经尿道前列腺选择性绿激光手术与经尿道前列腺电切术的疗效比较

目的评价经尿道前列腺选择性绿激光手术（greenlight photoselective vaporization of prostate,PVP）与经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral prostatectomy,TURP）的临床疗效。方法将178例良性前列腺增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）患者随机分为两组,95例行PVP术（PVP组）,83例行TURP术（TURP组）,比较两种术式的平均手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、近期疗效及并发症等情况。结果 PVP组和TURP组平均手术时间分别为（47.4±5.1）min和（61.7±6.2）min,前者显著低于后者,PVP组术中出血量、输血量、术后膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间及住院时间均显著少于TURP组,PVP组近期并发症发生率明显小于TURP组,两组术后前列腺国际症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOL）、最大尿流率、剩余尿量较术前均有显著改善。结论 PVP是一种安全有效的治疗BPH的理想微创术式,具有手术时间短、创伤小、出血少、恢复快、并发症发生率低等特点。     

比较经尿道前列腺汽化电切术与经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生症的效果

目的比较经尿道前列腺汽化电切术与经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的效果。方法将45例BPH患者根据手术方式分为2组,汽化组(22例)给予经尿道前列腺汽化电切术,钬激光组(23例)实施经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间及并发症发生情况。结果钬激光组术中出血量、膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间均低于汽化组;术后排尿困难、出血、尿道狭窄并发症发生率低于汽化组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经尿道钬激光剜除术治疗BPH,创伤小、并发症发生率低、患者术后康复快。     

经尿道前列腺绿激光汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生临床体会

目的探讨经尿道前列腺绿激光汽化术(PVP)治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的效果及安全性。方法选取2016-01—2018-10间在鄢陵县中心医院接受手术的100例BPH患者。依照不同术式分为2组,各50例。观察组采取PVP,对照组采取经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)。比较2组的疗效。结果 2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中失血量、留置导尿管时间、住院时间及并发症发生率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PVP治疗BPH患者,能明显减少术中出血量,缩短术后留置导尿管时间和住院时间,且安全性高。     

经尿道选择性120W绿激光汽化术治疗高龄高危良性前列腺增生症57例疗效分析

目的探讨经尿道选择性120W绿激光前列腺汽化术（PVP）治疗高龄高危良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的临床疗效及安全性。方法分析2010年7月至2011年7月,本院行PVP手术治疗的高龄高危BPH 57例患者的临床资料。结果57例患者手术均顺利,其中5例行TURP辅助PVP手术治疗,所有患者均未出现电切综合征,无死亡病例。单纯行PVP手术者52例,术后输血1例,泌尿系感染4例,手术时间平均（38.3±11.3）min,平均出血量（25.5±16.5）mL,术后均留置导尿管行膀胱冲洗6～26h,平均（9.3±5.1）h,留置尿管时间平均（1.9±0.7）d,术后平均住院时间（2.9±0.9）d。行TURP辅助PVP手术患者手术时间（47.2±8.6）min,平均出血量（32.6±17.8）mL,术后均留置导尿管行膀胱冲洗9～26h,平均（13.4±7.1）h,留置尿管时间平均（2.5±0.6）d,术后平均住院时间（4.5±1.3）d。术后国际前列腺症状评分、生活质量评分、最大尿流率和残余尿量与术前比较均明显改善。结论经尿道选择性120W绿激光前列腺汽化术治疗BPH具有操作安全、术中出血少、手术时间短、近期疗效显著,尤其适合于高龄高危患者。     

铥激光与绿激光治疗80g以上高龄高危BPH的疗效比较

目的:比较经尿道选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术(PVP)与经尿道铥(2微米)激光前列腺汽化切除术(TmLRP)治疗80 g以上高龄高危良性前列腺增生(BPH)的疗效。方法:分别用PVP及TmLRP治疗80 g以上高龄BPH患者各82例、36例。比较两种术式的手术时间、费用、术中失血量,并发症及近期疗效等指标。结果:118例均安全度过围手术期,未出现严重并发症,未输血。TmLRP组的平均手术时间、术后膀胱冲洗时间及手术费用均明显少于PVP组(P<0.05)。两组术后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、残余尿量(PVR)及最大尿流率(Qm ax)均明显改善(P(0.05),但两组间改善程度无明显差别(P(0.05)。结论:PVP与TmLRP治疗80 g以上高龄高危BPH安全有效,TmLRP在手术时间及费用方面优于PVP。     

绿激光前列腺汽化术与前列腺电汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生症的对比研究

目的探讨选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术（PVP）治疗良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的疗效及安全性。方法 120例BPH患者随机分为绿激光组和电汽化组,每组60例。分别采用PVP和经尿道汽化电切（TUVP）治疗,观察手术时间、术中出血情况、术后留置尿管时间、住院时间、国际前列腺症状评分及生活质量评分、手术前后尿流率和残余尿及术中术后并发症等指标变化情况。结果 120例患者手术顺利,绿激光组手术时间多于电汽化组（P〈0.05）;术中出血量、术后平均留置尿管时间绿激光组少于电汽化组（P〈0.05）;术后3～12个月随访,绿激光组手术并发症发生率低于电汽化组（P〈0.05）,结论PVP具有创伤小、安全性高的优点,是治疗BPH的一种安全有效的微创手术方式,尤其适用于高危BPH患者。     

两种术式治疗耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术后膀胱颈挛缩的疗效比较

目的比较治疗耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术后膀胱颈挛缩的两种手术方法的效果。方法采用病例对照研究,开放手术组26例,行开放膀胱颈后唇楔形切除术或后楔形切除加Y-V成形术,经尿道电切组18例,行经尿道膀胱颈电切术。结果开放手术组平均手术时间为(119.8±20.5)m in,术中出血量平均(91.2±30.8)m l,治愈率为80.8%,并发症发生率为26.9%,术后IPSS评分为(11.5±5.2)分;经尿道膀胱电切组平均手术时间为(20.1±3.7)m in,术中出血量平均(5.5±4.0)m l,有效率100%,并发症发生率5.6%,术后IPSS评分为(7.5±1.5)分,明显优于开放手术组(P<0.05)。结论经尿道膀胱颈电切术治疗耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术后膀胱颈挛缩,其梗阻解除彻底,创伤小,出血少,并发症少,恢复快,是一种较好的治疗方法。     

经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗大体积良性前列腺增生

目的:评价经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术(HoLEP)治疗大体积良性前列腺增生(BPH)的价值。方法:BPH患者60例,前列腺重量均>100g,分为HoLEP组(n=32)和耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术组(n=28),比较两组手术时间、术中出血量和术后膀胱冲洗时间、导尿管留置时间、住院时间;术后3个月随访,比较两组患者IPSS、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、剩余尿量(PVR)等指标的变化。结果:HoLEP组与耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术组比较手术时间有所延长(P<0.01),但术中出血量减少(P<0.01),膀胱冲洗时间、导尿管留置时间、术后住院时间明显缩短(P<0.01)。术后3个月,两组IPSS、QOL、Qmax、PVR较自身术前显著改善(P<0.01),组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:HoLEP治疗大体积BPH具有与开放性前列腺切除术相似的疗效,同时手术安全性高、患者痛苦小、术后恢复快,是一种更适合于大体积BPH治疗的手术方式。     

经尿道绿激光前列腺汽化切除术治疗30例良性前列腺增生症近期效果

目的探讨经尿道绿激光前列腺汽化切除术(PVP)治疗良性前列腺增生症(BPH)的近期效果。方法选取镇平县第二人民医院2017-01—2018-04间收治的60例BPH患者。根据不同手术方案分为2组,各30例。对照组给予经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP),观察组给予PVP。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后3个月观察组勃起功能(IIEF-5)评分较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 PVP治疗BPH,可降低并发症发生率,对患者性功能影响较小。     

经尿道绿激光汽化术联合汽化电切术治疗重度前列腺增生的临床研究

目的:评估经尿道前列腺选择性绿激光汽化术联合汽化电切术(PVP+TUVP)与经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TUVP)治疗体积大于80ml重度BPH的安全性和临床疗效。方法:选取符合入选标准的重度BPH患者95例,按手术方式随机分为PVP+TUVP治疗组48例和TUVP对照组47例,比较两种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、术后血尿时间、症状评分、尿流动力学及并发症等指标。结果:PVP+TUVP组手术时间略长于TUVP组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.10)。PVP+TUVP组术中出血量、术后血尿时间、并发症均少于TUVP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访12个月,PVP+TUVP组IPSS评分、QOL评分、Qmax、RUV均比术前明显改善(P<0.002),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于体积大于80ml重度BPH患者,PVP+TUVP比TUVP具有术中风险低、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,临床疗效相似,是一种更加安全有效的微创手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.