国内肾移植术后患者心理体验的质性Meta整合

目的系统评价肾移植患者术后心理体验。方法计算机检索数据库中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,搜索关于肾移植患者术后真实体验的质性研究,检索时限从建库至2018年5月。进行文献质量评价后,采用Meta整合方法对研究结果进行归纳、诠释。结果共纳入8篇文献,提炼出52个结果、6个类别和3个整合结果,分别为肾移植术后患者消极心理、肾移植术后患者对未来与生命的心理感受、肾移植术后患者的自身健康需求与期望。结论医护人员应充分了解肾移植术后患者心理体验,做好针对性心理干预,引导患者调整认知和行为方式,提高患者的术后生活质量,并且增强患者对未来生活的心理资本。     

血液透析患者生活体验质性研究的Meta整合

目的系统评价与整合血液透析患者生活体验的质性研究,为提高患者生存质量、改进护理服务质量提供参考。方法检索The Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、维普数据库(VIP)和万方数据库(WanFang Data),收集从建库至2020年7月关于血液透析患者生活体验的质性研究。结果共纳入17篇文献,提炼34个结果,归纳形成7个类别,得出3个整合结果。结果1:患者正性和负性情感共存。结果2:血液透析患者在运动、饮食、社交方面面临挑战。结果3:患者渴望得到外界支持,积极改变,树立未来观,珍惜当下。结论医护人员应充分关注血液透析患者的真实生活、情感体验和需求,做好针对性心理干预,提供必要的帮助和支持,提高患者生活质量。     

脑卒中患者进食困难研究进展

从国内外进食困难概述、导致脑卒中患者进食困难的主要因素、进食困难对脑卒中患者的影响、脑卒中患者进食困难的主要评估工具及其护理干预措施等方面进行综述。吞咽障碍并不是脑卒中患者进食方面存在的唯一问题,脑卒中进食困难应有更为广泛的内涵;导致患者进食困难的主要因素包括摄食障碍、咀嚼、吞咽障碍、言语沟通障碍等;进食困难会对患者的生理、心理及日常生活产生影响;进食困难的主要评估工具包括进食障碍评估量表(EDAS)和微型进食观察表(MEOF);可通过他人协助进食、改变体位及改变食物的性状等措施改善患者的进食困难状况。提出应开展探讨我国脑卒中患者进食困难的相关研究。     

癌症患者诊断知情心理体验质性研究的Meta整合

目的 系统评价癌症患者诊断知情心理体验,为临床制订更全面和更有针对性的疾病告知方式提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、Medline、中国知网、万方数据等数据库,检索癌症患者诊断知情心理体验质性研究文献,检索时限为建库至2020年12月,采用质性研究质量评价标准进行文献质量评价,并对文献进行Meta整合.结果 纳入18项研究,将文献提炼出的62个主题归纳成12个新的类别,综合成3个整合结果,即多重因素影响癌症患者对诊断的接受度、诊断告知方式方法、获悉患病信息后的改变.结论 癌症患者诊断知情的开展受多种因素影响,不同患者获知疾病诊断后的反应不同.医护务人员开展疾病告知前应充分做好评估,选择适宜的病情告知模式,减少患者获知疾病诊断所致的伤害.     

单次与双次宫腔内人工授精对不孕症患者妊娠结局影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析方法系统评价单次与双次宫腔内人工授精(IUI)对不孕症患者妊娠结局的影响。方法 检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方(WanFang)、PubMed、Cochrane图书馆、Ebase数据库，搜集单次与双次IUI对不孕症患者妊娠结局影响的随机对照试验(RCTs)文献，检索时段从数据库建立到2022年5月。所有文献均由两位评价者根据纳入标准和排除标准分别选取、提取临床相关数据，并对文献质量进行评价，采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 共13篇RCTs文献被纳入本研究，分析结果显示：对于轻度少精或弱精子症患者，双次IUI能显著提高患者临床妊娠率(P<0.000 1);但对于精液质量正常和精液质量不明的患者，双次IUI和单次IUI的临床妊娠率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。对于精液质量正常、轻度少精或弱精子症和精液质量不明的患者，与单次IUI相比，双次IUI的活产率、流产率均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 对于轻度少精或弱精子症等男性因素不孕患者，建议进行双次IUI;而对于精液质量正常的不明原因所致的不孕，尚无充分证据支持在...     

透析中进食对透析期间低血压及低血糖发生率影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价患者透析期间进食对透析期间低血压及低血糖发生率的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、MEDLINE、The Cochrane library、Joanna Briggs Institute Library、CBM、CNKI、万方数据库及中国维普全文数据库从建库至2020年5月关于透析期间进食的相关文献,由2名评价者共同筛选,并按照2011年Cochrane手册质量标准,独立评价并交叉核对纳入研究的质量,用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计处理。结果共纳入10篇中、英文文献,样本量479例,透析共6790例次。Meta分析结果显示,透析中进食患者的低血压发生率高于透析中不进食患者(RR=1.48,95%CI 1.03～2.13,P0.05),透析开始后3 h后进食患者的低血压发生率高于透析开始后3 h内进食患者(RR=0.31,95%CI 0.23～0.43,P0.01),而透析中进食患者的低血糖发生率低于透析中不进食患者(RR=0.24,95%CI 0.11～0.48,P0.01)。结论透析期间应做好血糖和血压的监控,采用个体化饮食管理,对于透析期间有低血压风险的患者应禁食,有低血糖风险的患者则鼓励进食。     

入院血清白蛋白水平对缺血性脑卒中患者预后影响的Meta分析

目的评价入院时血清白蛋白对急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的影响。方法计算机检索国内外知名数据库,搜集入院时血清白蛋白水平对急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后影响的观察性研究,并对纳入文献采用RevMan5.0软件进行Meta分析或描述性分析。结果共纳入6篇文献(中、英文各3篇),涉及1 693例患者。入院时血清白蛋白水平与患者Barthel指数相关,正常血清白蛋白组患者Barthel指数比低血清白蛋白组高21.91分,合并效应量WMD为-21.91(95%CI-26.02,-17.80);2篇文献报道入院血清白蛋白水平可以预测患者的神经功能预后。结论入院时血清白蛋白水平可以评价急性缺血性脑卒中患者的预后。     

成人脑卒中患者吞咽障碍管理的证据总结

目的遴选成人脑卒中患者吞咽障碍管理的最佳证据,提高管理效果。方法计算机检索BMJ最佳临床实践、Up to Date、Cochrane图书馆、美国指南网、JBI证据总结数据库、加拿大安大略注册护士网、CINAHL数据库、PubMed、国际指南协作网、中国临床指南文库、中国知网和中国生物医学文献数据库有关成人脑卒中患者吞咽障碍管理证据。采用临床指南研究与评价系统、2014版JBI证据预分级及推荐级别系统分别对各类研究进行文献质量评价及证据级别评定。结果共纳入21篇文献,遴选出具备临床适用性证据15条,涉及吞咽困难的识别、筛查、治疗、给药、营养支持及口腔护理等方面。结论本研究遴选的最佳证据,可应用于成人脑卒中患者吞咽障碍管理实践中;应用前需评估证据的促进和阻碍因素、患者意愿及偏好等,以选择个体适用证据。     

老年痴呆症患者实施3+1整体康复护理模式效果的Meta分析

目的 系统分析3+1整体康复护理模式对老年痴呆症患者自理能力、语言认知能力和生活质量的影响.方法 检索万方数据知识服务平台、中国知网(CNKI)、维普数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、PubMed、Cochrane library、Web of Science和Em-base数据库中关于3+1整体康复护理模式对老年痴呆症患者影响的随机对照试验研究文献,经筛选文献、提取资料、文献评价后,采用RevMan5.4软件对符合质量标准的文献进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入14篇文献,包括1796例患者.Meta分析结果显示,3+1整体康复护理模式能够改善老年痴呆症患者的智能精神状态和生活质量;提高患者的自理能力(均P＜0.01).结论 3+1整体康复护理模式在改善老年痴呆症患者精神心理状况和生活质量,提高患者自理能力和语言能力方面均有明显积极作用.     

心脏骤停幸存者真实体验质性研究的Meta整合

目的总结心脏骤停幸存者的真实体验,为有针对性地提供心脏骤停急救护理提供参考。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、CINAHL、中国知网、维普数据库和万方数据库,搜集有关心脏骤停幸存者真实体验的质性研究。检索时限为建库至2020年8月。采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准评价文献质量,采用汇集性整合的方法进行结果整合。结果共纳入11篇文献,梳理出59个研究结果。经归纳提练为面临多重转变与挑战的身心感受、通过更新自我认知实现生活重建、渴求并感恩外界的支持与帮助3个整合结果及所属9个类别21个结果。结论心脏骤停幸存者存在多方面的心理社会问题与需求,医护人员应加以重视,予以针对性干预,帮助其重建社会生活,提高生活质量。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.