脊髓型颈椎病合并后纵韧带骨化的前路手术治疗

[目的]探讨一期前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病合并后纵韧带骨化的临床疗效.[方法]采用颈前路减压治疗脊髓型颈椎病合并后纵韧带骨化患者16例,其中男9例,女7例;年龄48 ～ 72岁,平均58岁.手术采用颈前路椎体次全切除或加椎间隙减压的基础上,切除骨化的后纵韧带,植骨钛网钢板内固定.[结果] 16例随访6～36 (20±15)个月,术前JOA评分为(8.3±3.48)分,术后3个月JOA评分(14.13 ±1.22)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]颈前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病合并后纵韧带骨化,能够获得彻底的椎管减压和良好的临床效果.     

颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的:探讨多节段颈椎病颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术的疗效。方法 :对2012年10月至2014年6月行颈椎前路治疗的28例脊髓型颈椎病的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男18例,女10例;年龄45~77(60.11±9.37)岁;27例患者病变累及3个节段,1例累及4个节段;术前JOA评分为8.89±1.87,拟融合节段Cobb角为(4.87±4.56)°,颈椎曲度为(11.68±1.25)°,均行颈椎前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术。通过影像学资料测量术后1、12个月时的融合节段Cobb角、颈椎曲度,并采用JOA评分评价疗效。结果:手术时间120~205 min,平均163 min;术中出血量100~300 ml,平均198 ml;术后1例患者出现声音嘶哑,术后3周恢复正常;1例出现饮水呛咳,术后1周恢复正常。28例患者均获得随访,时间12~24(18.46±3.20)个月。术后12个月植骨椎间隙均获骨性愈合,内固定物位置良好。术后1、12个月时融合节段Cobb角与颈椎曲度及JOA评分均较术前明显改善(P0.05)。术后12个月JOA评分改善率为(46.46±20.26)%,手术疗效根据改善率评定:优12例,良14例,好转2例。结论:颈椎前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术治疗多节段颈椎病效果满意。     

ACCF联合颈前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的探讨颈前路椎体次全切除减压融合术(ACCF)联合颈前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-05—2017-07采用ACCF联合颈前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定术治疗的30例多节段脊髓型颈椎病,比较术前、术后1周及末次随访时JOA评分、颈椎Cobb角、椎间隙高度。结果30例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间平均21.6个月,切口均一期愈合,植骨均骨性愈合,无内固定松动、移位、断裂、伤口感染、声音嘶哑及神经功能加重等并发症。术后1例出现脑脊液漏,2例出现吞咽不适,非手术治疗后均治愈。术后1周与末次随访时JOA评分、颈椎Cobb角、椎间隙高度较术前均明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时根据JOA评分改善率评定综合疗效:优12例,良14例,可4例。结论ACCF联合颈前路减压zerop椎间植骨融合内固定术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病安全可靠,能够有效地恢复椎间隙高度和颈椎生理曲度。     

颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术治疗多节段颈椎病

【摘要】 目的：探讨颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术治疗多节段颈椎病的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2002年3月～2012年1月采用颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术治疗的32例多节段颈椎病患者资料,男20例,女12例;年龄48～76岁,平均52.32±5.73岁。脊髓型颈椎病26例,脊髓型合并神经根型颈椎病6例。病变累及3个节段29例,累及4个节段3例。术前JOA评分为8.07±1.82（5~11）分,颈前柱高度为67.29±2.63（61.98～73.01）mm,颈椎曲度C值为2.86±2.63[（-3.14）～8.42]。均行颈前路混合减压融合内固定术,其中脊髓主要受压节段采用椎体次全切除减压,脊髓次要受压节段行椎间隙减压。观察手术并发症情况及术后1周、6个月、12个月时JOA评分、颈前柱高度与颈椎曲度C值的恢复情况。结果：手术时间90～160min,平均105min;术中出血量100～350ml,平均200ml。术后1例出现饮水呛咳,术后2周恢复正常;2例出现声音嘶哑,经对症处理均于术后1个月内恢复正常。随访12～24个月,平均14.0±3.1个月。术后6～12个月均获骨性愈合,末次随访时无假关节形成和内固定松动或断裂。术后1周、6个月、12个月时颈前柱高度、颈椎曲度C值及JOA评分均较术前明显提高（P<0.05）。术后12个月JOA评分改善率为（68.38±11.07）%,按改善率评定手术疗效,优11例,良17例,好转4例。结论：颈前路椎体次全切除联合椎间隙减压融合内固定术是治疗多节段颈椎病一种安全、有效的方法。     

颈椎前路减压双嵌片自稳型颈椎融合器治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的探讨颈椎前路减压双嵌片自稳型颈椎融合器治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。方法采用颈椎前路减压双嵌片自稳型颈椎融合器治疗33例脊髓型颈椎病患者。术后1周、3个月、6个月及末次随访时采用JOA评分标准评价脊髓功能恢复情况,测量颈椎椎间隙高度百分比和颈椎整体屈曲度。结果 33例患者均获得12个月随访。术后1周、3个月、6个月及末次随访时,JOA评分、椎间隙高度百分比、颈椎整体屈曲度较术前均有明显提高(P 0.05)。末次随访时JOA改善率:优( 75%) 21例,良(50%～75%) 12例。结论颈椎前路减压双嵌片自稳型颈椎融合器治疗脊髓型颈椎病临床效果较好。     

脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的前路手术治疗

[目的]观察颈椎前路减压融合内固定术治疗脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效.[方法]2005年8月～2010年2月,158例脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病患者实施颈椎前路椎间隙减压自体髂骨植骨、椎体次全切减压钛网植入及椎间隙Cage植入钢板内固定术,158例患者全部获得随访,随访时间平均11.3个月.[结果]采用JOA评分评定临床效果,JOA评分13～16分,平均13.6分,其中优135例,良23例.植骨在3～6个月内融合,无骨不连及假关节形成.全组病例无1例神经症状加重、高热、应急性溃疡等并发症.[结论]颈椎前路减压融合内固定术治疗脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效满意,是较好的手术方式.甲基强的松龙在压迫较重的颈椎病前路手术中能够很好地保护脊髓功能.     

前路分节段减压术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的探讨颈椎前路分节段减压术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的手术方法及疗效。方法 2003年12月至2008年12月采用前路分节段减压术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者48例,男25例,女23例;3节段病变39例,4节段9例;术中采用1个椎体次全切除加1或2个椎间隙减压,同时行植骨融合钛板固定,术后定期复查颈椎正侧位及屈伸位X线片,观察植骨融合情况,采用JOA评分评价神经功能。结果手术时间70～220min,平均87min,术中出血量120～800 ml,平均210 ml。全部获得随访,术后随访12～60个月,平均26个月,所有病例均获骨性融合,融合时间3～9个月,平均6.2个月。术前JOA评分为（6.3±3.2）分,末次随访时JOA评分为（13.2±3.6）分,与术前比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,改善率为72.8%±16.2%,优良率为89.6%。结论颈椎前路分节段减压术是治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的一种可靠术式,可获得理想的植骨融合率及神经功能改善率。     

自锁式椎间融合器在一期后前路联合手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病中的应用(2年随访)

[目的]分析一期颈椎后路单开门椎管成型、前路椎间减压、自锁式椎间融合器自体植骨椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效.[方法]2006年9月～ 2008年4月,采用一期颈椎后路单开门椎管成型、前路椎间减压、自锁式椎间融合器自体植骨椎间融合术连续治疗脊髓型颈椎病52例;前路椎间减压单节段23例、双节段29例.记录患者术前及术后的JOA评分,在颈椎侧位X线片上测量椎间隙高度、椎间前凸角、颈椎前凸角的变化.[结果] 52例共随访24～40个月(平均30个月).52例患者在术后2周内均感到神经症状明显好转;没有发生手术相关并发症.术后6个月随访时,所有患者主诉四肢感觉、肌力、活动均较前明显改善,颈椎X线检查可见椎间已融合,椎间高度及生理曲度完好,无融合器移位、下沉、断裂发生.平均JOA评分由术前(7.3±0.5)分,提高到术后6个月(14.1±0.7)分,术后12个月(14.7±0.6)分,术后24个月(14.9±1.2)分;术后6个月随访时的JOA评分改善率:优21例,良25例,可6例,术后12个月及术后24个月时的JOA评分改善率与术后6个月无明显改变.[结论]采用一期颈椎后路单开门椎管成型、前路椎间减压、自锁式椎间融合器自体植骨椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病能获得颈髓前后方的充分减压及满意的临床疗效,能获得满意的颈椎曲度、稳定性重建及椎间融合.     

脊髓型颈椎病手术方法选择及临床疗效观察

目的：探讨脊髓型颈椎病的手术方法选择及其与临床疗效的关系。方法：回顾性总结分析我院自1999年3月至2005年2月间手术治疗的38例脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床及影像学资料，颈椎前路减压植骨内固定术例；颈椎前路减压椎见融合气植入内固定术例；颈椎后减压植骨内固定术例；后路联合前路治疗重症脊髓型颈椎病例；观察椎间隙高度、颈椎生理曲度及融合情况，采用17分法评分分析患者术后的改善率。结果：36例平均随访月获得了骨性融合，融合率为95％，临床疗效优良率为87％，颈椎生理曲度及融合节段的椎间隙高度恢复及维持满意。结论：颈椎椎体间融合器应用能使融合节段获得即刻的稳定性，恢复并维持颈椎生理曲度及融合节段的椎间隙高度，治疗脊髓型颈椎病的有效方法。合理选择适应症及手术方法可提高脊髓型颈椎病的临床改善率，减少并发症的发生。     

三种手术方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效

[目的]探讨脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)的三种不同手术方式疗效.[方法]对2002年6月～2007年12月间在本院因CSM行颈椎手术治疗的患者111例,A组颈椎前路椎体次全切减压植骨融合内固定术54例;年龄44～75岁,平均57.1岁.B组颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成型术33例;年龄41～73岁,平均61岁.C组颈椎后前路联合手术24例;年龄48～78岁,平均62岁.依据随访结果,比较术前、术后随访时JOA评分,颈椎弧度,进行分析研究.[结果]患者定期随访,时间3个月～5年,平均2年,三组患者术后3、6、12个月及最后一次随访JOA评分与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),各组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).颈椎D值术后即刻与半年、末次随访时A、C两组组间无统计学差异(P值分别为P=0.434,P=0.492,P=0.569),B组与另两组均有统计学差异(P均<0.05).[结论]脊髓型颈椎病根据受压部位、病变范围选用不同的三种手术方式均能达到有效的治疗.前路和后前路联合手术能较好的恢复和维持颈椎生理弧度;后路术后颈椎弧度部分丢失.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.