克罗恩病手术及术后复发再手术的危险因素

目的了解我国部分地区治疗克罗恩病（cD）的手术率及再手术率，并评估相关危险因素。方法多中心回顾性分析142例CD患者的手术与再手术情况，并采用多因素分析法对相关危险因素进行评估。结果本组患者手术率64．8％，起病后5年累计手术率为52．0％。手术风险：男性患者高于女性（P〈0．01）；40岁以上患者高于20岁以下者（P〈0．05）；回肠型及空肠以上型患者高于结肠型患者（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。本组再手术率33．9％，初次术后3年累计复发率为21、0％。再手术风险穿孔型患者高于非穿孔型患者，结肠型及回结肠型患者高于回肠型患者（均P〈0．05）。结论半数CD患者在起病5年内需接受手术治疗，其中1／5的患者于术后3年内需接受再次手术。病变位于结肠者具有较高的再手术风险，初次手术适应证为穿孔型者增加再手术风险。     

冠心病合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效分析

目的 评价冠心病合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1998年1月～2004年12月27例冠心病合并COPD患者接受CABG的临床资料，根据术中采用不同的方法分为非体外循环CABG组（off—pump组，18例）和体外循环CABG组（on—pump组，9例），并在不同时间点对两组患者的氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、呼吸功能相关指标、细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）的变化及肺泡灌洗液中中性粒细胞数量进行比较分析。结果 两组患者均无手术死亡；术后14d off—pump组死亡1例，死于呼吸衰竭；on—pump组发生呼吸系统并发症较off—pump组多。体外循环（CPB）30min后／手术开始on—pump组患者的PaO2／FiO2高于off—pump组，而在术后6h和12h却明显低于off—pump组（P〈0．05）；手术开始／CPB30min到术后24h血浆中ICAM-1的浓度off—pump组均低于on—pump组（P〈0．05）；肺泡灌洗液中中性粒细胞数on—pump组均高于off—pump组（P〈0．05）。结论 Off—pump CABG对肺的气体交换功能损伤较小，术后肺部并发症发生率较低，因此更适合于冠心病合并COPD的患者。     

法洛四联症根治术后近期疗效的影响因素分析

目的 分析影响法洛四联症（TOF）根治术后近期疗效的主要风险因素，探讨改善疗效的方法。方法 219例TOF患者根据手术后近期疗效的不同分为两组，A组（n=110）：术后心功能恢复良好，术后2周内能顺利出院，无严重并发症发生，出院时心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ或Ⅱ级，随访6个月内左心室射血分数（LVEF）〉0．50；B组（n=109）：术后2周内未能出院，有严重并发症发生，出院时心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅱ或Ⅲ级，随访6个月内LVEF〈0．50。分析比较两组患者的临床资料，并用logistic回归和模型选择分析影响TOF根治术后近期疗效的危险因素。结果 A组心功能恢复好、无死亡患者，出院时心功能（NYHA）为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级，LVEF〉0．50；B组死亡8例（7．34％），生存患者出院时心功能（NYHA）为Ⅱ或Ⅲ级，LVEF〈0．50（P〈0．01）。A组患者术后24h胸腔引流量、辅助呼吸时间、正性肌力药物维持循环时间和住院时间均少于或短于B组（P〈0.01）；而B组患者的体外循环时间和升主动脉阻断时间长于A组，跨瓣环补片的比率大于A组，Nakata指数小于A组（P〈0.01）。logistic回归分析结果显示：手术年龄（OR=0．69）、术前血氧饱和度（0R=0．98）、红细胞压积（OR=0．94）、跨瓣环补片数（OR=46．86）、Nakata指数（OR=16．90）、术后胸腔引流量（OR=0．84）、心律失常（0R=0．87）和术后切口感染发生率（OR=63．57）等对TOF根治术后近期疗效有明显的影响（P〈0.01）。结论 提早行TOF根治手术的年龄、术前降低红细胞压积、改善外周血氧饱和度、早期加行姑息手术以促进肺动脉发育，加强围手术期监护等是提高TOF根治术后近期疗效的有效措施。     

胆肠吻合不放支撑引流管的临床研究

目的探讨胆肠吻合不放支撑引流管的可行性。方法比较52例高位胆管空肠吻合不放支撑引流管患者（A组）和56例放置支撑引流管患者（B组）的临床治疗恢复过程、术后随访和再手术情况。结果A组的胆瘘发生率为5．8％（3／52），B组为3．6％（2／56），两者差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；禁食、治疗用药和住院时间A组较B组短（P〈0．01）；术后感染并发症和水电紊乱A组较B组低（P〈0．05）。术后随访A组和B组的胆管炎发作、结石再发、腹腔粘连和再次手术分别为4．4％，20．4％（P〈0．05）；2．2％，8．16％（P〉0．05）；4．4％，20．4％（P〈0．05）；2．2％，16．3％（P〈0．05）。B组的8例再手术中有4例再发结石，5例次胆肠吻合口炎性增生、硬化。结论改进和提高胆肠吻合技术，不放支撑引流管是安全、可行的，且术后并发症少，恢复快，近远期疗效佳，患者易接受。     

围术期容量治疗策略对心肺转流后急性炎症反应的影响

目的对比羟乙基淀粉130／0．4（万汶）与琥珀酰明胶（佳乐施）对心肺转流（CPB）后急性炎症反应的影响。方法23例择期CPB下实施冠状动脉搭桥手术（CABG）的患者随机分为两组：Ⅰ组患者的CPB预充液及术中、术后48h容量治疗选用羟乙基淀粉；Ⅱ组选用琥珀酰明胶。观察两组患者的容量治疗策略和急性炎症反应的发生情况，并分别于麻醉诱导后、停机时、术后2、24、48h采动脉血检测C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、P选择素（P-selectin）和细胞间黏附因子（ICAM-1）含量。结果两组患者的急性炎症反应发生情况相似；术后24、48h两组CRP显著升高（P〈0．05），但术后48hⅠ组比Ⅱ组升高更为显著（P〈0．05）；术后24、48h两组ICAM-1均较麻醉诱导后升高（P〈0．05），而术后48hⅡ组比Ⅰ组升高更为显著（P〈0．05）。术后48hⅠ组P-Selectin、IL-6显著升高（P〈0．05），组间差异无统计学意义。结论围术期应用羟乙基淀粉有利于激活急性期反应蛋白，并减轻内皮损伤维持内皮稳定性，从而减轻CABG后急性炎症反应。     

不同评分模型对维吾尔族患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后死亡风险的预测价值

目的评价欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统(EuroSCORE)additive、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型及心脏麻醉风险评分(CARE)对于预测维吾尔族患者冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)手术在院死亡率的准确性。方法选择2012年9月至2013年6月行CABG的维吾尔族患者61例,术前分别使用EuroSCORE additive评分、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型与CARE评分对患者手术死亡风险进行评估,术后比较各种评分模型的预测死亡率与实际在院死亡率。模型预测的校准度采用拟合优度检验,预测的鉴别度采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积检验。结果对于实施CABG的维吾尔族患者,EuroSCORE additive评分、logistic评分及CARE评分预测鉴别度均较好,CARE评分最优(ROC曲线下面积分别为0.737、0.754、0.864),EuroSCOREⅡ模型的鉴别度较差(ROC曲线下面积为0.682)。结论EuroSCORE模型中的additive评分、logistic评分以及CARE评分对维吾尔族CABG术患者均表现出了较好的鉴别力,针对维吾尔族CABG手术患者,可以优先采用CARE评分进行风险预测。最新的EuroSCOREⅡ模型不适合于维吾尔族患者,在临床应用中应谨慎。     

体外与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗高危冠心病患者的对比分析

目的对比分析体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）治疗高危冠心病患者的手术效果，并总结其临床经验。方法将欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统（EuroSCORE）≥6分的210例高危冠心病患者，根据采用的术式不同分为两组，CABG组：90例，在体外循环下行CABG；OPCAB组：120例，行OPCAB。比较两组患者的手术死亡率、二次开胸止血、肾功能损害、再血管化指数、移植血管血流量、呼吸机支持时间、胸腔引流量和输血量等。结果两组各死亡1例，分别死于恶性室性心律失常和严重低心排血量综合征，两组在死亡率、冠状动脉内膜剥脱率、心房颤动发生率、脑梗死发生率、二次开胸止血、再血管化指数、移植血管血流量等方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而OPCAB组患者的肾功能损害（Cr〉100μmol／L）、呼吸机支持时间、胸腔引流量和输血量均少于或低于CABG组（P〈0．05）。结论OPCAB适用于高危冠心病患者，而且在缩短呼吸机支持时间、减少胸腔引流量、输血量和减轻肾功能损害等方面具有一定的优势。     

肩锁关节手术后应用臂丛神经自控镇痛的临床研究

目的研究臂丛神经自控镇痛（PCRA）对围术期肩锁关节骨折脱位手术患者镇痛治疗应激反应的影响。方法45例拟行肩锁关节骨折脱位手术患者，根据不同镇痛方式随机分为三组：A组为对照组，术后根据需要间断肌注哌替啶镇痛；B组术后行PCRA；C组术后行静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）。测定术前、术后24、48h血浆皮质醇、血管紧张素Ⅱ的浓度；监测HR、BP及进行视觉模拟评分（VAS）；测量肩锁关节被动活动度。结果B组及C组术后24h皮质醇、血管紧张素Ⅱ值显著低于A组（P〈0．05），而B组降低幅度更大，持续时间更长，至术后48hB组仍低于A组（P〈0．05），而术后48hC组与A组比较差异无统计学意义。B组及C组术后HR、SBP、DBP及VAS显著低于同期A组（P〈0．05），且B组数值更低（P〈0．01）。B组及C组术后肩锁关节被动活动度显著大于同期A组（P〈0．05），且B组术后肩锁关节被动活动度更大（P〈0．01）。结论PCRA更能有效地减轻肩锁关节骨折脱位手术患者疼痛，降低患者术后皮质醇、血管紧张素Ⅱ水平，利于患者进行肩锁关节早期功能锻炼，减少术后并发症，有利于患者恢复。     

缺血预处理在心瓣膜置换术中对心肌保护的作用

目的研究单一周期的缺血预处理（IP）方法在心脏瓣膜手术中对心肌的保护作用。方法2002年8月至2006年4月85例慢性心瓣膜疾病患者在我院行心脏瓣膜手术，将其随机分为两组，IP组（n=47）：主动脉阻断前文行单次缺血2min开放3min的预处理方案，阻断主动脉后采用冷晶体心脏停搏液心肌保护方法；对照组（n=38）：仅采用冷晶体心脏停搏液心肌保护方法。观察两组术前、术后心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、心电图ST-T改变、室性心律失常及ICU临床指标。结果术后两组血清CK-MB和cTnI均较术前升高；IP组术后24、48和72h的CK-MB测量值，以及术后24和48h cTnI测量值均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。IP组术后使用抗心律失常药物的比率和持续时间明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），术后使用的正性肌力药物种类和ICU停留时间少于／短于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论IP和低温高钾晶体心脏停搏液灌注方法联合使用，可以增强心脏瓣膜手术中对心肌的保护效果，降低术后心肌酶、肌钙蛋白上升水平和术后室性心律失常程度，提高手术效果。     

人性化护理在结直肠癌手术患者中的应用

为探讨人性化护理在结直肠癌手术患者中的应用效果,将手术治疗结直肠癌患者50例随机分为A组和B组。A组患者给予常规的结直肠癌手术护理干预,B组在A组护理措施基础上实施人性化护理干预,对比观察两组患者对相关知识的掌握情况、术后首次肛门排气时间、住院时间及患者对护理的满意情况。结果显示,B组患者健康教育合格率高于A组（P〈0．05）;B组术后首次肛门排气时间早于A组;B组住院时间短于A组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;B组护理满意度高于A组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,人性化护理干预能够促进结直肠癌患者术后康复,提高护理满意度,护理效果显著。     

Focused Risk Analysis: Regression Model Based on 5,314 Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Patients from a Single Institution

We aimed to identify significant demographic, preoperative comorbidity and surgical predictors for major complications for use in the development of a risk prediction tool for a well-defined population as Total Joint Arthroplasty (TJA) patients. Data on 5314 consecutive patients who underwent primary total hip or knee arthroplasty from October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2011 at a single institution were used in a multivariate regression analysis. The overall incidence of a primary endpoint (reoperation during same admission, extended length of stay, and 30-day readmission) was 3.8%. Significant predictors include certain preexisting genitourinary, circulatory and respiratory conditions; ASA >2; advanced age and prolonged operating time. Mental health conditions demonstrate a strong predictive effect for subsequent serious complication(s) in TJA patients and should be included in a risk-adjustment tool.     

Transplantation Risks and the Real World: What Does ‘High Risk’ Really Mean?

Candidates for, and recipients of, transplants face numerous risks that receive varying degrees of attention from the media and transplant professionals. Characterizations such as 'high risk donor' are not necessarily accurate or informative unless they are discussed in context with the other risks patients face before and after transplantation. Moreover, such labels do not provide accurate information for informed consent discussions or decision making. Recent cases of donor-transmitted diseases from donors labeled as being at 'high risk' have engendered concern, new policy proposals and attempts to employ additional testing of donors. The publicity and policy reactions to these cases do not necessarily better inform transplant candidates and recipients about these risks. Using comparative risk analysis, we compare the various risks associated with waiting on the list, accepting donors with various risk characteristics, posttransplant survival and everyday risks we all face in modern life to provide some quantitative perspective on what 'high risk' really means for transplant patients. In our analysis, donor-transmitted disease risks are orders of magnitude less than other transplantation risks and similar to many everyday occupational and recreational risks people readily and willingly accept. These comparisons can be helpful for informing patients and guiding future policy development.     

Management of low (favourable)-risk prostate cancer

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Most men who are diagnosed with favourable‐risk prostate cancer undergo some form of active intervention, despite evidence that treatment will not improve health outcomes for many. The decision to undergo treatment after diagnosis is, in part, related to the inability to precisely determine the long‐term risk of harm without treatment. Nevertheless, physicians should consider patient age, overall health, and preferences for living with cancer and the potential side effects of curative treatments, before recommending a management option. This is especially important for older men, given the high level of evidence that those with low‐risk disease are unlikely to accrue any benefit from curative intervention. What is known on the subject: Over treatment of favourable‐risk prostate cancer is common, especially among older men. What does the study add: A review of the natural history of favourable‐risk prostate cancer in the context of choices for management of the disease. ? The management of favourable‐risk prostate cancer is controversial, and in the absence of controlled trials to inform best practice, choices are driven by personal beliefs with resultant wide variation in practice patterns. ? Men with favourable‐risk prostate cancer diagnosed today often undergo treatments that will not improve overall health outcomes. ? A shared‐decision approach for selecting optimal management of favourable‐risk disease should account for patient age, overall health, and preferences for living with cancer and the potential side effects of curative treatments.     

Genetic determinants of breast cancer risk: a review of current literature and issues pertaining to clinical application

Despite major advances in breast cancer therapy, annual mortality remains significant with a sizeable proportion of patients eventually succumbing to metastatic disease. Clearly, optimizing approaches for identification and management of women at heightened risk for breast cancer will reduce overall morbidity and mortality from the disease. Over the past few decades, advances in molecular genetics and linkage analyses have allowed for the identification of specific germline mutations underlying a significant fraction of hereditary breast cancer. Genome-wide association studies have been developed as a powerful tool in identifying lower penetrance mutations, and it is believed that such genome-level variations may act in concert to give rise to the majority of inherited breast cancer risk. Controversies and uncertainties remain in clinical application of newly identified genomic loci that confer genetic susceptibility. This article reviews the well-characterized breast cancer susceptibility genes, highlights recent publications pertaining to the less well known and lower penetrance genetic polymorphisms, summarizes challenges in translating research findings to the clinical scenario, and offers some recommendations for clinical practice.