Flexible versus rigid endoscopy for treatment of foreign body impaction in the esophagus

Background The use of either flexible endoscopy (FE) or rigid endoscopy (RE) for removal of ingested foreign bodies (FBs) impacted in the esophagus is still discussed controversially. Methods We report a consecutive series of 139 patients with FB impaction in the esophagus. During a 6-year period, 69 men and 70 women (median age, 64 [0.7–97] years) requiring removal of an impacted FB underwent either RE (n = 63) in the Otolaryngology Department of our hospital or FE (n = 76) in the Surgical Endoscopy Unit. Results Foreign body removal was equally effective with FE (success rate 93.4%) and RE (95.2%, p = n.s.). The cases in which foreign body removal failed (5 FE cases [6.6%] and 3 RE cases [4.8%]) were all subsequently successfully managed with “conversion” and use of the other technique. No severe complications occurred when FB removal was attempted with FE (0 of 76 cases; 0.0%), whereas RE was associated with esophageal rupture requiring immediate surgical intervention in 2 of 63 cases (3.2%; p < 0.002). Patient comfort differed significantly between the two procedures (p < 0.0001); RE was always performed under general anesthesia (100.0%), whereas only a minority of patients undergoing FE required general anesthesia (13.0%; p < 0.0001) or mild analgosedation (20.0%). The better patient comfort with FE was also reflected in a significantly lower rate of dysphagia (15%) compared to RE (48%; p < 0.0001). Rigid endoscopy was more frequently used in removal of FBs of the upper esophagus (p < 0.0001), whereas FE was the predominate approach to FBs in the lower esophagus (p < 0.0001). Conclusions A tailored approach to treatment of FB impaction is recommended. Because of the lower rate of severe complications, better patient comfort with a lower rate of dysphagia, and lack of requirement for general anesthesia, FE should be the “first line” approach to FBs, although RE has its place as the “second line” therapy.     

Esophageal foreign bodies in adults.

The main point in managing suspected impaction of esophageal foreign bodies is to decide whether the patient needs an esophageal endoscopy. Decision-making is based on clinical history, physical examination, and radiographic studies. We review 100 cases of adults having esophagoscopy for removal of esophageal foreign bodies. Fish bones were the most frequently responsible foreign body and the cervical esophagus was the most frequent level of impaction. Decision-making based on clinical history and patient-referred symptoms revealed a positive esophagoscopy in 72% of the suspected cases. Radiographic studies gave falsely positive and falsely negative information in 30% of the cases. Rigid esophagoscopy was used successfully for foreign body removal in 99% of the cases. Average hospital stay was 3.2 days. No complications associated with the use of a rigid esophagoscope were found.     

Foreign body aspiration in children. The advantages of emergency endoscopy and foreign body removal

In the last 15 years, 124 children with a history and clinical signs of aspiration have been managed by emergency rigid endoscopy under general anesthesia. In 115 (93%) of them a foreign body could be identified, which was successfully removed by forceps extraction in 114. Only 1 patient required a thoracotomy for removal of a distally located aspirated needle. The remaining 9 patients (7%) had a typical history and clinical signs of an aspiration, but no aspirated foreign body was found on endoscopy. Most of the children (102, or 82%) were admitted within 12 h after aspiration, while 22 (18%) had a history of foreign body aspiration between 2 days and 5 weeks before. Complications occurred in only 3% (3 children) of the 102 who underwent endoscopy within 12 h as against 50% (11 patients) of the 22 children in whom this was delayed. In all cases of foreign body aspiration and endoscopical removal within 12 h, the patients were discharged after a plain chest X-ray the following day. In children with chronic endotracheal foreign bodies, in 80% a second endoscopy after 48 h was indicated, and the mean stay in hospital was extended to 7 days. Emergency rigid tracheobronchoscopy and forceps removal of aspirated foreign bodies under general anesthesia and with meticulous perioperative monitoring is a safe and effective procedure with no mortality. Even in suspected aspiration or chronic bronchopulmonary infections, liberal use of endoscopy is recommended.     

A Broken Fruit Knife: Half in the Bronchus and Half in the Duodenum

Foreign bodies in the airway, as well as those in the upper gastrointestinal tract, are life-threatening conditions and require prompt intervention. We report on a 44-year-old male patient who presented with 4 days of intermittent cough. A computed tomography was performed showing two metallic foreign bodies located in the right main bronchus and the duodenum. The knife blade was successfully removed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. However, the broken end of the blade was incarcerated in the right main bronchus and was removed via thoracotomy after the failure of endoscopic treatment. Endoscopy, such as flexible/rigid bronchoscopy or gastroscopy, is the first choice for removing foreign bodies for its minimal invasiveness. Nevertheless, removal of foreign bodies might be technically difficult when incarcerated, and surgical treatment is indicated after unsuccessful endoscopic treatment.     

食管尖锐异物取出过程中透明帽的应用效果和经验

目的探讨透明帽在食管尖锐异物取出术中的有效性及安全性。方法回顾分析2015年1月至2017年1月我院内镜中心取出的食管尖锐异物124例。男性76例,女性48例。年龄16~82岁。无透明帽辅助胃镜取出组54例,透明帽辅助胃镜下取出组70例。比较两种治疗的视野清晰率,异物取出时间、成功率、粘膜损伤发生率,出血及穿孔等并发症发生率。结果透明帽辅助组患者异物取出平均时间为(234.14±67.38)秒,无透明帽辅助者取出平均时间为(337.11±116.61)秒,前者比后者时间明显缩短,具有统计学差异P0.05)。透明帽辅助组取出成功率及视野清晰率优于无透明帽辅助组,具有统计学差异(P0.05),透明帽辅助组患者粘膜损伤发生率及并发症发生率均低于无透明帽辅助组,具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论应用透明帽辅助取食管尖锐异物可明显缩短手术时间,提高视野清晰可及成功率,降低粘膜损伤率,减少并发症发生率,是一直安全有效的方法,具有良好的临床价值。     

Esophageal foreign bodies and eosinophilic esophagitis—the need for esophageal mucosal biopsy: a 12-year survey across pediatric subspecialties

Background

Esophageal foreign body impaction (EFBI) is a common problem requiring urgent endoscopy. EFBI may be the first sign of underlying esophageal pathology, yet mucosal biopsies are rarely performed.

Methods

We report a retrospective analysis of 572 children requiring removal of an EFBI over a 12-year period by pediatric otolaryngologists (ENT), surgeons (PS), and gastroenterologists (PGI). The method of removal [direct laryngoscopy (DL), rigid endoscopy (RE), flexible endoscopy (FE)], type of foreign body (inanimate or food), whether mucosal biopsies were performed, and histologic findings of biopsy samples were recorded for each patient.

Results

Foreign body removal was most commonly performed by PGI (298 [52 %]); the remaining were equally distributed between ENT (136 [24 %]) and PS (138 [24 %]). The method of foreign body removal used by ENT was RE (89 %), DL (8 %), and FE (3 %). Pediatric surgery preferred FE (62 %), followed by RE (27 %) and DL (11 %). Pediatric gastroenterology used FE exclusively. Esophageal biopsies were never performed by ENT or PS; PGI performed esophageal biopsies more commonly in children with meat bolus impactions (50 %) than in children with inanimate foreign bodies (12 %). Mucosal pathology was more common in children with meat bolus impaction (100 %) than in children with inanimate foreign bodies (45 %).

Conclusions

Esophageal mucosal biopsy should be considered for all children with EFBI not attributed to stricture, particularly those with meat bolus impaction.     

Anesthetic management for airway endoscopy in pediatrics

We describe our experience with anesthesia for airway endoscopy in 60 patients, aged to 10 years. Urgent or out-patient endoscopies were performed during removal of foreign bodies from the airway tract or during "dynamic" pathological diagnosis (laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, tracheomalacia, tracheal/bronchial dyskinesia). Isoflurane induction and local anesthesia of the vocal cords allowed sufficient ventilation and oxygenation of anesthetized spontaneously breathing patients. This anesthetic procedure is suitable in high risk patients like newborns and small children. This technique supports the cardiocirculatory and blood gas analytic parameters, maintaining low airway pressures while depressing respiratory reflexes.     

复杂食管异物的诊治(附64例报告)

目的总结复杂食管异物的诊治经验. 方法回顾性分析我院1994年1月～2004年7月64例复杂食管异物的临床资料,分析异物种类和停留部位. 结果动物骨类异物占50.0%(32/64),义齿占20.3%(13/64),枣核占14.1%(9/64),其它异物占15.6%(10/64).异物停留在第一、二、三狭窄区分别占68.7%(44/64)、26.6%(17/64)、1.6%(1/64),2例(2/64,3.1%)停留在食管癌术后吻合口上方.与50岁以下患者相比,50岁以上患者义齿类异物及第二狭窄区异物比例增高,分别为30.0%(9/30)与43.3%(13/30),差异有显著性(P<0.05);59例经内镜取出异物治愈,3例颈侧切开治愈,2例转院治疗.食管穿孔6例,4例由食管异物本身造成,2例取异物时手术所致;5例异物取出经保守治愈,1例异物未取出转院治疗. 结论详细询问病史,了解异物种类、停留部位和对周围组织损伤的程度,选择适当麻醉、内镜与操作手法,对安全取出异物以及预防并发症极为重要.     

Bronchoscopic removal of bronchial foreign bodies through the laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients

The laryngeal mask airway was used to perform fiberoptic removal of bronchial foreign bodies (peanuts) in two pediatric patients. Laryngeal mask airway offers easy access to the airway, safe respiratory management and direct visualization of the airway during bronchoscopic procedures. Laryngeal mask airway allows the use of larger bronchoscopes than can usually be used for children when bronchoscopy is performed through an endotracheal tube. In each case, the peanuts were removed safely and easily using a Fogarty catheter through the fiberoptic bronchoscope. These cases suggest that laryngeal mask airway is useful in maintaining a secure airway during the removal of bronchial foreign bodies in children.     

Bronchoscopic removal of bronchial foreign bodies through the laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients.

The laryngeal mask airway was used to perform fiberoptic removal of bronchial foreign bodies (peanuts) in two pediatric patients. Laryngeal mask airway offers easy access to the airway, safe respiratory management and direct visualization of the airway during bronchoscopic procedures. Laryngeal mask airway allows the use of larger bronchoscopes than can usually be used for children when bronchoscopy is performed through an endotracheal tube. In each case, the peanuts were removed safely and easily using a Fogarty catheter through the fiberoptic bronchoscope. These cases suggest that laryngeal mask airway is useful in maintaining a secure airway during the removal of bronchial foreign bodies in children.     

食管穿孔83例分析

８３例不同原因引起的食管穿孔，保守治疗５７例；手术２６例，行单纯食管修补术２０例、开胸行纵隔和／或胸腔引流２例、切除贲门肿物行胃食管吻合１例、颈部食管外置２例（其中１例并行二期结肠代食管手术）、１例开胸取异物形成食管瘘后，行二期修补瘘术。全组死亡８例，其中死于纵隔胸腔感染和主动脉破裂出血各４例。总治愈率８５％。并指出异物假牙造成食管穿孔的重要性，对严重的腐蚀性食管灼伤应早期行食管镜检，并针对食管穿孔部位、种类、间隔期、纵隔与胸腔的感染程度及病人具体情况采取相应的治疗措施。     

Unusual foreign body in the esophagus: a challenge for the anesthesiologist

A foreign body in the esophagus is usually removed by endoscopy. An elder man entered the emergency room dyspneic and dysphagic. A chest X-ray showed that he had a table fork stuck in the upper esophagus. An endoscopist tried to remove it without success. After bilateral block of the superior laryngeal nerve, transtracheal injection, topical anesthesia of the mouth, and sedation, an awake laryngoscopy was carried out. Pushing the laryngoscope into the opening of the esophagus the fork was seen and extracted by the anesthesiologist. This case focuses on the role of the anesthesiologist in the removal of esophageal foreign bodies.     

食管异物致纵隔感染的救治体会

目的总结食管异物致纵隔感染的救治体会。方法分析13例食管异物致纵隔感染的资料。食管穿孔位置4例位于颈段,9例位于胸段。全组病例早期手术清理脓肿,摘取异物后修补穿孔,胸腔冲洗,术后应用足量敏感抗生素,结合营养支持。结果治愈10例,死亡3例。结论早期手术,术后冲洗脓腔是救治食管异物致纵隔感染成功的关键。     

Total intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous respiration for airway endoscopy in children – a prospective evaluation

Introduction: Inhalational anesthesia with spontaneous respiration is traditionally used to facilitate airway endoscopy in children. The potential difficulties in maintaining adequate depth of anesthesia using inhalational anesthesia and the anesthetic pollution of the surgical environment are significant disadvantages of this technique. We report our institutional experience using total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and spontaneous respiration. Methods: We prospectively studied 41 pediatric patients undergoing 52 airway endoscopies and airway surgeries. Following induction of anesthesia, a propofol infusion was titrated to a clinically adequate level of anesthesia, guided by the Bispectral Index (BIS), and a remifentanil infusion was titrated to respiratory rate. ECG, BP, pulse oximetry, BIS level, transcutaneous CO₂ (TcCO₂), respiratory rate, and drug infusion rates were recorded. Adverse events and the response to these events were also recorded. Results: Forty‐one children underwent 52 airway procedures; 17 rigid bronchoscopies and 35 microlaryngobronchoscopies, including 18 LASER treatments, were performed. The mean (sd ) age was 6.9 (5.8) years and weight 26.9 (21.2) kg. The mean induction time was 13 (6) min, and anesthesia duration was 49 (30) min. The mean highest TcCO₂ recorded during the procedures was 62.8 ± 15.3 mmHg. Coughing occurred in 14 (27%) patients, requiring additional topical anesthesia (3), a bolus of propofol (4) or remifentanil (1), or removal of the bronchoscope (1). Desaturation below 90% occurred in 10 (19%) cases; only three required intervention in the form of temporary assisted ventilation (2) or inhaled bronchodilators (1). No laryngospasm, stridor, or arrhythmias were observed. Conclusion: TIVA and spontaneous respiration is an effective technique to manage anesthesia for airway endoscopy and surgery in children.     

儿童和青少年误吞磁性异物致消化道损伤的文献分析

目的研究儿童误吞磁性异物致消化道损伤的诊断及处理措施。方法通过Google、Medline、ISIWebofKnowledge、0vid、万方、维普、CNKI、学位论文、会议论文数据库及申请文献传递等方式收集1987年6月至2010年4月国内外所有以英文、中文、日文和韩文发表的关于误吞磁性异物而导致相应消化道并发症的文献。研究内容包括发病年龄、性别、国家和地区分布、磁性异物的数量、磁性异物来源、临床表现、诊断及取除异物的方法等。结果共收集了来自17个国家和地区的98例吞咽磁性异物病例。其中18岁以下未成年人94例．5岁以下儿童占62．2％（61／98）．高发年龄为3岁（16．3％,16／98）。所吞咽的磁性异物来源玩具73例（74．5％）,医疗仪器8例（8．2％）,饰品4例（4．1％）,其他13例（6．2％）：异物数量2-100枚．其中11例（11．2％）伴有异食癖或孤癖症等精神症状。所有病例均存在不同程度延误诊治的情况．其中1例因严重感染而死亡。开腹探查发现．消化道损伤包括从食管至结肠不同部位的穿孔和肠瘘,其中小肠损伤占51．0％,其次是小肠．结肠瘘占15．3％。除2例患儿急诊经内镜取除异物外．其余患儿行肠切除吻合术和肠瘘修补术。结论2枚以上的磁性异物会导致严重消化道损伤．需要早期明确诊断并手术治疗。对5岁以下儿童需要更多的预防措施。     

16层螺旋CT后处理技术诊断食源性食管异物

目的探讨16层螺旋CT后处理技术诊断食管异物的价值。方法对52例临床怀疑食管异物者均行X线平片、食管吞钡棉检查、CT平扫,比较不同方法对异物的检出率,并与食管镜或手术结果进行比较。CT后处理技术包括多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VR）等。结果经食管镜或手术证实的28例患者的食管异物为鸡骨、鸭骨、鱼刺等,形态、大小、长度及所在部位各异,均能被16层螺旋CT后处理技术清晰显示,X线平片发现5例,检出率为17.86%,食管吞钡棉检查发现8例,检出率为28.57%。结论16层螺旋CT后处理技术相对于X线平片、食管吞钡棉检查可明显提高食管异物的检出率,并可评价食管损伤程度及周围脓肿、食管气管瘘等并发症的情况及范围。     

损伤性食管穿孔的诊断和治疗(附38例报告)

1966年2月至1993年8月治疗38例损伤性食管穿孔。损伤性食管穿孔以食管异物引起为最多见,共23例,占60.5％;其次为外伤性8例,器械性和手术误伤7例。行食管修补术12例,11例成功(91.7％);18例行颈部、纵隔或胸腔引流术;8例保守治疗。38例中痊愈29例,治愈率76.3％;死亡9例(23.7％)。作者认为早期诊断和及时处理对提高治愈率至关重要,应根据发病时间、病情程度选择不同的治疗措施。     

The diagnostics and treatment of the foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract

We have analyzed the results of treatment of 542 patients with the foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract. 359 of patients were hospitalized. All patients were somatically healthy. The majority of the foreign bodies (502 (92.6%)) were radio-opaque. 423 (78%) patients had swallowed single foreign body, the rest demonstrated multiple substunses. In 285 (52.6%) cases the foreign bodies left the organism naturally within 7 days. 230 (24%) cases required the endoscopic removal. The surgical removal of the foreign body was performed in 25 (4.6%) cases.     

气道异物取出术患儿Manujet Ⅲ手控喷射通气的效果

目的 评价气道异物取出术患儿Manujet Ⅲ手控喷射通气的效果.方法 拟行气道异物取出术患儿120例,年龄10月～12岁,体重8～35 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(n=40):S组保留自主呼吸;P组通过硬支气管镜侧孔行手控间歇正压通气;J组喷气导管经鼻置入气管,采用ManujetⅢ装置行手控喷射通气.记录术者置镜满意情况、术中缺氧发生情况、异物移除情况、手术时间、麻醉恢复时间和不良反应的发生情况.结果 与S组比较,P组和J组手术时间、麻醉恢复时间缩短,置镜满意率升高,术中缺氧发生率、屏气和躁动发生率降低(P<0.05);与P组比较,J组术中缺氧发生率降低(P<0.05).结论 气道异物取出术患儿术中使用Manujet Ⅲ装置行手控喷射通气可降低术中缺氧的发生机率,且不影响术者操作.     

Anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil under spontaneous respiration assisted with high‐frequency jet ventilation for tracheobronchial foreign body removal in 586 children

Background: Foreign body aspiration is a common life‐threatening event in young children. Tracheobronchial foreign body removal is usually performed by rigid tracheobronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Anesthetic and ventilation techniques vary greatly among anesthesiologists and institutions. In the present retrospective study, we report our anesthetic experience over 5 years. We describe complications and outcomes and analyze the clinical characteristics of anesthesia and ventilation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed relevant clinical findings of 586 pediatric patients treated with rigid tracheobronchoscopy under general anesthesia. All procedures were performed under inhaled sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil infusion, with spontaneous respiration assisted by high‐frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and topical airway anesthesia. Results: Among 586 patients, the foreign body was successfully removed by rigid tracheobronchoscopy in 558 patients, and no foreign body was found in 28 patients. Laryngospasm was observed during the procedure in five patients. Hypoxemia was observed in 15 patients (2.6%). No severe complications or deaths occurred. The mean operation time was 22 min and the average hospital stay was 2 days. Conclusion: Inhaled sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil infusion, with spontaneous respiration assisted by HFJV and topical airway anesthesia, is safe and effective for tracheobronchial foreign body removal.