血管腔内超声在复杂主动脉夹层治疗中的应用

目的评价血管腔内超声(IVUS)在复杂主动脉夹层腔内修复手术中的作用。方法回顾性分析15例在IVUS辅助下实施复杂主动脉夹层腔内修复手术的患者资料,分析IVUS在真假腔鉴别、继发破口定位、内脏动脉与真假腔关系判断等方面的作用。研究以复杂主动脉夹层腔内修复术中数字减影血管造影(DSA)结果作为对照。结果与DSA相比,IVUS对夹层真假腔辨别、内膜破口和内脏动脉血供来源的检出率都较高(1±0 vs 0.73±0.46)、(2.1±0.9 vs 1.7±0.7)和(96.7%vs 85.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在复杂主动脉夹层腔内修复手术中,在真假腔鉴别、继发破口定位、以及内脏动脉与真假腔关系判断等方面,IVUS优于常规DSA。     

血管内超声显像在诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤中的应用

目的　评价血管内超声 (IVUS)显像在诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤中的作用。　方法　选择血管外科收治的主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者 82例。评价IVUS在明确夹层真假腔、破口位置、末端部位、假腔内血栓、内脏动脉与真假腔的关系、内脏动脉的缺血原因和主动脉直径等方面的作用 ,并与CT、MRI、经胸超声 (TTE)、经食管超声 (TEE)、双功能超声 (Duplex)和动脉造影 (DSA)相对照。结果　通过IVUS发现的真假腔外侧壁的超声结构差异、真假腔外侧壁交界处的特征性改变和假腔内血栓可鉴别真假腔。IVUS可发现静态狭窄和动态狭窄等内脏动脉缺血的原因。IVUS对近端破口的检出率为 1 0 0 % ,高于CT(2 8% )、MRI(2 2 % )、TTE(2 % )和TEE(61 % ) (P <0 0 1 ) ;与DSA(88% )差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5)。IVUS对夹层末端的检出率为 1 0 0 % ,高于Duplex(2 1 % ) (P <0 0 1 ) ;与CT(89% )和MRI(86 % )差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5)。IVUS对内脏动脉的检出率为 98% ,高于CT(56 % )、MRI(57% )、Duplex(1 7% )和DSA(66 % ) (P <0 0 1 )。IVUS测得的主动脉直径与CT测量值的相关系数r=0 94(P <0 0 1 )。　结论　应用IVUS能够对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的全貌有比较全面的认识。在明确内脏动脉与真假腔的关系和内脏动脉的缺血原因方面 ,IVUS优     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全性评价

目的　评价腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性。　方法　采用腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤 20例 (A组),同期 20例开放手术者作为对照组 (B组)。选取术中血压、心率、血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度以及手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血例数、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间等指标进行比较。NE的测定用反向高效液相色谱串联电化学检测内标法 (RP HPLC ECD)。　结果　两组患者手术均获成功。术中出现血压、心率剧烈波动者A组 3例 ( 15. 0% ),血压最高达220 /110mmHg( 1mmHg=0. 133kPa)、最低至 88 /57mmHg,心率最高 122次 /min;B组 12例( 60. 0% ),血压最高达 210 /115mmHg,最低至 85 /60mmHg,心率最高 120次 /min。每次血压及心率波动都伴有NE的明显升高,达 6. 28~16. 82ng/ml(正常值: 0. 32ng/ml) (P<0. 01)。A、B两组的手术时间分别为(70±15)min和(130±35)min,t=5.331,P<0. 001;出血量 ( 35±15 )ml和 ( 210±80 )ml,t=8.852,P<0. 001;A组术中无输血,B组 15例输血;术后下床活动时间分别为 (2. 4±0. 5)d和(5. 0±0. 5)d,t=10.728,P<0. 001;术后住院时间分别为 (6. 0±1. 5)d和 (9. 0±2. 5)d,t=6.021,P<0. 001,差异均有统计学意义。随诊 2~36个月未见复发。　结论　有腹腔镜肾上腺瘤手术操作经验者,     

吸入一氧化氮在双向腔肺动脉吻合术后的应用

目的　评价吸入一氧化氮 (NO)对双向腔肺动脉吻合 (BCPS)术后肺血流灌注不足病儿的作用。方法　 2 0例病儿吸入NO 2 5～ 15 0百万分之一体积 (ppm) ,定时记录各项血流动力学和呼吸功能指标 ,定期监测二氧化氮 (NO2 )、高铁血红蛋白 (MetHb)含量。结果　吸入NO后 ,中心静脉压从( 2 1 4±4 8)mmHg( 1mmHg =0 133kPa)降至 ( 15 3± 5 9)mmHg,跨肺压从 ( 16 2± 5 3)mmHg降至( 8 8± 4 2 )mmHg ,肺泡 -动脉氧分压差从 ( 391 7± 15 1 9)mmHg降至 ( 2 94 0± 312 5 )mmHg ,呼吸指数从 11 3± 5 3降至 6 8± 3 0 (P <0 0 1) ;动脉血氧饱和度从 0 78± 0 14升至 0 84± 0 9,动脉血氧分压与吸入氧浓度之比从 ( 6 7 0± 30 1)mmHg升至 ( 88 8± 2 6 1)mmHg(P <0 0 1)。吸入NO期间 ,NO2 和MetHb含量分别为 ( 0 1± 0 2 )ppm和 ( 1 2± 0 4) %,均在安全范围内。结论　一氧化氮作为一种选择性肺血管扩张剂 ,用于双向腔肺动脉吻合术后肺血管阻力暂时性增高的病儿 ,可改善其肺血流灌注和氧合功能 ,无明显毒副作用。     

肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病术后血流动力学观察

目的　探讨肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病围术期处理原则。方法　 1996年 6月至 1999年 1月 ,手术治疗肺血减少型重症复杂性先天性心脏病 2 6例 ,其中Rastelli手术 12例、Fontan手术 9例及双向Glenn手术 5例。分别于术前、脱离体外循环机后即刻、术后 2、4、8、16、2 4、36、4 8、72h监测血流动力学变化。结果　手术死亡率 11 5 %。Rastelli手术后早期静脉压低 [(12 36± 0 6 9)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ]、肺动脉压高 [(18 36± 1 6 0 )mmHg]、胸液量少 [每小时 (0 96± 0 94 )ml kg];Fontan手术后早期静脉压高 [(16 77± 1 11)mmHg]、肺动脉压低 [(14 37± 2 0 6 )mmHg]、胸液量较多 [每小时 (1 0 8±0 38)ml kg];双向Glenn手术后早期上腔静脉压 [(17 2 6± 2 4 3)mmHg]高于下腔静脉压 [(12 6 9± 3 5 8)mmHg],双向Glenn术后有肺动脉搏动性血流的病儿动脉血氧饱和度 (0 90± 0 0 1)高于无肺动脉搏动性血流的双向Glenn术后病儿 (0 81± 0 0 4 )。结论　双心室均发育的复杂先天性心脏病 ,实施解剖性矫治的Rastelli手术 ,术后早期血流动力学效果明显优于生理性矫治手术。对只有一个功能心室且肺血管发育较好、肺动脉压不高的多种复杂先心病 ,实施Fontan类手术可挽救病儿生命 ,提高其生存质     

盲置网状支架治疗前列腺增生症

目的　探讨盲置网状支架治疗前列腺增生症的临床效果。　方法　B超测定前列腺尿道长度 ,插入网状支架置放器 ,利用定位结构确定网状支架在前列腺尿道部的位置 ,退出外管释放网状支架。　结果　全组网状支架均一次置放成功。全组病例随访 4月～ 13月 ,平均 6 2月 ,IPSS由术前 ( 2 5 9± 3 1)分下降至术后 ( 6 3± 1 6)分 (t =45 14 ,P <0 0 1) ,Qmax由术前 ( 5 3± 0 9)ml s升高至术后 ( 14 5± 1 8)ml s(t =2 6 3 7,P <0 0 1) ,残余尿 (Residualurine ,RU)由术前 ( 178 3± 94 1)ml降至术后 ( 8 8± 13 0 )ml(t =63 0 3 ,P <0 0 1)。　结论　盲置网状支架治疗前列腺增生症 ,操作简便 ,能迅速将支架置入预定部位 ,特别适用于不能耐受或不愿意接受手术的病人     

高危前列腺增生症的经尿道前列腺电切术

目的　探讨经尿道前列腺电切术对高危前列腺增生症 (Benignprostatichyperplasca ,BPH)的价值。　方法　对 2 3 9例高危BPH行部分性经尿道前列腺电切术 (part-TURP )。　结果　行一次电切 2 3 5例 ,二次电切 4例。国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)由术前 ( 2 7 0± 3 9)分降至术后 ( 8 3± 3 3 )分 (t =49 58,P =0 0 0 0 ) ;生活质量指数 (Qualityoflifeindex ,QOL)由术前( 4 8± 0 9)分降至术后 ( 1 5± 0 6)分 (t =2 8 3 5,P =0 0 0 0 ) ;最大尿流率 (Maximumflowrate ,MFR)由术前 ( 5 8± 3 7)ml s升至术后 ( 18 6± 4 7)ml s(t=-13 0 2 ,P =0 0 0 0 ) ;平均尿流率 (Averageflowrate ,AFR)由术前 ( 1 2± 0 8)ml s升至术后 ( 11 3± 2 3 )ml s(t=-2 1 44,P =0 0 0 0 ) ;剩余尿量 (Residualurine ,RU)由术前 ( 2 73± 71 1)ml降至术后 ( 2 5 6± 12 2 )ml(t =3 3 96,P =0 0 0 0 )。随访 2 3 7例 ,时间 3月～ 48月 ,平均 18月 ,排尿通畅。　结论　高危BPH患者并不是TURP的绝对禁忌证 ,part -TURP对这类患者可行。     

前列腺癌患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1检测的临床意义

目的　探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF Ⅰ )与前列腺癌 (PCa)发生发展的关系。　方法　采用免疫放射分析法 (IRMA)检测 3 7例PCa、3 5例良性前列腺增生 (BPH)患者和 2 0例健康人血清IGF Ⅰ ,比较各期PCa血清IGF Ⅰ水平 ,并对 8例行根治性前列腺全切术后患者手术前后IGF Ⅰ水平随访。　结果　PCa组血清IGF Ⅰ ( 3 2 5 .6± 10 0 .8)ng/ml,明显高于BPH组 ( 2 0 1.6± 5 3 .8)ng/ml和健康组 ( 179.0± 5 7.2 )ng/ml,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;BPH组与健康组比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;8例PCa患者术前IGF I( 3 15 .8± 87.0 )ng/ml,术后 ( 2 2 4.8± 88.4)ng/ml,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;PCa患者各期血清IGF Ⅰ比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　IGF Ⅰ有可能作为临床上一个新的PCa检测指标预测高危人群 ,进行早期诊断     

消化道穿孔围手术期液体治疗中的正平衡

目的　探讨消化道穿孔 (DTP)急诊手术病例围手术期液体正平衡与APACHEⅡ评分的关系。方法　根据APACHEⅡ评分 ,将连续 3 72例DTP病例分为轻症 ( <8分 )、重症 ( 8-19分 )和危重病例 (≥ 2 0分 )三组 ,比较三组病例手术前、手术日和术后第 1日的液体正平衡量。结果　轻症、重症和危重病例术前的液体正平衡量分别为 112 6.91± 414 .80ml、2 3 60 .89± 85 7.0 3ml和 3 494.97± 995 .65ml(P <0 .0 1) ;手术日液体正平衡量分别为 2 10 3 .71± 72 8.99ml、40 5 0 .5 6± 10 3 6.3 7ml和 5 743 .95±12 5 6.2 1ml(P <0 .0 1) ;术后第 1日液体正平衡量分别为 916.81± 5 5 9.62ml、12 11.43± 679.85ml和15 87.0 9± 73 3 .3 8ml(P <0 .0 1)。结论　无论是术前、手术当日或术后第 1日 ,DTP病例的液体正平衡量与其APACHEⅡ评分正相关。APACHEⅡ评分可估测DTP病例的液体正平衡量 ,指导其围手术期的液体治疗。     

经尿道双极等离子电切术治疗良性前列腺增生疗效观察

目的 :探讨经尿道双极等离子电切术 (TUPKP)治疗良性前列腺增生 (BPH)的疗效。　方法 :采用TUPKP治疗BPH 313例 ,记录手术时间 ,监测术中出血量 ,记录术后膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间及术后住院时间 ;监测围术期血液指标 ;术后 1个月 2 90例获随访 ,术后 3个月 2 88例获随访 ,术后 1年 14 2例获随访 ,随访前后检查最大尿流率 (Qmax)、国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)、生活质量评分 (QOL)并进行疗效分析。　结果 :本组手术时间 (5 1± 2 2 )min ,术中出血量 (6 6± 6 0 )ml,无电切综合征发生 ,术后膀胱冲洗时间 (11± 10 )h ,术后留置尿管时间 (2 .0± 1.8)d ,术后住院时间 (3.6± 1.3)d。Qmax由术前的 (9.0± 4 .4 )ml/s上升至术后 1个月的 (2 0 .5± 7.1)ml/s、术后 3个月的(2 1.8± 5 .4 )ml/s和术后 1年的 (2 1.4± 6 .6 )ml/s(P <0 .0 1) ,IPSS由术前 (2 6 .2± 5 .1)分下降至术后 1个月的 (6 .0± 9.0 )分、术后 3个月的 (5 .6± 0 .8)分和术后 1年的 (4 .4± 2 .7)分 (P <0 .0 1) ,QOL亦有显著改善 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :TUPKP治疗BPH安全、疗效好、并发症少 ,有良好的应用前景。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.