富含血小板血浆联合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨性关节炎的WOMAC评分分析

目的观察富含血小板血浆联合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨性关节炎的WOMAC评分,为其治疗骨性关节炎的疗效提供参考依据。方法取2015年8月至2016年8月于本院门诊骨性关节炎患者共30例,制备自体血小板血浆和骨髓间充质干细胞,对患者进行治疗,并在治疗前和治疗后4周、12周以及24周进行WOMAC评分量表评估。结果富含血小板血浆联合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨性关节炎后,疼痛以及日常功能指数显著降低(P0.05),并且随着治疗时间的延长,疼痛以及日常功能指数降低越显著(P0.05),而僵硬指数与对照组无显著区别(P0.05)。治疗后WOMAC总积分较治疗前显著降低(P0.05)。结论富含血小板血浆联合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨性关节炎具有一定的疗效。     

门静脉输注骨髓干细胞诱导肝移植大鼠长期存活的实验研究

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞诱导肝移植大鼠长期存活的机制.方法 : 24只受体Wistar大鼠随机分为A(正常对照)、B(D-hanks液)、C(间充质干细胞)3组,术后观察各组大鼠的生存时间、肝功能(ALT、Tbil)和病理变化及Sry基因和白蛋白的表达状况.结果 C组中位生存时间较A、B组显著延长(P<0.05);移植术后1周各组血清ALT、Tbil均较正常值增高(P<0.05),C组明显低于A、B组(P<0.05);术后10天A、B组均呈急性中重度排斥反应,术后60天C组无明显的急性排斥反应.结论 经门静脉输注的骨髓间充质干细胞在移植肝脏中逐渐分化为具有生物活性的肝细胞,可能是减轻急性排斥反应,导致大鼠长期存活的原因.     

经门静脉注射骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠转化生长因子-βR1、-βR2的影响

目的探讨经门静脉注射骨髓间充质干细胞对急性肝功能衰竭大鼠肝脏组织中转化生长因子-β受体(TGF-βR)1和TGF-βR2的影响。方法选择清洁级雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、急性肝功能衰竭组和骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组,每组20只大鼠。正常对照组不给予任何处理。急性肝功能衰竭组和骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组大鼠均先制备急性肝功能衰竭模型,然后骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组经门静脉注射骨髓间充质干细胞,急性肝功能衰竭组给予等体积的生理盐水。治疗后第7天,观察各组大鼠的存活情况,采用HE染色法观察各组大鼠肝脏组织的病理学变化,TUNEL法检测各组大鼠的肝细胞凋亡情况,Western blot法检测各组大鼠肝脏组织中TGF-βR1和TGF-βR2蛋白表达情况。结果 (1)急性肝功能衰竭组术后1周存活率明显低于正常对照组(P0.05),骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组术后1周存活率明显高于急性肝功能衰竭组(P0.05)。(2)急性肝功能衰竭组的肝细胞呈弥漫性坏死,小叶结构模糊不清,见大量桥接样坏死;骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组炎性细胞浸润减少,肝小叶结构逐渐恢复,周围可见正常肝细胞。(3)急性肝功能衰竭组和骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组肝细胞凋亡指数均明显高于正常对照组(P0.05),而骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组的细胞凋亡指数较急性肝功能衰竭组明显降低(P0.05)。(4)急性肝功能衰竭组的肝脏组织中TGF-βR1和TGF-βR2蛋白相对表达量明显高于正常对照组(P0.05);骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组的肝脏组织中TGF-βR1和TGF-βR2蛋白相对表达量较急性肝功能衰竭组明显降低(P0.05)。结论骨髓间充质干细胞在肝细胞损伤恢复中能抑制肝细胞凋亡,其机制可能与调节TGF-βR1和TGF-βR2蛋白的表达有关,但其具体调节通路需要进一步的研究。     

基因修饰细胞和成骨蛋白在脊柱融合中作用比浇

目的 观察骨形态发生蛋白-2(BMP-2)修饰的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)诱导大鼠脊柱融合的能力,并与已广泛商品化使用的BMP-2蛋白比较.方法 分别将携带BMP-2和β-半乳糖苷酶的腺病毒转染BMSCs,在大鼠脊柱融合模型中建立5个实验组,每组8只,分别植入:Ⅰ组,5×106个BMP-2转染细胞;Ⅱ组,5×106个β-半乳糖苷酶转染细胞;Ⅲ组,10μgBMP-2蛋白;Ⅳ组,5×106个未转染细胞;Ⅴ组,单独的胶原海绵.8周后处死大鼠,进行各项观察.结果 手触力学评价显示Ⅰ、Ⅲ组全部达到骨性融合,而其他组均未融合.X线评分Ⅰ组(5.02)和Ⅲ组(4.21)也明显高于其他组.Micro-CT和组织学切片显示Ⅲ组的新骨骨量较少,骨小梁较细.结论 基因修饰的骨髓间充质干细胞能够很好地诱导脊柱融合,诱导效果要好于商品化的BMP-2蛋白.     

骨髓间充质干细胞输注治疗大鼠小体积肝移植术后肝衰竭

目的 探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞输注治疗大鼠小体积肝移植术后肝衰竭的可行性.方法 体外分离、培养、鉴定大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,采用细胞膜染料PKH26对骨髓间充质干细胞进行标记.将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组和治疗组.对照组于小体积(30 %)肝移植术中,在移植肝血供恢复时自尾静脉注入磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 0.5 ml,治...     

异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗小鼠前列腺癌的实验研究

目的观察非清髓性异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植对小鼠前列腺移植瘤的治疗效果。方法应用全骨髓培养法培养BALB/c小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,通过流式细胞术检测第四代细胞中CD44阳性细胞率,并通过油红染色鉴定由骨髓间充质干细胞分化的脂肪细胞。应用C57小鼠源性前列腺癌株RM-1(2×10~6/只)制成C57BL小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,分为对照组和异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植组,每组10只。应用FC方案(氟达拉滨30mg/m~2,-d~(1-5);环磷酰胺300mg/m~2,-d~(1-3))对非对照组小鼠进行非清髓性预处理。异基因干细胞移植组小鼠经尾静脉注入骨髓间充质干细胞1×10~6个/只。记录并比较两组小鼠的肿瘤体积及生存时间。结果全骨髓培养法培养的第四代细胞中CD44阳性率为84.29%,油红染色证实由骨髓间充质干细胞自然分化的脂肪细胞存在。与对照组相比,异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植显著的抑制了小鼠前列腺癌的生长(P=0.047),并明显延长了异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植组小鼠的生存时间(P=0.00001)。结论异基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植显著的抑制了小鼠前列腺癌的生长,延长了受体小鼠的生存时间,预示了将骨髓间充质干细胞作为抑癌基因载体的良好前景。     

前列腺素E1抗大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的最佳浓度探讨

目的探讨在体外条件下前列腺素E1抗大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)凋亡的最佳浓度。方法提取SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取P3-P5代的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞在体外缺血清缺氧条件下进行培养,将前列腺素E1分别以0μg/L(对照组)、1μg/L、10μg/L、20μg/L、30μg/L、40μg/L、50μg/L、100μg/L的浓度作用于大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,并设置48 h,72 h二个时间点,用流式细胞检测的方法测定每个时间点及每个浓度组的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡率,最后对数据进行统计分析。结果在各个时间点中,质量浓度为1μg/L、10μg/L、20μg/L、30μg/L、40μg/L、50μg/L、100μg/L的前列腺素E1均可减少大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡,其中20μg/L浓度组的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡率最低;前列腺素E1在作用48 h后,大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡率最低。结论体外缺血清缺氧条件下,前列腺素E1抗大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的最佳浓度是20μg/L,且其抗凋亡作用在48 h时达到高峰。     

骨髓间充质干细胞促进大鼠小体积肝移植后肝再生的实验研究

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞能否促进大鼠小体积肝移植后移植肝的再生.方法 体外分离、培养、鉴定大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞.在30％大鼠部分肝移植的模型基础上,实验分为对照组(30％ PLT)和骨髓间充质干细胞干预组(30％PLT+ MSC).比较两组肝移植术后的存活率,分析肝功能的变化,通过免疫组化来观察移植肝标本Cyclin D1和PCNA的表达,并对移植肝组织结构进行电镜观察.结果 骨髓间充质干细胞的干预,能够改善小体积肝移植术后肝功能状况,减轻组织学损伤,并能够提高存活率,30％ PLT组与30％ PLT+ MSC组一周存活率分别为16.7％和58.3％.而在Cyclin D1和PCNA的免疫组化表达中,30％ PLT组表达明显抑制,30％ PLT+ MSC组表达上调.结论 骨髓间充质干细胞可以存进大鼠小体积肝移植后移植肝的再生,改善肝功能,并提高存活率.     

外胚间充质干细胞对射线照射后大鼠造血系统的影响

目的探讨颌突外胚间充质干细胞对γ射线照射后大鼠造血系统的影响.方法取孕11.5 d SD大鼠胚胎颌突,用消化法培养获得外胚间充质干细胞,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态和生长状况.雄性SD大鼠80只,体重220 g,随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组20只,A、B和C组给予60Co γ射线全身一次性照射,照射剂量为6.0 Gy.A组:照射后6 h,尾静脉移植第2代外胚间充质干细胞;B、C组尾静脉分别移植真皮成纤维细胞和生理盐水作为阴性对照;D组未照射,为正常对照组,注射生理盐水0.3 ml/只.分别于1、2、3和4周动态观察大鼠外周血白细胞及血红蛋白的变化,并于第4周行骨髓有核细胞计数,测定大鼠骨髓粒细胞巨噬细胞集落形成单位(colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage,CFU-GM),采用内源性脾结节法测定脾集落形成单位(colony forming unit-spleen,CFU-S),进行大鼠骨髓组织学检查.结果培养的原代外胚间充质干细胞呈单层生长,似成纤维样梭形,有2～4个突起.移植后第3、4周,A组白细胞数明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05),A、D组大鼠外周血血红蛋白含量高于B、C组(P＜0.05).移植后第4周,A组大鼠骨髓有核细胞计数明显多于B、C组(P＜0.01), CFU-S计数明显多于B、C组(P＜0.01),A、D组CFU-GM数量均较B、C组多(P＜0.01).结论颌突外胚间充质干细胞具有干细胞的特征,能够促进辐射损伤后大鼠造血功能的修复与重建.     

人脐带间充质干细胞复合去细胞神经基膜管修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损

目的 探讨诱导后的脐带间充质干细胞作为组织工程种子细胞修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的可行性.方法 从正常足月新生儿脐带中分离培养间充质干细胞并诱导分化为神经样细胞,与去细胞神经基膜管共培养以构建组织工程神经;用30只健康成年雄性SD大鼠建立坐骨神经缺损(10 mm)的动物模型并随机分成3组:A组为脐带间充质干细胞复合去细胞神经基膜管组,B组为单纯去细胞神经基膜管组,C组为自体神经桥接组.术后10周通过神经电生理检测、组织学观察等评测效果.结果 在局部观察和肌肉测量、神经电生理检测、组织学观察等方面,脐带间充质干细胞复合去细胞神经基膜管组(A组)神经再生及肢体功能情况良好,效果接近于自体神经桥接组(C组),明显优于单纯去细胞神经基膜管组(B组).结论 脐带间充质干细胞复合去细胞神经基膜管构建的组织工程神经可有效促进大鼠坐骨神经缺损(10 mm)的修复.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.