经皮胆囊碎石术的疗效及适应证分析(附120例报告)

目的:评价与探讨经皮胆囊碎石术(PCCL)治疗胆囊结石的临床价值及适应证。方法:回顾总结PCCL120例患者的临床资料。结果:手术成功率95.2％,术后并发症12.5％,总治愈率87.5％,术后平均随访23个月,结石复发率13.3％,结石复发主要和术前胆囊功能状况及结石数量有关。结论:PCCL具有简便易行,手术成功率及净石率高、并发症少,近期疗效较好等优点,结石复发是其主要缺点,严重影响其远期疗效。PCCL在当前仍有临床应用价值,正确掌握适应证,选择胆囊功能良好,结石数少,体积小的病例,可降低术后结石复发率。     

经皮胆囊碎石术后结石复发439例随访分析

目的 探讨经皮胆囊碎石术（PCCL）后长期临床预后和结石复发情况，了解与结石复发的相关因素。方法 对439例PCCL患者随访10年，评估结石复发率和临床预后。结果 439例患者中182例结石复发，总复发率41．46％，术后1～10年结石累计复发率分别为9．57％、18．91％、27．33％、34．14％、37．59％、39．86％、41．90％、42．73％、42．85％和43．21％。182例结石复发患者中，94例无症状，80例表现有非特异性上消化道不适症状，8例有上腹痛或胆绞痛，其中38例行胆囊切除术治疗。与结石复发相关的因素包括胆囊结石家族史、喜好油腻食品、伴发肝病、PCCL术前复发胆囊结石和胆囊功能不全。结论 PCCL术后结石复发不可避免，术后前6年结石复发率逐年增加明显，随后增长缓慢，术后10年约50％的患者无结石复发。一些危险因素与结石复发有关。PCCL可作为高龄和高危胆囊结石患者有价值的治疗选择，治疗其他胆囊结石患者尚需慎重选择。     

经皮胆镜胆囊碎石取石术（附684例报告）

１９９１年１０月至１９９３年４月，作者采用经皮胆镜碎石取石术治疗胆囊结石６８４例，手术成功率为９６．２９％，结石残留率２．３４％，治愈率９７．６６％，无术后并发症及死亡者。术后１３６例随访６～２４月（平均１６月），其中９例（６．６１％）结石复发。本法近期效果明显，优于其他各种非手术疗法，并具有创伤小，痛苦少、康复快的特点，既一次能清除较多的胆囊结石，又保留了功能良好的胆囊，是一种有效、经济、值得推广的内镜新技术。     

LC联合LCHTD治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的效果及术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）联合腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流术（LCHTD）治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的效果及术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2018 年1 月至2019 年1 月新疆医科大学第一附属医院93 例胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者临床资料,所有患者均给予LC联合LCHTD治疗。根据是否术后胆总管结石复发分为结石复发组（24例）和结石未复发组（69例）,观察两组临床疗效、手术时间、术中出血量、总住院时间、住院费用,随访术后胆总管结石复发情况,分析术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素。结果 93例患者LC联合LCHTD治疗手术成功90 例,中转开腹3 例。手术时间（109.4±10.6）min,术中出血量（80.2±19.1）mL,总住院时间（9.2±1.2）d,住院费用（1.9±0.4）万元。所有患者均完成随访18个月,术后胆总管结石复发24例（25.81%）,平均复发时间为（10.3±2.1）个月。结石未复发组剔除中转开腹3 例,单因素分析表明,结石复发组和结石未复发组患者年龄、性别、病程、结石直径差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;胆总管结石类型、结石数量、胆总管直径、碎石术、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张、合并炎症与胆总管结石合并胆囊结石术后胆总管结石复发相关（P＜0.05）;多因素非条件Logistic分析显示,结石数量、胆总管直径、碎石术、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张、合并炎症是胆总管结石合并胆囊结石术后胆总管结石复发的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 在胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者中应用LC联合LCHTD疗效显著,术后结石复发受多种因素影响,积极干预可有效降低结石复发率。     

一期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗双侧肾结石2O例报告

目的：探讨一期组合式输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗双侧’肾结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法：2010年1月~2012年1月采用德国铂立组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光一期治疗双肾结石患者20例,结石大小0．7～2．0cm,平均1．3cm。含有大于1cm肾结石12例。20例均为双肾结石,含结石68枚,位于肾上盏13枚,中盏17枚,下盏18枚,肾盂20枚。结果：本组20例双肾结石均顺利完成一期双侧手术。一次手术结石清除率为80．0％（32／40）。本组总结石寻及率95．6％（65／68）。其中上、中盏及肾盂结石寻及率100％,单次碎石成功率92．0％（46／50）;下盏结石寻及率83．3％（15／18）,单次碎石成功率72．2％（13／18）。一期双侧手术总时间70～120min,平均90min。术中无输尿管穿孔等严重并发症发生。住院时间3～7d,平均4．2d。术后随访3～6个月,KUB或CT未见结石复发。结论：双肾结石采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗安全、有效。尤其对于肾结石体积较小患者,可实施一期治疗双肾结石,以缩短治疗周期,减少费用。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术的临床研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜微创保胆取石术（LRCL）治疗胆囊结石的可行性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析36例胆囊结石患者行LRCL治疗的临床资料。术前ECT检查示胆囊显影良好,B超检查胆囊壁厚均＜4 mm,测定胆囊收缩率为20%～30%,表明胆囊有收缩和浓缩功能。手术时反复取石保留有功能的胆囊。术后2周B超复查胆囊壁厚度并测定胆囊收缩率。结果：完成LRCL33例,手术成功率91.7%（33/36）,结石取净率100%。术后无出血、胆瘘、急性胆囊炎、胰腺炎、继发性胆总管结石及切口感染等并发症发生,无死亡者。患者当日均可下床,次日进流食,3～7 d出院。术后2周B超检查胆囊壁均光整无增厚(2 mm）,胆囊收缩率＞30%,符合正常胆囊超声表现。门诊随访6～12个月,结石无复发。无胆囊癌发生。术中3例改行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）,分别为1例胆囊床撕裂出血和2例胆囊网膜广泛粘连。结论：恰当的适应证,确切的胆道镜检查和可靠的胆囊底切口缝合是施行LRCL治疗胆囊结石安全有效的保证;该术式可保留有功能的胆囊。     

腹腔镜针对复杂性胆囊及胆总管结石术中的临床决策及处理技巧

目的 探讨腹腔镜术中处理复杂性胆囊结石及胆总管结石的不同方式对手术的影响。方法回顾性分析青岛市市立医院收治的复杂性胆囊及胆总管结石患者136例,总结并归纳术中情况及相对应处理技巧及经验。结果 本研究中腹腔粘连病例占全组120例（88.2%）,其中炎症粘连73例,手术后粘连47例,术中遵循“宁伤胆囊、远离肝门”的处理原则及相应的处理技巧,98例（81.7%）腹腔粘连患者按照原定手术方式顺利完成,但22例（18.3%）腹腔粘连患者因术中胆总管或胆囊颈管辨别不清、术中发现胆囊癌变等原因施行中转开腹手术。结石嵌顿病例占全组16例（11.8%）,包括胆囊颈管及胆总管结石嵌顿,术中应用推挤法、直接取石法、液电碎石等技巧联合应用胆道镜、碎石仪及扩张球囊等设备,手术均在腹腔镜下完成。结论 腹腔粘连和结石嵌顿是腹腔镜下复杂性胆囊结石及胆总管结石手术中较常见的困难,相应的术中决策和处理技巧能够为提高患者安全、降低手术风险、减少术后并发症等提供更多的方法与思路。     

胆囊切开取石术治疗胆囊结石的价值

目的　探讨胆囊切开取石术对胆囊结石症的远期疗效及适应证。 方法　对５０ 例轻症单纯性胆囊结石病人,经口服胆囊造影确定胆囊具有一定收缩功能后接受该手术。手术于右上腹行小切口,取出胆囊结石。胆道镜检查确认没有残留结石。在胆囊粘膜下层作不穿越粘膜层的Ⅰ期缝合,不置胆囊造瘘管。术后早期使用利胆剂,早期进食。 结果　５０ 例病人均痊愈出院,术后平均住院３５ 天。随访５ 年,４２ 例（４２／５０ ,８４ ％ ） 治愈,３０ 例（３０／５０ ,６０ ％ ） 胆囊收缩功能良好。共有８ 例复发胆囊结石,葫芦状胆囊、化脓性胆囊炎、萎缩性胆囊炎和胆囊管过长各１ 例,９ 例胆囊胆固醇沉积症复发４ 例。８ 例胆囊收缩功能３０ ％ ～５０ ％ 者５ 例复发结石。 结论　胆囊切开取石术适于轻症胆囊结石、胆囊无畸形和胆囊收缩功能良好者,效果较好,但必须严格掌握适应证,并注意恰当操作。     

联合腹腔镜及胆道镜胆囊切开取石术68例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切开取石术治疗胆囊结石的可行性。方法对68例联合应用腹腔镜及胆道镜行胆囊切开取石治疗胆囊结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。68例单纯性胆囊结石患者,经过胆囊造影确定胆囊仍具有一定收缩功能,患者有强烈的保留胆囊的意愿,进行该术式。结果 68例患者均治愈出院。患者术后平均住院3～5d。术后随访1～5年,其中42例（61.8%）患者完全治愈,3例（4.4%）患者胆囊结石复发。52例（76.5%）患者胆囊收缩功能恢复良好。结论联合应用腹腔镜及胆道镜行胆囊切开取石术治疗单纯性胆囊结石具有手术创伤小、患者痛苦少、平均住院时间短、安全及操作简单等优点。     

Clinical application of percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy]

From September 1990 to March 1991, 109 women and 41 men, aged 22-73, with symptomatic gallstones underwent percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy. The procedure is performed with the patient under epidural anesthesia. The fundus of gallbladder was pulled with forceps and fixed to the anterior abdominal wall, then the fundus of gallbladder was punctured and dilated, and gallstones were removed with a 23-F cholecystoscope under direct visual inspection. Larger stones were disintegrated with ultrasound lithotripsy, and small fragments aspirated or removed with forceps. In this group, all patients had a successful percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy, cure rate was 97.3%, only four (2.6%) had residual stones, there we ren't complications. The result shows percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy is a safe and effective technique, which is practicable and preferable when the stones are found within a gallbladder with normal drainage and normal contractility.     

优思弗对预防保胆取石术后结石复发的临床研究

目的 评价优思弗(UDCA)对预防保胆取石术后胆囊结石复发的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2006年4月～2008年4月行腹腔镜辅助胆道镜保胆取石术36例的临床资料,术后常规每晚睡前顿服优思弗胶囊50Omg,服药6～12月,并观察其疗效.结果 术后随访1～3年,无结石复发病例,B超检查胆囊壁光整无增厚（2mm）,测定胆...     

Treatment of cystine calculi using intra-urologic methods and extracorporeal lithotripsy

The hardness and frequent recurrence of cystine stones represent a special challenge for the urologist. Fifteen cystinuric patients were treated in our department and followed over a mean period of 30 months. Most patients had a previous history of open surgery (1.5 pyelolithotomy/patient). Diagnosis of cystinuria was confirmed by metabolic studies and stone analysis. Over the follow-up period recurrence was observed in 23 instances in 11 patients thus leading to 38 stone treatments on 74 cystine stones. Stone size was less than 10 mm: 35 (47%); 10-20 mm: 21 (28%); 20-30 mm: 14 (19%); 30 mm: 4 (staghorn stones). A percutaneous approach was used in 9 cases as monotherapy (55% success) and in association with ESWL in 10 cases (50% success). ESWL was employed 18 times as monotherapy (39% success). Medical treatment included high fluid intake, alkalinisation and thiola in 6 patients. In conclusion, results obtained are poor in terms of stone clearance when compared to non-cystine stones. Recurrence rate is very high. Instrumental treatment should not be used excessively and is only indicated in symptomatic stones or refractory to intensive medical therapy.     

Cystine stones: the impact of new treatment

The hardness and frequent recurrence of cystine stones present a special challenge to the urologist. In this study, 15 cystinuric patients (11 males, 4 females; mean age 36 years, range 17-54) were treated and followed up over a period of 30 months (range 2-40). Most patients had previous history of open surgery. The diagnosis of cystinuria was confirmed by metabolic studies and infrared spectrometry of stones. Over the follow-up period recurrence was observed in 23 instances in 11 patients, leading to 38 "stone treatments" on 74 cystine stones. The percutaneous approach was used alone in 9 cases and in association with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 9 cases. ESWL was used alone in 18 cases. Medical treatment included high fluid intake, alkalinisation and Thiola (tiopronin, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine) in 6 patients. The overall stone-free rate assessed 3 months after treatment was 44.7%, which compares poorly with the rate for non-cystine stones. The recurrence rate is very high and instrumental treatment should not therefore be used excessively; it is indicated only for stones that are symptomatic or refractory to intensive medical therapy.     

Comparison of methods for transcatheter fragmentation of gallstones

Summary Alternative methods have been considered for treating cholelithiasis. Compared to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), a percutaneous endoscopic approach would be more invasive, but would offer the advantage of immediate stone removal without the need for subsequent drug therapy. We performed an in vitro comparison of three methods of transcatheter cholecystolithotripsy with regard to effectiveness of stone fragmentation, damage to the gallbladder mucosa, and compatibility with percutaneous delivery systems. The three devices used for cholecystolithotripsy were the ultrasonic lithotriptor (UL), the electrohydraulic lithotriptor (EHL), and the thulium-holmium-chromium: YAG laser (THC:YAG). The UL effectively fragmented all types of stones studied, although it is necessary to hold the stone against the tip of the probe. The EHL quickly fragmented noncalcified and pigment stones simply by placing the tip in the vicinity of the stone, but calcified stones had to be held in position near the electrode. The THC:YAG was effective at fragmenting each type of stone, but the number of pulses required was quite large, corresponding to 7 min for some stones. The EHL had the most capacity for mucosal damage, followed by the THC:YAG laser. The UL produced no mucosal damage at the exposure times tested. The UL is not compatible with flexible endoscopes while the EHL and the THC:YAG are. Because of the specific advantages and disadvantages of each device, a combination of devices may be required for successful clinical cholecystolithotripsy.     

210例无积水肾结石微创治疗的疗效观察

目的：探讨经皮肾微创治疗无积水肾结石患者的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2009年8月～2011年3月我院采用经皮肾镜取石术微创治疗210例无积水肾结石患者。改进人工肾积水的方法。行患侧输尿管逆行插入双J管,留置尿管,利用膀胱持续灌注通过双J逆流制造人下肾积水;超声联合X线引导下穿刺目标肾盏,建立经皮肾通道行微创经皮肾镜取石术。对手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症等临床资料进行分析。结果：208例患者均1期穿刺成功,204例成功施行1期单通道取石,4例完全性鹿角型结石患者,阕结石较大,患者年龄较大,存在基础疾病,手术时间超过2h,改为2期手术取石;2例患者术中出血穿刺失败,中转开放手术。195例患者1期1次手术取净结石;3例患者2次经皮肾镜取石术取净结石;2例患者残留结石配合ESWI。加药物排石治疗,术后1～3个月复查无结石残留,总结石清除率95．2％（200／210）。手术时间60～130min,平均75min。3例患者术中出血较多,输血400～600ml。无气胸、周同脏器副损伤等严重并发症发生。结论：采用改进制造人工肾积水的方法,在超声联合X线引导下行微创经皮肾镜取石术,治疗无积水肾结石,具有穿刺成功率高、手术时间短、结石清除率高、手术并发症少等优点,是微创治疗无积水肾结石的首选方法。     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石（附1870例报道）

目的评价B超引导下建立微通道行经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术（MPCNL）治疗·肾、输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法2007年8月-2012年5月,治疗肾、输尿管上段结石1870例,其中鹿角状结石42例,肾多发结石58例,海绵肾结石5例,肾憩室结石3例,肾脏单发结石1365例,输尿管上段结石397例。均在B超引导下行MPCNL。结果1868例成功建立经皮肾通道,其中22例一期建立2个通道,3例一期建立3个通道;2例建立通道失败。43例行二期碎石,11例行三期碎石。手术时间25～120min,平均55min。一期结石清除率90．5％（1693／1870）。36例术后高热（体温〉39℃）,其中19例血培养阳性;2例胸膜损伤,留置胸腔闭式引流1周治愈;13例术后大出血,行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。217例失访,1653例随访5～40个月,平均15个月,76例（4．6％）结石复发。结论B超引导下建立微通道行经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石疗效确切,安全、微创,术后并发症可控,值得临床广泛应用。     

Treatment of ureteral stone disease: the role of ESWL and endourology

Summary In recent years, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved a safe and easily reproducible method for the treatment of calculi in the upper urinary tract above the iliac crest. Current indications for ESWL as single therapy encompass approximately 60%–70% of all stones. The use of endourological methods as auxiliary procedures can enhance the range of indications to 95% of all renal stones and 85% of all ureteral stones. In the last year, 1340 patients have been successfully treated for urinary calculi at our department. Evaluation of all stone cases shows that ESWL alone, ESWL combined with percutaneous techniques, or percutaneous techniques alone were performed on 93% of all patients. Only 7% of patients had to undergo open surgical treatment, 1% for renal stones and 15% for ureteral stones. Ureteral stones are still among the problem stones for ESWL, in many cases requiring time-consuming combined procedures with either of the percutaneous methods. Furthermore, ureteral obstruction caused by stone particles as a complication after ESWL-treatment of large renal stones has to be relieved using percutaneous techniques. In this report we describe our approach in detail and discuss our results.     

内镜微创保胆取石术后胆囊功能的中长期随访报告

目的观察内镜微创保胆取石术后患者胆囊收缩功能,探讨结石复发率、胆囊壶腹部结石嵌顿术后胆囊壁厚度变化。方法对85例术后1年以上的内镜微创保胆取石术进行随访,B超测量脂肪餐前后胆囊壁厚度和胆囊内有无结石等情况。设定胆囊收缩率≥50％为胆囊收缩功能良好,胆囊收缩率〈50％为胆囊收缩功能差。胆囊壁厚度≥3mm为增厚,〈3mm为正常。术前胆囊壁厚度正常40例（正常组）,其余45例为炎症组。结果胆囊收缩率42％-98％,（67．7±18．9）％,其中胆囊收缩功能良好72例（84．7％）,功能差13例（15．3％）。40例正常组内镜保胆取石术后胆囊颈、体、底厚度正常38例（95．0％）,增厚2例（5．0％）;45例炎症组内镜保胆取石术后胆囊颈、体、底厚度正常34例（75．6％）,增厚11例（24．4％）。正常组术后7-8年结石复发1例,炎症组术后结石复发10例。结论术前胆囊正常为保胆取石手术的最佳选择,胆囊伴炎症、结石嵌顿的患者也可行保胆手术,但要严格适应证,两镜联合取净结石,术后随访。     

Medical management for the prevention of the recurrence of urolithiasis--with special recurrence to the patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Questionnaires about stone recurrence after treatment with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were sent to 11 hospitals in the central section of Japan. We received 255 replies on PNL cases and 157 replies on ESWL cases. These patients were evaluated for the recurrence of renal stones and the enlargement of residual stone fragments. The effect of the medical management for the prevention of recurrent stone disease on postoperative recurrence rate was also evaluated. The average follow-up period of patients treated with PNL was 21.6 months, and 18.5 months for patients treated with ESWL. In patients who underwent PNL, 25 of 162 patients (15.4%) who were treated completely without any residual stones have suffered from new stones. The residual stone or fragments enlarged in 14 of the 93 patients (15.1%) who had residual stones or fragments after the treatment. The recurrence rate was significantly higher for the recurrent stone former than the single stone former. The recurrence rate for the patients who had multiple stones, staghorn calculi and metabolic disorders such as hypercalciuria also had a high incidence. Patients who received medical treatment for the prevention of stone recurrence had a lower recurrence rate than the group not treated. Especially among the patients with hypercalciuria, the recurrence rate of stone disease in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the group not treated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)