探讨Wallis棘突间动态稳定系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症的近期疗效.[方法]回顾性分析2008年7月～2010年7月本院骨科收治的腰椎间盘突出症患者共70例,其中40例行髓核摘除+Wallis棘突间固定(Wallis 组),30例行单纯髓核摘除(单纯组).观察两组患者病变节段术前术后椎间盘平均高度(disc height,DH)及活动范围(range of motion,ROM)的变化、术前术后的疼痛视觉模糊评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)、下腰痛疾患疗效评分(Japanese Orthopedics Association,JOA)、Oswestry功能残障指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI).术后随访9～34个月,平均(18.24±5.15)个月.[结果]Wallis组术后1周DH值较术前显著增高,且术后末次随访时(平均18.2个月)较术前无显著变化;而单纯组术后1周DH值较术前无显著变化,术后末次随访时较术前减小.Wallis组术后ROM值比术前显著减小(P＜0.05),而单纯组则与术前无显著差异(P＞0.05).术后1周两组间的VAS评分、JOA评分及ODI评分无显著差异(P＞0.05),术后末次随访时Wallis组优于单纯组(P＜0.05).[结论]Wallis 棘突间动态稳定系统与单纯髓核摘除术相比,具有满意的近期影像学及临床效果.     

单节段棘突间Coflex动态固定系统与后路椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎间盘退行性变的疗效比较

[目的]对Coflex棘突间动态固定系统在治疗腰椎间盘退行性变中的应用进行短期疗效评价,比较其与PLIF传统方法疗效差异。[方法]回顾性分析2008年12月～2010年4月采用Coflex动态固定系统治疗腰椎间盘退行性变的病例28例,男性13例,女性15例;年龄48～69岁,平均56.7岁。病史10～54个月,平均20.4个月。随访12～22个月。后路椎间植骨融合术:32例患者,男性14例,女性18例;年龄46～72岁,平均60.8岁。通过VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和影像学分析来评价其疗效。[结果]与PLIF组相比,Coflex组术前及末次随访VAS腰痛评分、术前及末次随访ODI、术前手术节段及上邻节段ROM差异无统计学意义。Coflex组末次随访手术节段ROM较PLIF组大,差异具有统计学意义。Coflex组末次随访手术上邻节段ROM较PLIF组小,差异具有统计学意义。[结论]Coflex在治疗腰椎间盘退行性变中,对维持脊柱单元运动稳定性、缓解腰椎间盘突出症的根性症状具有积极的作用。     

A study of epidural pressures in infants

BACKGROUND: The pressures exerted on fragile structures in the infant during epidural injections have never been studied previously. METHODS: We measured the pressure changes in the epidural space of 20 infants during injection of local anaesthetic solutions. The pressures developed during passage of the epidural needle through the ligaments of spine and in the epidural space during the injection of 1 ml at two rates of injection, over 1 and 2 min and the residual pressure 1 and 2 min after each injection were studied. RESULTS: The mean pressure while the needle was being advanced through the ligamentum flavum was 69.14 +/- 36.95 mmHg. The epidural pressure after needle had just penetrated the ligament without eliciting the loss of resistance was 1 +/- 9.759 mmHg. A distinct pulsatile waveform identical to the pulse waveform was observed as soon as the epidural space was entered. The pressure rise varied according to the rate of injection. The pressures were 27.79 mmHg when the rate of injection was 1 ml.min(-1), with a residual pressure after 1 min of 12 +/- 5.53 mmHg and 10.14 +/- 5.53 mmHg after 2 min of injection. When the rate of injection was 1 ml.2 min(-1), the pressures were 15.66 +/- 9.48 mmHg with a residual pressure after 1 min of 14.79 +/- 5.15 mmHg and 12.93 +/- 5.46 mmHg after 2 min of injection. CONCLUSIONS: The residual pressures seem to vary more with the volume injected than the rate of injection or the pressures developed during the injection. The relationship between the rate of injection and pressures is significant when compared with adults where the pressures have been measured after an injection rate of 1 ml.s(-1) and 1 ml.5 s(-1). This is a very fast rate compared with our rates of injection of 1 ml over 1 and 2 min. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend a rate of 1 ml.2 min(-1) in infants. In neonates, a slower rate of injection would be preferable.     

Epidural abscess following epidural analgesia in pediatric patients

Epidural abscess following epidural analgesia is an unusual event especially in pediatric patients. Two patients presented with fever and local signs of infection without neurological deficit on day 4 after the initiation of epidural analgesia. Neuro-imaging studies revealed epidural abscess. Both pediatric patients were treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics. One of the patients' initial MRI was normal. However, the symptoms persisted and a followed-up scan revealed epidural abscess. The other patient presented with worsening local indurations over the epidural insertion site and positive blood culture with Hemolytic streptococcus. Our experience suggests that neuro-imaging study should be strongly considered to evaluate pediatric patients with suspicion of epidural abscess.     

Epidural abscess complicating insertion of epidural catheters

We present three cases of epidural abscess, all in patientsin whom an epidural catheter had been inserted for postoperativepain management. In all three cases the infecting organism wasStaphylococcus aureus and two patients had diabetes. The diagnosiswas made within 3 days of epidural catheter removal in two cases,but in one the abscess did not present until after the patienthad been discharged from hospital. We have retrospectively calculatedthe incidence of epidural abscess in our hospital over the 5-yrperiod 1993–98 to be 1 in 800 (0.12%). We emphasize theimportance of using techniques that minimize the risk of bacterialcontamination during both catheter placement and the managementof infusion, and seek to raise awareness of this relativelyrare but significant condition. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 778–82     

Cervical epidural analgesia via a thoracic approach using nerve-stimulation guidance in adult patients undergoing total shoulder replacement surgery

BACKGROUND: Continuous cervical epidural anesthesia can provide excellent peri- and post-operative analgesia, although several factors prevent its widespread use. Advancing catheters from thoracic levels to the cervical region may circumvent these barriers, provided they are accurately positioned. We hypothesize that guiding catheters from thoracic to cervical regions using low-current epidural stimulation will have a high success rate and enable excellent analgesia in adults undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, adult patients were studied consecutively. A 17-G Tuohy needle was inserted into the thoracic epidural space using a right paramedian approach with loss of resistance. A 20-G styletted epidural catheter, with an attached nerve stimulator, was primed with saline and a 1-10 mA current was applied as it advanced in a cephalad direction towards the cervical spine. Muscle twitch responses were observed and post-operative X-ray confirmed final placement. After a test dose, an infusion (2-8 ml/h) of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml and morphine 0.05 mg/ml (or equivalent) was initiated. Verbal analog pain scale scores were collected over 72 h. RESULTS: Cervical epidural anesthesia was performed on 10 patients. Average current required to elicit a motor response was 4.8 +/- 2.0mA. Post-operative X-ray of catheter positions confirmed all catheter tips reached the desired region (C4-7). The technical success rate for catheter placement was 100% and excellent pain control was achieved. Catheters were positioned two to the left, four to the right and four to the midline. CONCLUSION: This epidural technique provided highly effective post-operative analgesia in a patient group that traditionally experiences severe post-operative pain and can benefit from early mobilization.     

Lumbar epidural hematoma following epidural anesthesia

A 68-year-old woman who developed a lumbar epidural hematoma following epidural anesthesia is described. The patient had severe lumbar spondylosis and osteoporosis that had not been recognized before her initial gynecological operation. Despite the delayed laminectomy, the patient experienced a complete neurological recovery.     

Inadvertent knotting of a thoracic epidural catheter

We report a case of corrosive injury of upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts scheduled for feeding jejunostomy under thoracic epidural anesthesia. An epidural catheter was inserted at the T8-T9 intervertebral space and threaded 7 cm beyond the tip of the Tuohy needle in a rostral direction. Resistance was noticed during attempts to inject the local anesthetic. As resistance could not be relieved by changing the position of the patient, kinking of the epidural catheter was suspected. Following informing the patient of the associated risks, the catheter was retrieved successfully by gentle and steady pulling. A tight double-knot of catheter was found. No neurological sequelae to the procedure were noticed.     

硬膜外不同输注模式用于分娩镇痛的比较

目的 比较规律间断硬膜外泵注（RIEB）和持续性硬膜外输注（CEI）复合病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法 自愿接受分娩镇痛的初产妇225例,按照随机数字表法分为A、B、C三组,每组75例。所有产妇给予硬膜外分娩镇痛,选取L2~3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,镇痛液配方为0.08%罗哌卡因＋0.4 μg/mL舒芬太尼。A组产妇予以CEI模式镇痛,8 mL/h持续输注镇痛液。B组与C组产妇予以RIEB模式镇痛,自注射首剂开始,每间断1 h给予8 mL镇痛液,其中B组的注射速度为2 mL/min,C组的注射速度为6 mL/min。记录产妇满意度评分,镇痛前（T1）、镇痛后30 min（T2）、1h（T3）、宫口开大7~8 cm时（T4）、宫口开全时（T5）、分娩时（T6）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和改良Bromage评分,观察病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）有效按压次数、罗哌卡因用量、舒芬太尼用量、产程、镇痛时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、不良反应发生情况、产妇满意度评分。结果 三组产妇T1~T3时点VAS评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）;三组产妇T4~T6时点VAS评分,PCEA追加次数,罗哌卡因用量,舒芬太尼用量方面均显示C组B组>A组（P<0.05）;三组患者的平均动脉压,心率,改良Bromage评分,产程,镇痛时间,分娩方式,不良反应发生率,新生儿Apgar评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 RIEB复合PCEA用于分娩镇痛的效果显著,且泵注速度为6 mL/min的效果最佳,可有效减少PCEA追加次数,罗哌卡因用量和舒芬太尼用量,提高产妇满意度,而不良反应并没有增加。     

硬膜外不同输注模式用于分娩镇痛的比较

目的 比较规律间断硬膜外泵注（RIEB）和持续性硬膜外输注（CEI）复合病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法 自愿接受分娩镇痛的初产妇225例,按照随机数字表法分为A、B、C三组,每组75例。所有产妇给予硬膜外分娩镇痛,选取L2~3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,镇痛液配方为0.08%罗哌卡因＋0.4 μg/mL舒芬太尼。A组产妇予以CEI模式镇痛,8 mL/h持续输注镇痛液。B组与C组产妇予以RIEB模式镇痛,自注射首剂开始,每间断1 h给予8 mL镇痛液,其中B组的注射速度为2 mL/min,C组的注射速度为6 mL/min。记录产妇满意度评分,镇痛前（T1）、镇痛后30 min（T2）、1h（T3）、宫口开大7~8 cm时（T4）、宫口开全时（T5）、分娩时（T6）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和改良Bromage评分,观察病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）有效按压次数、罗哌卡因用量、舒芬太尼用量、产程、镇痛时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、不良反应发生情况、产妇满意度评分。结果 三组产妇T1~T3时点VAS评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）;三组产妇T4~T6时点VAS评分,PCEA追加次数,罗哌卡因用量,舒芬太尼用量方面均显示C组B组>A组（P<0.05）;三组患者的平均动脉压,心率,改良Bromage评分,产程,镇痛时间,分娩方式,不良反应发生率,新生儿Apgar评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 RIEB复合PCEA用于分娩镇痛的效果显著,且泵注速度为6 mL/min的效果最佳,可有效减少PCEA追加次数,罗哌卡因用量和舒芬太尼用量,提高产妇满意度,而不良反应并没有增加。