跳跃性脊柱骨折的漏诊原因分析及对策

两个或两个以上不相邻的椎体或其附件同时发生骨折,为跳跃性脊柱骨折。跳跃性脊柱骨折又称多节段非相邻型脊柱骨折（multiple-level noncontiguousspinal fractures,MNSF）。临床上所见约占全部脊柱损伤的1.6%～23.8%[1],常为较强暴力沿脊柱纵轴传导及多种暴力同时或重复作用于脊柱所致,     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折的手术治疗

胸腰椎爆裂骨折为临床常见脊柱创伤，多由高能量暴力所致，如高处坠落伤、车祸伤等。因椎体爆裂性骨折多伴脊柱中柱结构损害．脊柱稳定性破坏较多．骨折块常侵占椎管从而继发椎管狭窄，治疗目标主要是脊髓及神经根的减压和脊柱稳定性的恢复。我院自1995年10月以来采用前或后入路手术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者248例，总结如下。     

多节段非相邻型脊柱骨折的研究现状

多节段非相邻型脊柱骨折（multiple-level noncontiguous spinal fractures,MNSF）又称跳跃型脊柱骨折,是指受伤后脊柱骨折多于一个节段,且至少被一个正常节段所分隔.此类骨折的特点是损伤暴力大,致伤机制复杂,常合并其他损伤,易漏诊或延迟诊断等.笔者就该类型骨折近年的研究现状作一综述.     

脊髓原发和继发损伤

脊髓继发损伤是脊髓组织对创伤所产生的组织反应,造成脊髓损伤加重是对创伤发生反应的部位而言,组织反应可加重脊髓原发损伤。其程度取决于原发损伤的大小,一般不会超过原发损伤的程度。一、脊髓原发与继发损伤的定义(一)脊髓原发损伤指受伤瞬间外力或骨折脱位造成脊髓的损伤。     

改良后侧入路三柱重建技术治疗腰椎爆裂骨折

腰椎爆裂骨折多由高能量暴力所致,由于脊柱三柱结构的严重损伤,常引起明显的椎体高度下降、脊柱后凸畸形、骨折块突入椎管内压迫神经[1].     

跳跃性脊柱骨折的诊断和治疗

两个或两个以上不相邻的椎体或其附件同时发生骨折,为脊柱跳跃性骨折。跳跃性脊柱骨折义称多节段非相邻型脊柱骨折（multiple—level noncontiguous spinal fractures,MNSF）。临床上所见约占全部脊柱损伤的1．6％～23．8％,常为较强暴力沿脊柱纵轴传导及多种暴力同时或重复作用于脊柱所致,常并发其他损伤,易漏诊或延迟诊断。若不能早期正确诊断,不仅会影响脊柱运动功能及残存脊髓神经功能的恢复,严重者可因继发性损伤引起迟发性截瘫甚至死亡。自2000年1月至2008年6月共收治44例,其中27例获得6个月以上的随访,现总结报告如下。     

胸腰椎骨折伤椎椎弓根钉内固定技术研究进展

脊柱胸腰段骨折约占脊柱骨折的1／2,由于其解剖的特殊性,容易由传导暴力造成损伤,引起脊柱不稳、椎管狭窄、脊髓损伤等。近年来,随着影像诊断学、生物力学的发展以及各种各样新型内固定器械和方式的涌现,越来越多的胸腰椎骨折可以通过手术进行治疗。     

胰腺创伤(综述)

胰腺损伤约占腹部创伤10%。Northrup与Simmons(1972)收集734例,非穿透伤约占1/3。腹部钝挫伤引起胰腺损伤的程度取决于暴力与脊柱的关系:(1)如暴力作用于脊柱之右,则胰头挤伤,且可伴有其它严重损伤;(2)暴力作用于中线时,可造成典型的胰腺断裂伤,常不伴有其它损伤;(3)如暴力作用于脊柱左侧,则可造成胰尾挫伤或裂伤,并可     

跳跃性脊柱骨折的诊断和治疗

目的研究跳跃性脊柱骨折的损伤机制、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性研究1994年1月～2003年12月间收治的35例跳跃性脊柱骨折患者的损伤机制、诊断和治疗。结果车祸伤及坠落伤是跳跃性脊柱骨折的主要原因。跳跃性脊柱骨折常伴发较复杂、严重的合并损伤,在其处理过程中经常会碰到误诊和延迟诊断。除3例患者死亡外,余32例患者不同程度的恢复。结论对有此类暴力损伤患者,建议摄全脊柱X线片或行其它影像学检查。应优先救治危及生命的损伤,对脊柱骨折应根据骨折的类型选用适当的治疗方法。     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折手术治疗的研究进展

脊柱骨折中最常受累的节段是T10～L2，尤其是T11、L1、L2，脊柱胸腰段指T11～L2，爆裂骨折与高能创伤有关，常由于高处坠落伤所致。胸腰段椎体是胸椎后凸与腰椎前凸的转折点，又具有较大的活动度，因此最容易受到传导暴力造成损伤，其中垂直压缩暴力导致的爆裂骨折较多见。该型损伤的特点是脊柱中柱受累，在轴向应力的作用下使椎体呈爆     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.