全麻手术患者留置导尿方法与时机探讨

目的探讨全麻手术患者留置导尿适宜时机与方法。方法将90例全麻腹部手术患者随机分成3组各30例。Ⅰ组于全麻前15min行常规留置导尿;Ⅱ组于全麻前15min经尿道口注入2%利多卡因3ml、液体石蜡2ml后留置导尿;Ⅲ组于全麻后15min行导尿术。结果Ⅰ组导尿毕即刻、Ⅲ组清醒后心率、血压分别较导尿前显著提高(均P<0.05),Ⅱ组各时段心率、血压无明显波动(均P>0.05)。一次插导尿管成功率,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(均P<0.05)。清醒后躁动发生率Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论Ⅱ组导尿方法与时机可提高导尿成功率,减轻患者痛苦。     

不同润滑剂润滑导尿管对患者舒适度的影响

目的提高全麻清醒后留置尿管患者的舒适度。方法将全麻下行上腹部手术的89例患者随机分为两组,对照组（n=46）采用液体石蜡润滑导尿管,实验组（n=43）采用利多卡因凝胶润滑导尿管,均在麻醉诱导气管插管成功后留置导尿,比较两组一次置管成功率,麻醉恢复期的疼痛程度及不能耐受拔除尿管的比例。结果实验组术后麻醉清醒恢复期的疼痛程度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论利多卡因凝胶作为尿管润滑剂能有效提高全麻恢复期患者留置尿管期间的舒适度。     

男性脑膜瘤患者麻醉前留置尿管时机的选择

目的探讨男性脑膜瘤患者术前留置尿管的最佳时机,以提高其开颅术后对留置尿管的耐受性。方法将102例男性脑膜瘤手术患者随机分为对照组和观察组各51例。对照组全麻前15min留置导尿管,观察组全麻前2h留置导尿管。观察两组患者术后对尿管的耐受性及麻醉前、术后24h平均血压、心率变化。结果观察组术后尿管耐受程度显著优于对照组（P〈0.01）;观察组术后24h平均血压、心率无显著变化（均P〉0.05）;对照组术后24h平均血压、心率显著高于麻醉前及观察组（均P〈0.01）。结论男性脑膜瘤手术患者麻醉前2h留置导尿管,可有效减轻患者的不适,降低术后血压、心率波动,有利于患者安全地渡过术后出血期和水肿期。     

三种麻醉方法对腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹期间自主神经活动趋势的影响

目的以心率变异性（heart rate variability，HRV）为观察指标，观察分析不同的麻醉方法对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术（Laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）二氧化碳（CO2）气腹期间自主神经活动趋势的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的择期L患者45例，按手术日期分为全身麻醉组（Ⅰ组，对照组）、全身麻醉＋艾司洛尔组（Ⅱ组）和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（Ⅲ组），分别在麻醉前，气腹前，气腹后5、10、20及30min观察HRV及血流动力学的变化。结果与气腹前相比，Ⅰ组低频（LF）、低频／高频（LF／HF）在气腹后不同时点均显著升高（P〈0．05）；Ⅱ组LF／HF在气腹后5、10min显著升高（P〈0．05）；Ⅲ组气腹后各时点LF、HF、LF／HF均无显著变化（P〉0．05）。组间比较，Ⅰ组LF、LF／HF在气腹后各时点均显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组LF在气腹后10min显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05），LF／HF在气腹后5、10min显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。HF各组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论艾司洛尔可减轻气腹引起的应激反应，但不能完全阻止其交感活性的增强；全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于腹腔镜胆囊切除手术，可以抑制气腹引起的交感神经兴奋，维持自主神经的稳定性。     

直肠用药减轻全麻后导尿管刺激的研究

目的探讨直肠用药减轻全麻导尿患者清醒后尿管刺激的作用。方法将90例全麻后留置尿管的手术患者随机分为三组各30例。对照组全麻后常规导尿,实验Ⅰ组、实验Ⅱ组分别于全麻导尿后5min在直肠置入美施康定10mg和吲哚美辛100mg。观察三组手术不同时间段的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2的变化和术后48h内尿管刺激对患者舒适度的影响。结果三组不同时段HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2比较,干预主效应均P0.05;三组术后48h留置尿管期间舒适度比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且实验Ⅰ组优于实验Ⅱ组。结论全麻导尿后通过直肠给予镇痛剂可缓解麻醉清醒后患者对尿管刺激的不耐受,且不影响手术患者生命体征的稳定;直肠给予美施康定作用优于吲哚美辛。     

无肌松药全身麻醉下进行功能性鼻内镜手术的随机对照研究

目的 探讨功能性鼻内镜手术围术期肌松药的合理使用.方法选择2012年10月-2013年3月90例诊断为鼻窦炎拟行功能性鼻内镜手术患者,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,年龄18-60岁,以随机数字表法随机分为3组：Ⅰ、Ⅱ组按时追加肌松剂,Ⅲ组不追加肌松剂.麻醉诱导：Ⅰ组以芬太尼2 μg/kg,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组以舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg,3组均以丙泊酚2 mg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg麻醉后行气管插管.麻醉维持：3组均靶控输注（target controlled infusion,TCI）丙泊酚血浆药物浓度3 μg/ml及瑞芬太尼血浆药物浓度4 ng/ml,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组每30 min追加罗库溴铵0.2 mg/kg,3组均于收缩压超过100 mm Hg且持续〉5 min时增加靶控输注瑞芬太尼血浆药物浓度,每次0.5 ng/ml.记录麻醉诱导前、手术开始前即刻、手术开始后10 min和30 min的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）,记录术野出血评估分级、手术时间、拔管时间、离室时间、术中增加靶控输注瑞芬太尼浓度的病例数.结果 3组患者各时点MAP与诱导前相比均降低（P〈0.05）.Ⅰ组手术开始后10 min的MAP明显高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）,拔管时间和离室时间Ⅰ、Ⅱ组长于Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）.Ⅰ组患者中增加瑞芬太尼靶控输注浓度的例数（23例）明显多于Ⅱ组（10例）和Ⅲ组（11例）（P〈0.05）.3组术野渗血程度差异无显著性（P〉0.05）.结论功能性鼻内镜手术不依赖完善的肌松,术中提供充分的镇痛可保障手术顺利进行.     

舒芬太尼复合艾司洛尔对全麻患者气管插管时心血管反应的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼复合艾司洛尔对全麻患者气管插管时心血管反应的影响。方法择期上腹部手术患者60例,年龄26～50岁,体重48～75kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组（n=20）：舒芬太尼0.5μg/ks组（Ⅰ组）、芬太尼5μg/kg＋艾司洛尔1 mg/kg组（Ⅱ组）和舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg＋艾司洛尔1 mg/kg组（Ⅲ组）。3组均静脉注射试验用药、异丙酚1.5 mg/kg和维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg麻醉诱导后气管插管,机械通气。分别于麻醉诱导前（T1）、麻醉诱导后1min（T2）、气管插管后即刻（T3）、气管插管后1 min（T4）、3min（T5）及10min（T6）记录HR,收缩压（SP）、舒张压（DP）,并于T1、T2、T4时采集桡动脉血7 ml,测定血浆肾上腺素（Ad）和去甲肾上腺素（NA）的浓度。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组HR、SP、DP及血浆Ad和NA的浓度降低（P〈0.05）;与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组HR、SP、DP降低（P〈0.05）。与T1比较,T2时3组HR、SP、DP及血浆Ad和NA浓度降低（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组T3时HR、SP、DP升高,T4时HR升高,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg复合艾司洛尔1mg/kg可更好地预防全麻患者气管插管时的心血管反应。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的：观察腹腔镜直肠癌根治术不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响,为腹腔镜直肠癌根治术选择理想的麻醉方法。方法：直肠癌根治术患者48例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为腰—硬联合阻滞复合全麻组（Ⅰ组）和单纯全麻组（Ⅱ组）各24例。持续监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,分别于麻醉前（T1）、气腹前5min（T2）、二氧化碳气腹（压力达12mmHg）后10min（T3）、放气后5min（T4）抽静脉血测定血糖（Glu）和血浆皮质醇（Cor）。结果：Ⅱ组在T3时MAP、HR、Glu和Cor均明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T3时PETCO2均高于T1和T2时（P〈0.05）。结论：腰—硬联合阻滞复合全麻比单纯全麻可更有效抑制腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的应激反应,是腹腔镜直肠癌根治术理想的麻醉方法。     

瑞芬太尼复合艾司洛尔对全麻患者气管插管时心血管指标的影响

目的 评价瑞芬太尼复合艾司洛尔对全麻患者气管插管时心血管系统的影响.方法 选择择期上腹部手术患者60 例,ASAⅠ - Ⅱ级,随机分为3 组（n = 20）：瑞芬太尼2 μg/kg组（Ⅰ组）,芬太尼4 μg/kg ＋ 艾司洛尔1 mg/kg 组（Ⅱ组）和瑞芬太尼2 μg/kg ＋ 艾司洛尔1 mg/kg组（Ⅲ组）.分别注入上述药物、丙泊酚2 mg/kg 和阿曲库铵1.5 mg/kg 后行气管插管,机械通气.记录麻醉诱导前（T1）、麻醉诱导后1 min（T2）、气管插管后即刻（T3）、气管插管后1 min（T4）、3 min（T5）及10 min（T6）的HR、收缩压（SP）、舒张压（DP）,并于T1、T2、T4 时分别采集桡动脉血7 ml,测定血浆肾上腺素（Ad）和去甲肾上腺素（NA）的浓度.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组HR、SP、DP 及血浆Ad 和NA 的浓度降低（P 〈 0.05）;与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组HR、SP、DP 降低（P 〈 0.05）;与T1 比较,T2时3 组HR、SP、DP 及血浆Ad 和NA 的浓度降低（P 〈 0.05）;Ⅰ组T3 时HR、SP、DP 升高,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组差异无统计学意义.结论 瑞芬太尼复合艾司洛尔可更好地预防全麻患者气管插管时的心血管副作用.     

小潮气量加低水平呼气末正压通气对腹腔镜手术患者呼吸力学及肺氧合功能的影响

目的探讨小潮气量加低水平呼气末正压（positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP）机械通气对肺功能正常患者人工气腹期间呼吸力学及肺氧合功能的影响。方法 2009年8月~2010年4月,45例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,择期全麻下行腹腔镜手术患者,随机均分为3组,每组15例。麻醉诱导维持用药相同,气管插管后行机械通气,气腹前3组通气参数均设定为潮气量（VT）8 ml/kg,呼吸频率（RR）12次/min,吸呼比（I∶E）=1∶2。气腹后通气参数设定分别为：Ⅰ组VT=6 ml/kg,RR=18次/min,PEEP=5 cm H2O;Ⅱ组VT=10 ml/kg,RR=10次/min,PEEP=0;Ⅲ组（对照组）同气腹前。分别在气管插管后（T0）,手术开始（T1）,气腹5 min（T2）,气腹30 min（T3）,气腹60 min（T4）,拔气管导管前15 min（T5）,拔气管导管后20 min（T6）监测脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）、气道峰压（Ppeak）、平均气道压（Pmean）,并计算肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）。分别在T0,T3,T4,T6时点抽取动脉血监测血气,并根据动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）、吸入氧浓度（FiO2）等计算氧合指数、呼吸指数、肺泡动脉血氧分压差（A-aDO2）。结果 3组各时点平均动脉压及心率、PaO2组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。与T0时相比,Ppeak气腹后升高（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组更明显;Pmean气腹后也升高（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组最明显;Cdyn气腹后明显降低（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ组最明显;PETCO2明显升高（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组更明显;气腹后pH值明显降低（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组最明显;Ⅰ、Ⅲ组PaCO2气腹后明显升高（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ组无明显变化（P〉0.05）。与机械通气时（T0、T3、T4）相比,3组A-aDO2拔管后（T6）明显降低（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组更明显;氧合指数拔管后（T6）明显降低（P〈0.05）,3组组间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;呼吸指数拔管后明显降低,Ⅰ组最明显（P〈0.05）。结论小潮气量机械通气加低水平呼气末正压可以有效降低术中气道压,改善肺顺应性,增加肺通气效率,可以安全地应用于腹腔镜手术呼吸管理中。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.