急性脑梗死颈动脉粥样硬化与血脂、纤维蛋白原水平的相关性研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血脂、血纤维蛋白原水平对颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法选取2016至2018年池州市人民医院收治的急性脑梗死住院患者100例作为病例组,选取同期50例健康者作为对照组。检测两组颈动脉粥样硬化的发生情况,并检测血脂、血纤维蛋白原水平。结果两组间性别、年龄、血总胆固醇和三酰甘油水平比较,差异未见统计学意义(P0.05),病例组患者脂蛋白[(296±34)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(3.18±0.09)]mmol/L及血纤维蛋白原[(3.51±0.07) mmol/L]水平显著高于对照组[(147±14)mmol/L,(3.18±0.09)mmol/L,(3.51±0.07)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化形成与血低密度脂蛋白及纤维蛋白原水平密切相关,监测血脂及纤维蛋白原水平对于发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及预防和治疗急性脑梗死具有重要意义。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与超敏 C 反应蛋白表达水平与老年颈动脉粥样斑块易损性的相关性

目的：探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)及超敏 C 反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)表达水平与老年颈动脉粥样斑块易损性的关系,评价其对颈动脉易损斑块的预测价值。方法入选经颈动脉彩色超声检查有颈动脉内膜(IMT)增厚或颈动脉斑块的入院患者126例,同时记录患者血压、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血浆 Hcy 及 hs-CRP 表达水平。结果依据颈动脉内膜厚度及斑块声学特点,126例患者分为颈动脉内膜增厚组37例、稳定斑块组44例及易损斑块组45例。3组间血压、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较差异无统计学意义;易损斑块组血浆 Hcy、hs-CRP 及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)[(22.32±8.60)μmol/L,(9.78±3.16)mg/L,(3.28±0.31)mmol/L]表达显著高于稳定斑块组[(14.26±4.22)μmol/L,(4.32±3.56)mg/L,(2.32±0.44)mmol/L]及内膜增厚组[(14.02±4.61)μmol/L,(4.22±2.37)mg/L,(2.28±0.60) mmol/L ],稳定斑块组及内膜增厚组 Hcy、hs-CRP 及 LDL-C 表达水平差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);血浆 Hcy、hs-CRP 水平与斑块易损性呈正相关(r 值分别为0.905、0.870,P <0.01),Hcy、hs-CRP 水平越高,颈动脉斑块越不稳定。结论血浆 Hcy、hs-CRP 与颈动脉粥样斑块的不稳定性有关,测定其表达水平可能对斑块易损性有预测价值。     

脑梗死患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度改变及危险因素初探

目的:探讨脑梗死患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的改变及其与年龄、血压、血糖、血脂等因素的关系.方法:应用彩色多普勒超声检测90例脑梗死患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度及粥样硬化斑块(班块),记录患者年龄、吸烟史等一般情况,同时检测血压、血糖、血脂等项目.数据用t检验、x2检验、Spearman等级相关及偏相关分析进行处理.结果:66例(73%)患者有不同程度的颈动脉粥样硬化,LDL-C值在无斑块组[(3.3±0.8)mmol/L]和有斑块组[(3.8±0.9)mmol/L]之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:脑梗死患者大部分存在颈动脉粥样硬化改变,LDL-C是形成动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,提示应积极行调脂治疗.     

颈动脉粥样硬化及相关因素与脑梗死的关系

目的:观察脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白,分析其与脑梗死的相互关系.方法:确诊84例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和67例非脑血管疾病患者(对照组)采用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块,同时检测D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白.结果:脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出阳性率明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白超标准值百分率高于对照组(P＜0.01,＜0.05,＜0.01).结论:颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白与脑梗死的发生及病情密切相关.     

壁冠状动脉对急性心肌梗死影响的研究

目的探讨壁冠状动脉对急性心肌梗死患者血清炎性因子水平及血管狭窄程度的影响。方法急性心肌梗死患者657例,其中合并壁冠状动脉327例为观察组,未合并壁冠状动脉330例为对照组,比较2组病变血管支数,SYNTAX积分,血沉、白细胞计数、血小板/淋巴细胞比值以及血清尿酸、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、心肌肌钙蛋白I、同型半胱氨酸、C反应蛋白、D-二聚体水平。结果观察组3支血管病变比率(52.3%)、SYNTAX积分[(23.20±3.80)分]、白细胞计数[(13.09±2.09)×10~9/L]、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(189.84±9.60)以及血清同型半胱氨酸[(16.80±1.76)μmol/L]、C反应蛋白[(20.31±0.18)mg/L]、D-二聚体(1.16±0.17)mg/L]水平较对照组[40.0%、(17.90±4.78)分、(11.16±9.02)×10~9/L、150.35±1.80、(13.03±1.68)μmol/L、(12.81±0.29)mg/L、(0.85±0.18)mg/L]增高(P0.05),血沉[(30.70±6.07)mm/h]较对照组[(22.90±3.53)mm/h]增快(P0.05),血清尿酸[(457.12±67.56)μmol/L]、心肌肌钙蛋白I[(141.11±3.92)ng/L]、总胆固醇[(5.57±0.65)mmol/L]、三酰甘油[(2.01±0.37)mmol/L]、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(2.29±0.31)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(3.03±0.42)mmol/L]水平与对照组[(398.21±86.51)μmol/L、(140.81±2.87)ng/L、(5.72±0.95)mmol/L、(2.11±0.57)mmol/L、(2.31±0.59)mmol/L、(3.09±0.39)mmol/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论壁冠状动脉可能加剧急性心肌梗死炎性反应,加重血管狭窄程度。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与急性胰腺炎的关系

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与急性胰腺炎的关系。方法 160例急性胰腺炎患者,测定其血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)水平,并依据血浆Hcy水平分为观察组(血浆Hcy15μmol/L)75例和对照组(血浆Hcy水平5~15μmol/L)85例,比较2组TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C水平及高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症发生率。结果观察组TG[(3.0±2.0)mmol/L]、TC[(4.7±1.8)mmol/L]水平低于对照组[(4.6±2.4)、(5.5±2.9)mmol/L](P0.05),HDL-C[(1.1±0.5)mmol/L]、LDL-C[(2.8±1.3)mmol/L]与对照组[(1.3±1.0)、(2.9±1.6)mmol/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症发生率(25.3%、48.0%)低于对照组(64.7%、65.9%)(P0.05)。结论高血浆Hcy水平可能与急性胰腺炎有关。     

血清载脂蛋白E水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系研究

目的探讨血清载脂蛋白E(ApoE)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系,评价ApoE在颈动脉粥样硬化中的作用。方法选择2019年2-5月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院体检中心行颈动脉超声的体检者300例为研究对象,根据体检结果分为颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)异常组(182例,包括IMT增厚组65例和颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组117例)和双侧颈动脉正常的对照组(118例)。所有受试者均收集基本资料,检测空腹三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、ApoE水平。结果 IMT异常组与对照组的性别构成、体质量指数(BMI)及部分既往史(吸烟、饮酒、运动、高血压和冠心病患病率)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);IMT异常组患者的年龄、糖尿病患病率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组、IMT增厚组与对照组的性别构成、BMI、部分既往史(吸烟、饮酒、运动、高血压和冠心病患病率)比较,3组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和IMT增厚组的年龄高于对照组(P0.01)。IMT增厚组的糖尿病患病率高于颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和对照组(P0.01),颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组与对照组糖尿病患病率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LDL-C水平在IMT异常组高于对照组[(3.13±0.77)mmol/L vs.(2.89±0.75)mmol/L,P0.05],在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组、IMT增厚组与对照组3组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ApoE水平在IMT异常组低于对照组[40.69±11.38)mg/Lvs.(46.84±13.46)mg/L,P0.05];ApoE水平在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组[(38.82±14.82)mg/L]低于IMT增厚组[(44.93±10.24)mg/L]和对照组(P0.05)。结论 ApoE水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块相关,ApoE水平不仅在IMT异常与健康者之间有差别,且随着斑块严重程度的发展可进一步识别出颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者。     

普伐他汀干预青中年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及C-反应蛋白的变化

目的:观察应用普伐他汀后脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及C-反应蛋白的变化。方法:于2003-03/2005-12选择陕西省人民医院神经内科收治的脑梗死合并颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者126例,脑梗死诊断均符合全国第四届脑血管病学术会议修订的标准,并经头颅CT或MRI检查证实;颈动脉粥样硬化斑块经颈部血管彩色超声检查确定。脑梗死患者随机数字表法分为药物干预组63例和低脂饮食干预组63例,患者均知情同意。并设健康对照组56例,为同期健康查体者。药物干预组在饮食控制的基础上给予普伐他汀10mg口服,1次/d,疗程为6个月。低脂饮食干预组采用饮食控制,加强体育运动,减轻体质量等方法。干预6个月后观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分、C-反应蛋白及血脂水平的变化。结果:因部分患者未能完成随访,药物干预组5例脱落,低脂饮食干预组8例脱落。药物干预组患者63例,58例进入结果分析,低脂饮食干预组63例,55例进入结果分析。健康对照组56例,均进入结果分析。①药物干预组干预6个月后颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分明显低于低脂饮食干预组,差异有显著性意义[分别为(4.18±3.79),(6.85±1.91)分,P<0.05]。②药物干预组干预8周后C-反应蛋白水平明显低于低脂饮食干预组,差异有显著性意义[分别为(6.36±2.17),(15.92±4.75)mg/L,P<0.05]。③药物干预组干预8周、6个月后总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于入组时,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于入组时,差异有显著性意义[以6个月为例,分别为(2.68±1.12),(4.60±1.36)mmol/L;(0.89±0.61),(1.42±1.13)mmol/L;(1.48±0.20),(2.62±0.94)mmol/L;(1.78±0.32),(1.30±0.13)mmol/L,P<0.05]。④颈动脉粥样硬化斑块指数与C-反应蛋白水平呈正相关(β=0.19,P<0.05)。结论:①对合并颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的脑梗死患者,长期服用普伐他汀可稳定甚至缩小粥样斑块,并降低其C-反应蛋白水平,从而可减少脑卒中的发生及再发。②C-反应蛋白水平能够预测颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发展。     

脂必妥联合阿托伐他汀治疗2型糖尿病合并高脂血症的临床效果

目的 观察脂必妥联合阿托伐他汀治疗2型糖尿病合并高脂血症的效果及其对血脂、纤维蛋白原(Fib)和D-二聚体的影响.方法 选取2010年1月至2012年12月在我院门诊就诊的2型糖尿病合并高脂血症患者170例,应用随机数字表分为观察组和对照组,每组85例.对照组予以阿托伐他汀10 mg、1次/d口服治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上予以脂必妥1.05 g、2次/d口服治疗,疗程均为8周,观察两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、Fib、D-二聚体和血脂的变化,比较两组的疗效.结果 观察组的总有效率为92.94％(79/85),对照组为81.18％ (69/85),观察组的有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.229,P＜0.05).观察组治疗前后的总胆固醇[(7.46±1.83)、(4.28±1.94) mmol/L]、甘油三酯[(3.57±1.32)、(1.47±0.86) mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(4.68±1.04)、(2.19±0.72)mmol/L],高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(0.85±0.21)、(1.47±0.43)mmol/L]、FPG[(8.65±2.19)、(6.38±0.83) mmol/L]、HbAlc[(7.49±1.67)％、(6.28±1.48)％]、Fib[(7.42±1.38)、(3.76±1.18) mg/L]和D-二聚体[(1.18±0.17)、(0.51±0.18) g/L]差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为10.993、12.289、18.849、11.945、8.936、4.999、18.584、24.949,P均＜0.05);对照组治疗前后总胆固醇[(7.51±1.27)、(5.10±2.18) mmol/L]、甘油三酯[(3.48±1.29)、(1.88±0.37)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(4.57±1.18)、(2.81±0.83) mmol/L]、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(0.83±0.22)、(1.16±0.28) mmol/L]、FPG[(8.72±1.92)、(7.42±1.82) mmol/L]、HbA1c[(7.53±1.32)％、(6.79±1.23)％]、Fib[(7.38±1.63)、(4.41±1.02) mg/L]和D-二聚体[(1.20±0.15)、(0.65±0.12)g/L]差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为8.807、10.992、11.248、8.544、4.530、3.781、14.240、26.397,P均＜0.05),但治疗组改善程度优于对照组(t值分别为2.591、4.038、5.202、5.570、4.793、2.443、3.842、5.967,P均＜0.01).结论 脂必妥联合阿托伐他汀治疗2型糖尿病合并高脂血症的效果显著,并且对机体的纤溶和凝血功能紊乱具有调节作用.     

网膜素-1与脑梗死合并颈动脉粥样硬化关系研究

目的探讨网膜素-1与脑梗死合并颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法 50例脑梗死患者为CI组,50例颈动脉粥样硬化患者为AS组,50例脑梗死合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者为CI+AS组,50例同期体检健康者为对照组。采用ELISA法检测4组血清网膜素-1水平,并进行比较;采用析因分析法分析脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化主效应及二者交互作用;采用多元线性回归法分析血清网膜素-1水平与脑梗死及颈动脉粥样硬化相关性。结果 CI组[(251.63±20.77)μg/L]、AS组[(229.15±18.92)μg/L]和CI+AS组[(192.07±21.10)μg/L]血清网膜素-1水平明显低于对照组[(309.76±21.94)μg/L](P<0.05),CI+AS组血清网膜素-1水平明显低于CI组和AS组(P<0.05),AS组低于CI组(P<0.05);析因分析结果显示,脑梗死和颈动脉粥样硬化均能降低血清网膜素-1水平(P<0.05),脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化间存在交互效应显著(F=12.905,P=0.000),表现为协同作用;多元线性回归分析结果显示,血清网膜素-1水平与脑梗死和颈动脉粥样硬化呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论脑梗死和颈动脉粥样硬化患者血清网膜素-1水平明显降低,网膜素-1可作为脑梗死合并颈动脉粥样硬化的保护性预测因子。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.