E-钙黏素基因与遗传性胃癌的关系

例先证者肿瘤标本表现为启动子甲基化,5例先证者肿瘤标本中发现了6个突变,包括两个同义突变和4个错义突变,在正常组织未发现同样的种系突变;4例先证者表现为既有体细胞突变又有启动子甲基化;1例既没有体细胞突变也没有启动子甲基化;2例患者仅表现为启动子甲基化,1例仅发现体细胞突变.结论 CDH1种系突变在我国遗传性胃癌中可能并不常见,CDH1基因的体细胞突变和启动子甲基化可能协同的导致遗传性胃癌患者CDH1基因下调.     

FSHR剪切变异c.299+2T>G致卵巢抵抗综合征的家系分析

目的 探讨卵巢抵抗综合征(ROS)不孕患者的遗传学病因,为临床遗传咨询及助孕方案提供诊疗依据。方法 收集先证者家系临床资料及遗传学检测指标,绘制家系图谱,进行染色体G显带核型分析,应用高通量基因测序技术(NGS)进行全外显子组测序;对先证者父母与兄长的变异位点进行Sanger测序验证,并进行生物信息学分析及诊断。结果 该女性先证者临床诊断为原发性闭经、ROS;先证者母亲的祖母与父亲的祖父为亲兄妹。全外显子组测序及Sanger测序检测到先证者存在卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)基因经典剪切变异NM＿000145.4 c.299+2T>G(纯合型),且该变异为未报道的致病性变异;其兄长该位点突变与先证者一致,其父母均存在FSHR剪切变异c.299+2T>G(杂合型)。结论 FSHR新发现的剪切变异c.299+2T>G的检出,丰富了FSHR基因突变谱,为ROS的临床治疗和家系成员的遗传咨询提供了参考。     

先天性小耳畸形家系收集和遗传学研究

目的：收集和利用先天性小耳畸形家系资源进行相关的遗传学研究。方法：通过对住院患者及其家属家族史的询问调查,收集先天性小耳畸形家系;利用收集的家系资源进行先证者核型分析和vrk1基因突变检测。结果：于2005年9月～2007年3月,收集先天性小耳畸形家系7个;对7个家系先证者的核型分析和vrk1基因突变检测均未发现异常。结论：先天性小耳畸形家系核型正常,初步排除了vrk1基因在先天性小耳畸形发病中的作用。     

一个双侧耳甲腔型小耳畸形家系遗传学及临床表型分析

目的对1个中国汉族非综合征型双侧耳甲腔型小耳畸形家系进行致病变异检测及临床表型分析。方法 2022年6至12月于山西医科大学第一医院整形外科收集1个中国汉族非综合征型双侧小耳畸形家系成员的临床资料以及外周血样本, 提取先证者DNA利用全基因组测序(WGS)筛选可能的候选变异。采用荧光定量PCR验证候选拷贝数变异(CNV)在先证者及其表型正常的配偶和患病儿子的存在情况, 并分析其与表型的相关性。结果该家系共4代9人, 含4例小耳畸形患者, 收集到其中3人外周血样本, 分别为先证者、先证者配偶(表型正常)、先证者的儿子(患病)。家系内患者表现为非综合征型双侧耳甲腔型小耳畸形。WGS在先证者检测到HMX1和CPZ基因间区的拷贝数增加, 重复区域累及HMX1基因远程增强子进化保守区域(ECR), 该变异存在于先证者及其患病的儿子, 其配偶临床表型正常, 不存在ECR的CNV改变。结论累及HMX1远程增强子ECR的CNV重复可能与该家系的双侧耳甲腔型小耳畸形有关。     

家族性VHL综合征患者家系突变类型及二次打击的分析

目的 分析家族性希佩尔·林道(VHL)综合征患者家系的突变类型、临床特征，探索VHL患者发病的分子遗传学机制，及其二次打击的类型。方法 收集VHL患者家系资料，并在先证者外周血和肾癌标本中提取DNA,通过高通量测序(NGS)检测患者VHL基因胚系突变位点，并通过UCSCXena数据库、甲基化特异性PCR法(MSP)、微卫星稳定性检测来明确患者的第二次打击位点。结果 NGS测序发现胚系突变位点位于第3外显子上的c.500G>A R167Q突变，依据UCSCXena数据库、MSP分析、微卫星稳定检测结果提示患者存在单核苷酸多态性，未见明确杂合性缺失、甲基化、体系突变。结论 第3外显子的胚系突变是该家族性肾癌先证者出现临床特征的基础，第二次打击位点是疾病发生的关键，对家族性肾癌家系的胚系突变和第二次打击位点的研究对患者及患者家系的诊断及治疗有指导意义。数据库的利用能够为家族性肾癌突变、甲基化位点的筛选进行指导。     

两个遗传性并多指(趾)家系致病基因突变分析

目的探讨2个并多指(趾)畸形(SPD)家系的致病基因。方法收集2019年1月、2020年12月就诊于临沂市人民医院的2个SPD家系的临床资料, 采集先证者及家系成员静脉血样本, 提取基因组DNA, 对先证者行全外显子组测序筛选候选基因变异;采用Sanger测序对2个家系成员验证其突变位点;采用生物信息学软件PolyPhen-2和PROVEAN对突变位点的致病性进行预测分析, 结合美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)指南对突变位点进行致病性判断。结果家系1三代成员中共有5例患者(男2例、女3例), 先证者为8岁女性, 表现为右手第3、4指并指, 指蹼融合和远端指甲融合, 其余手指活动自如, 双脚未见异常;家系2三代成员中共有4例患者(均为女性), 先证者为4岁女性, 表现为双手第3、4指并指, 示指侧弯。全外显子组测序分别在2个SPD家系中检出同源盒D13(HOXD13)基因c.917G>A和c.917G>T突变, 且2个突变均呈现基因型-表型共分离, 其中HOXD13基因c.917G>T突变未见数据库收录, 为新发杂合错义突变。生物信息学软件预测这2个突变位点均为...     

LAMB2基因新突变所致先天性肾病综合征一例及文献复习

目的通过对1例Pierson综合征的女性患儿临床型和基因型分析并进行相关文献复习,以提高对 Pierson综合征的认识。方法检测先证者各项血生化指标以及详细体格检查;二代测序分析先天性肾病综合征相关的21种基因;用 Sanger 方法验证先证者及其父母外显子突变状态。结果先证者血生化检测显示大量蛋白尿（尿蛋白肌酐比53497.1μg/mg）,尿液检测显示隐血＋＋＋,蛋白＋＋＋,低白蛋白血症（16.1 g/L）;基因分析显示先证者LAMB2基因编码区存在复合杂合突变, Exon9c.1176_1178del TCT导致392位苯丙氨酸缺失,来自先证者母亲;Intron29c.4923＋2T〉G导致剪切突变,来自先证者父亲。先证者给予间断输注白蛋白,维持电解质酸碱平衡治疗,因感染于117日龄死亡。根据以上临床资料,总结复习相关文献。结论该患儿的LAMB2的复合杂合突变是导致Pierson综合征的新突变;Pierson综合征肾外症状表型和肾脏表型并不平衡,肾脏表型可能与基因突变所致蛋白功能缺陷程度相关,同时也受到表观遗传学影响;而眼部表型可能与LAMB2的基因型相关;因此对于婴儿期出现的肾病综合征或肾病范围蛋白尿的患儿,无论是否存在肾外的症状均应进行相关基因分析除外Pierson综合征。随着二代测序在临床的应用,必须仔细分析以确定二代测序所发现的新突变与疾病的关系。     

一个多发性骨骺发育不良大家系的临床特点及致病基因分析

目的通过对一个5代疑似多发性骨骺发育不良(multiple epiphyseal dysplasia,MED)的大家系(患者17例)进行临床特征分析和致病基因的筛查,为遗传咨询和产前分子诊断提供实验依据。方法采集家系成员病史,一般体检、关节、髋部X线片资料;收集该家系外周血样,提取样本DNA,靶向基因高通量测序方法对先证者DNA临床全外显子进行测序,使用Next Gene软件对测序序列进行比对分析,并进一步利用Ingenuity软件对存在的突变进行功能注释,寻找先证者致病突变。针对可疑突变,PCR和Sanger测序对家系其他成员DNA样本进行验证。结果该家系共5代,现存家系成员38人,系谱分析符合常染色体显性遗传特征。家系共有患者17例,其临床表现为:幼时出现走路姿势异常,后出现髋关节及膝关节疼痛,X线有典型骨骺发育不良病理改变。高通量测序及数据分析后,筛选出先证者(Ⅳ-3)软骨低聚物基质蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP)基因c.1153G>A(p.Asp385Asn)错义杂合突变,该突变导致其编码蛋白的第385位天冬氨酸被天冬酰胺替代。先证者家系其他成员符合基因型与表型共分离。结论COMP基因c.1153G>A错义杂合突变是导致该MED家系患者发病的分子机制,该突变首次在大家系中被报道,进一步明确了COMP基因c.1153G>A突变的致病性,有利于家系患者的进一步的诊治,也为产前诊断提供了实验依据。     

胚胎植入前单基因遗传学检测结合HLA配型诊疗X连锁高IgM综合征1例

目的 探讨胚胎植入前单基因遗传学检测(PGT-M)基因突变结合人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型在X连锁高IgM综合征(X-HIGM)患者临床诊疗中的应用效率及可行性。方法 应用多重PCR结合二代测序技术针对X-HIGM的致病基因CD40LG及临近区域特异性单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点进行鉴别构建单体型,另外针对HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRA、HLA-DQB1及临近区域特异性SNP位点进行鉴别构建单体型。经本中心常规促排卵、体外受精及胚胎培养,随后进行胚胎活检;对于目标基因CD40LG进行PGT-M,包括直接突变检测和间接单体型连锁分析;对于HLA采用HLA复合体中多个位点的连锁分析来选择相合的胚胎。结果 先证者男孩,临床诊断为X-HIGM,基因检测分析显示其X染色体上的CD40LG基因有1个半合子突变,c.49＿59del(p.L17Hfs*28)。该基因突变会导致X-HIGM。经家系验证发现,先证者母亲在该位点存在和先证者相同的杂合变异。对该家系通过单体型连锁分析之后进行CD40LG基因检测+HLA配型双重PGT。由于先证者母亲卵巢储备不足,只获得3枚卵子,受精后养成的囊胚也只有...     

家族性青少年高尿酸血症肾病家系患者尿调节素编码基因突变位点研究

目的本文报道家族性青少年高尿酸血症肾病(FJHN)一家系的尿调节素(UMOD)编码基因新的位点突变并结合文献复习,以期引起肾脏病学者对该病的足够重视。 方法收集、核实和整理分析1例FJHN先证者的临床特征、实验室检查及该家系其他成员相关的临床资料;检测先证者及其长子和外甥的UMOD编码基因外显子2～5变异情况。 结果先证者呈现典型的FJHN临床表现,包括青年发病,显著性高尿酸血症、痛风性关节炎和痛风石,早期即有夜尿增多等尿浓缩功能减退的表现,肾功能损害持续缓慢进展,至40岁左右时发展为终末期肾病。家系调查及基因突变检测显示,家系三代中至少有高尿酸血症12人,其中3人已死于尿毒症,先证者也已进入尿毒症期,并正在接受血液透析治疗。先证者及其长子经基因检测均有相同的基因突变：UMOD编码基因位第4外显子上第854碱基出现C/A嵌合子(正常参考基因碱基为C)变异,使氨基酸序列第285位丙氨酸(A,GCG)变异为谷氨酸(E,GAG)。无高尿酸血症的先证者外甥经基因检测未发现基因外显子2～5变异。 结论家族性青少年高尿酸血症肾病可能与UMOD编码基因位第4外显子上第854碱基变异(此为一新发现的基因突变)有关,对有显著高尿酸血症、痛风,尤其是有慢性肾脏病家族史的青(少)壮年患者,应考虑有无FJHN的可能性,通过医学影像学、肾活检和(或)UMOD基因的检测,尽早明确诊断、避免误诊、漏诊。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.