经肘前入路软骨钉治疗肱骨小头骨折

目的探讨经肘前人路软骨钉治疗肱骨小头骨折内固定手术的方法和疗效。方法 2008年6月至2011年8月,采用经肘关节前侧＂S＂形入路可吸收软骨钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折12例,男8例,女4例,年龄12～52岁,平均28.5岁,Ⅰ型骨折5例,Ⅱ型骨折3例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型2例;其中有3例合并有桡骨小头骨折,1例合并有尺骨冠状突骨折。结果随访6～36个月,平均25个月。骨折临床愈合时间4～10周,平均6周。根据Morrey肘关节功能评分标准,良好（满意）9例,一般3例,无骨不连及肱骨小头缺血性坏死发生。结论肘前人路损伤小,暴露清楚,可直视下对肱骨小头的骨折块进行解剖复位;可吸收软骨钉对关节软骨面的损伤小,固定牢靠,可早期进行功能锻炼,无需二次取出,有利于肘关节功能的良好恢复。     

肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折

目的探讨肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折的疗效。方法自2000年1月～2004年12月采用肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折患者6例,其中男4例,女2例,平均年龄36岁。结果术后6例患者随访6个月～3年,6例骨折均骨性愈合,无骨折缺血坏死,肘关节功能均为优良。结论肘关节前侧入路骨折端暴露满意,复位及实施内固定容易。     

肱骨远端关节面剪切骨折治疗进展

肱骨远端关节面剪切骨折是一种少见的肘部损伤,系暴力经桡骨头撞击肱骨远端,造成肱骨小头和滑车骨折所致。Bryan-Morrey分型常用于指导骨折治疗。保守治疗要达到骨折准确复位和维持复位困难,缺血性坏死发生率明显增加;切开复位内固定是治疗的理想选择,但手术入路和内固定材料的选择存在争议,文献中多推荐肘外侧入路和空心螺钉内固定。对特殊类型骨折,骨折块切除术和肘关节置换术可取得很好疗效;关节镜下复位内固定成为一种新型微创治疗方式。术后早期进行功能锻炼,是肘关节功能恢复的关键步骤。     

肱骨小头冠状面骨折16例疗效分析

[目的]探讨肱骨小头骨折的临床诊断特点及手术治疗效果。[方法]1996～2005年间手术治疗的肱骨小头骨折16例,其中男6例,女10例;年龄18～54岁,平均36.6岁;按Bryan-Morrey分型Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型8例。手术经前方入路,骨折复位后拉力螺钉固定;骨折块过于细小则行骨块切除。[结果]随访时间8～24个月,平均16个月。骨折临床愈合时间2～3月。随访未发现肱骨小头缺血坏死,4例有创伤性关节炎表现,平均Mayo评分86分。[结论]肱骨小头骨折的治疗需综合分型计划手术;经肘前方入路牢固固定,早期锻炼可获较好功能。     

肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折的疗效分析

目的分析采用肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-01采用肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗的18例肱骨小头骨折。术后均采用肘关节可调支具屈肘90°位固定。术后1年采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准评定手术疗效。结果 18例均获得随访12~24个月,平均17个月。骨折临床愈合时间7~15周,平均9周。术后均未见骨折畸形愈合、肘关节骨化性肌炎或延迟愈合等并发症。术后1年采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准评定疗效:优12例,良5例,可1例,优良率94.4%。结论肱骨小头骨折为关节内骨折,并且肱骨小头为肘关节外侧柱的重要组成部分,因此缓解疼痛、恢复肱骨小头形态及减少肘关节活动度的丢失是治疗肱骨小头骨折的根本目标。肘外侧入路空心钉内固定联合肘关节可调支具固定治疗肱骨小头骨折术后可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效满意。     

MehdianⅣ型肱骨小头骨折八例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨肱骨小头MehdianⅣ型骨折经肘外侧人路治疗的固定方法和疗效.方法 对8例MehdianⅣ型肱骨小头骨折,行经肘外侧人路复位骨折,采用冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定治疗.结果 患者均获得随访,随访时间为术后3个月～4年,平均32个月.疗效评估采用MaYo肘关节评分系统:优5例,良2例,可1例.结论 肱骨小头骨折为囊内骨折,采用肘外侧手术人路,冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定能达到解剖复位和牢固固定,可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效较佳.     

Kaplan入路联合前内侧入路治疗成人肱骨小头-滑车骨折

目的:探讨Kaplan入路联合前内侧入路治疗成人肱骨小头-滑车骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012年9月至2016年9月收治的成人肱骨小头滑车骨折患者15例,其中男6例,女9例;年龄21～69(42.0±10.5)岁;左侧8例,右侧7例。Dubberley分型:ⅡA型5例,ⅢA型4例,ⅢB型6例。均采用Kaplan入路联合前内侧入路治疗,治疗结果采用Mayo肘关节功能评分进行评价。结果:15例患者均获随访,时间8～26(13.0±4.7)个月。Mayo评分76～94(85.6±5.3)分。术后随访优4例,良7例,可4例。肘关节屈(129.2±12.1)°,伸(6.6±1.9)°。结论:成人肱骨小头-滑车骨折,Kaplan入路联合前内侧入路能较好地显露骨折范围并完成手术操作,短期临床随访疗效较满意。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2019-01采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗6例DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折。术中复位肱骨小头及滑车,并选用多枚Herbert螺钉进行埋头固定。对于合并外上髁骨折加以锚钉固定。复位尺骨鹰嘴,以2枚克氏针固定,尖端从对侧皮质穿出,于鹰嘴截骨线远端垂直骨嵴钻孔,穿过钢丝8字张力带固定。结果 6例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间10～36个月,平均13.5个月。6例均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间2.0～5.5个月,平均2.8个月。术后1例肘关节活动受限,未出现肱骨小头缺血坏死及创伤性关节炎等并发症。末次随访时按Mayo肘关节功能评分评价疗效:优2例,良3例,可1例。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折患者可以早期开始肘关节功能锻炼,术后骨折恢复疗效确切。     

肱骨小头骨折的手术治疗

肱骨小头骨折是肱骨远端冠状面骨折，好发于青少年，复位和固定均较困难，若处理不当，易遗留肘关节疼痛、畸形和功能障碍。本院自1998年1月至2006年6月，采用肘前和肘外侧入路两种不同的手术方法治疗了肱骨小头骨折14例，收到了满意的效果。现报告如下。     

MehdianIV型肱骨小头骨折八例手术治疗体会

目的探讨肱骨小头MehdianⅣ型骨折经肘外侧入路治疗的固定方法和疗效。方法对8例MehdjanⅣ型舷骨小头骨折,行经肘外侧入路复位骨折,采用冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定治疗。结果患者均获得随访,随访时间为术后3个月．4年。平均32个月。疗效评估采用MaYo肘关节评分系统：优5例,良2例,可1例。结论肱骨小头骨折为囊内骨折,采用肘外侧手术入路,冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定能达到解剖复位和牢固固定,可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效较佳。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.