彩色多普勒超声对宫内发育迟缓胎儿动静脉的血流动力学研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声检测宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)胎儿动静脉的血流动力学参数。方法测量胎儿静脉导管和脐静脉的血流量,计算静脉导管(DV)分流率;测量胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉(MCA)、肾动脉的搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)及脐动脉收缩期最大流速与舒张末期流速的比值(S/D),结果进行对比分析。结果与对照组比较,IUGR组胎儿脐动脉的PI、RI、S/D及肾动脉的RI显著增高,MCA的PI、RI及S/D显著减低,DV分流率显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声通过综合监测胎儿血流动力学变化,可以全面、客观地评价胎儿的供血情况,预测胎儿宫内缺氧和IUCR情况。     

改良子宫肌瘤切除术前后子宫及卵巢血供变化的彩色多普勒研究

目的：用彩色多普勒观察改良的子宫肌瘤切除术前后子宫及卵巢血供的变化。方法：对22例行改良子宫肌瘤切除术的患者手术前后经彩色多普勒检查,观察子宫动脉上行支及卵巢支的血流变化并测定搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）、收缩期最大血流速度（Vmax)、舒张末期最小血流速度(Vmin)、时间平均最高血流（TAMX）。结果：22例子宫肌瘤患者手术后子动脉上行支及卵巢支血流量降低,RI、PI无变化。结论：改良子宫肌瘤切除术后子宫动脉上行支及卵巢支血流量降低,但性激素分泌正常且临床症状明显改善。     

超声监测胎儿血流动力学变化预测胎儿生长发育的价值

【目的]探讨超声检测胎儿动静脉的血流动力学参数和径线对预测胎儿生长发育的价值。【方法】回顾性分析产前二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像对170例胎儿进行各项参数测定,根据测定结果,将其分为正常对照组和宫内生长迟缓（IUGR）组,测量脐动脉、大脑中动脉、颈内动脉和腹主动脉的搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）及脐动脉收缩期最大流速与舒张末期流速的比值（S／D）,测量胎儿静脉导管血流量（QDV）和脐静脉的血流量（QuV）,计算静脉导管（DV）分流率,测定胎儿升主动脉和肺动脉收缩期峰值速度（PFV）,测量一般径线包括胎儿的双顶径、头围、腹围、股骨长度,测量产后胎儿体重并进行Apgar评分。【结果]IUGR组脐动脉和腹主动脉的PI、RI及S／D测值明显比对照组增高,IUGR组大脑中动脉和颈内动脉的PI、RI及S／D测值比对照组低,IUGR组升主动脉和肺动脉的PFV明显低于对照组胎儿,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组胎儿的QDV无明显差异,但IUGR组的QuV显著下降且DV分流率显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。36周IUGR组的胎头双顶径（BPD）、胎儿头围（HC）、胎儿腹围（AC）和胎儿股骨长（FL）明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】超声通过综合监测胎儿血流动力学和一般径线的变化,可以全面、客观地评价胎儿生长发育情况。     

宫内生长迟缓胎儿脐动脉及肾动脉的血液动力学变化

目的应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对胎儿宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)的脐动脉(UA)及胎儿肾动脉(RA)的血液动力学进行检测。方法选择39例IUGR和67例正常妊娠作为对照组,两组病例均测其收缩期峰值血流速度(Vs)、舒张末期峰值血流速度(Vd)、时间平均血流速度(Vm)、收缩与舒张的比值(S/D)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI),对其资料进行分析。结果IUGR在同孕周与对照组之间其UA的Vd呈显著下降,S/D显著上升。RA的Vs显著下降,S/D亦下降。结论IUGR的UA的S/D值上升与RA的Vs值下降变化有相关性呈正相关,对IUGR在对其UA检测的同时进行RA检测可客观、全面、早期地评价胎儿的供血情况,为正确诊断提供可靠依据。     

超声观察正常胎儿肾动脉的血流动力学参数及其临床价值

目的以彩色多普勒超声观察不同孕周胎儿肾动脉(RA)收缩期峰值血流速度(Vmax)、舒张期最低血流速度(Vmin)及搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI),确定其正常参考值,分析其与孕龄的相关性。方法从接受常规产前超声检查的18～40周孕妇中选取符合条件的2627名进入样本库,测量胎儿肾动脉Vmax、Vmin和PI、RI,最后按孕龄分组,并进行统计学处理。结果胎儿左、右侧肾动脉血流Vmax(r=0.75,0.75)、Vmin(r=0.62,0.60)与孕龄呈正相关(P均<0.05),RI、PI随孕龄增长而呈缓慢下降趋势,仅在妊娠末期略有回升;胎儿左、右肾各血流参数测值间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胎儿肾动脉血流速度与孕龄呈正相关,而肾动脉RI、PI随孕龄变化幅度很小。胎儿肾动脉血流监测可作为预测和评估胎儿有无宫内缺氧的方法之一。     

大脑中动脉及脐动脉血流检测在胎儿宫内发育迟缓预测中的意义

目的:应用彩色多普勒检测正常妊娠和胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流阻力指数PI、RI值及S/D值,探讨PI、RI及S/D值在IUGR预测中的价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒分别检测了52例正常妊娠(正常组)和IUGR患者(IUGR组)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉的血流,孕28～41周.结果:正常组和IUGR组的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流指标均随妊娠周数的增高而降低,但IUGR组的脐动脉血流PI、RI、S/D值明显高于正常组(P<0.05).IUGR组MCA多普勒血流阻力指数RI及S/D明显小于正常组(P<0.05).孕30周后,脐动脉血流S/D值>4,提示胎儿预后不良.结论:脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流检测可为IUGR诊断提供一定的依据,对胎儿预后的估计有一定的临床价值.     

妊娠高血压综合征患者及其胎儿肾动脉血流的彩色多普勒超声检查

目的应用彩色多普勒超声检测妊娠高血压综合征（PIH）孕妇及其胎儿的肾动脉血流变化。方法应用彩色多普勒超声检测120例正常妊娠孕妇及其胎儿和49例PIH孕妇及其胎儿肾动脉收缩期血流峰值流速（Vmax）、舒张末期血流流速（Vmin）、阻力指数（RI）。结果轻、中、重度PIH孕妇的肾动脉RI、Vmax明显高于正常妊娠组（P〈0.01）,中、重度PIH孕妇的胎儿肾动脉RI、Vmax明显高于正常妊娠组,且RI增高程度与病情轻重有关（P〈0.01）。结论彩色多普勒超声能动态追踪观察PIH孕妇及其胎儿的肾动脉血流变化,对预测PIH孕妇状况及其胎儿宫内状态具有一定的临床应用价值。     

基于彩色多普勒超声定量参数列线图模型预测胎儿生长受限的临床价值

目的 探讨基于彩色多普勒超声定量参数构建的列线图模型在预测胎儿生长受限（FGR）中的应用价值。方法 前瞻性选取于我院分娩的单胎孕妇140例，根据胎儿出生体质量小于对应孕周第10百分位数将其分为FGR组40例和无FGR组100例。应用彩色多普勒超声定量检测胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉和静脉导管的血流参数，比较两组临床资料及各血流参数的差异；应用多因素Logistic回归分析FGR发生的独立危险因素，通过筛选出的危险因素及对应权重建立列线图模型。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析列线图模型预测FGR的诊断效能。结果 FGR组孕妇妊娠期并发症、剖宫产、脐动脉舒张末期血流缺失（AEDV）占比均增多，分娩孕周减小，胎儿脐动脉搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）、收缩期最大血流速度与舒张末期血流速度比值（S/D）均增加，大脑中动脉PI、RI、S/D及静脉导管心房收缩谷流速（a）和心室收缩峰流速（S）均降低，与无FGR组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，脐动脉AEDV、脐动脉PI≥第95百分位数和大脑中动脉PI<第5百分位数是FGR发生的独立危险因素...     

彩色多普勒成像对裂孔源性视网膜脱离后眼血流动力学的研究

目的：应用彩色多普勒成像（CDI）观察视网膜脱离后眼血流动力学的改变。方法：采用CDI对54例单眼视网膜脱离患者的眼动态（OA），视网膜中央动脉（CRA）的收缩期峰值流速（Vmax)、舒张末期流速（Vmin)及阻力指数（RI）进行测量，以对侧正常眼作对照。结果：网脱眼CRA的Vmax降低，RI升高；网脱眼OA的Vmax降低，并随年龄增长明显下降，而网脱眼CRA和OA的Vmin以及OA的AI与对照组比较，差异无显著性。结论：视网膜脱离后眼动脉、视网膜中央动脉的血流速度下降，眼动脉血流速度与年龄呈负相关。     

糖尿病患者视网膜中央动脉血流动力学的研究

目的探讨糖尿病患者视网膜中央动脉的血流动力学变化规律。方法用彩色多普勒超声检测66例糖尿病患者和30例正常对照者的视网膜中央动脉收缩期最高血流速度(Vmax)、舒张末期最低血流速度(Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI);用免疫凝集抑制法测定全部病人的糖化血红蛋白。结果糖尿病患者视网膜中央动脉的Vmax,Vmin均低于正常组(p<0.05),RI高于正常组(p<0.05)。糖化血红蛋白与糖尿病患者视网膜中央动脉的血流速度呈负相关,与RI呈正相关。结论糖尿病患者存在视网膜中央动脉血流动力学异常,且发生在视网膜血管形态学改变之前,与血糖水平有关。     

彩色多普勒血流动力学指标预测胎儿缺氧及酸中毒的价值

目的： 评价血液动力学指标预测胎儿缺氧及酸中毒的价值。方法： 用彩色多普勒超声检测 ５４ 例正常晚 期妊娠 （正常组） 和 ３６ 例高危妊娠 （高危组） 妇女子宫动脉 （ＵｔＡ） 和胎儿脐动脉 （Ｕｍ Ａ）、大脑中动脉（Ｍ ＣＡ）、肾动脉 （ＲＡ） 的血流速度波型 （ＦＶＷ ｓ）, 并且测定高危组脐动脉血气。结果： 高危组ＵｔＡ、Ｕｍ Ａ、ＲＡ 的阻力指数 （ＲＩ） 搏动指数 （ＰＩ） 及收缩期最大血流速度与舒张末期血流速度的比值 （Ｓ／Ｄ） 均高于正常组, 而Ｍ ＣＡ的ＰＩ及Ｓ／Ｄ 值均明显低于正常组 （Ｐ＜ ００５）。与Ｕｍ Ａ 氧分压 （ＰＯ２） ＞ ２５ｋＰａ 的高危妊娠病例比较, Ｕｍ Ａ ＰＯ２＜２５ ｋＰａ 者ＵｔＡ 的Ｓ／Ｄ 值, Ｕｍ Ａ 的ＰＩ, Ｓ／Ｄ 值以及ＲＡ 的ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ 值均明显增高, Ｍ ＣＡ 的ＰＩ明显降低 （Ｐ＜００５）。Ｕｍ Ａ 及ＲＡ 的ＰＩ与Ｕｍ Ａ ＰＯ２ 的ｐＨ 值呈负相关, 与二氧化碳分压 （ＰＣＯ２） 呈正相关, Ｍ ＣＡ 的ＰＩ与Ｕｍ Ａ的 ｐＨ、ＰＯ２ 呈正相关, 与ＰＣＯ２ 呈负相关。结论： 高危妊娠胎儿缺氧时, Ｍ ＣＡ 血流阻力降低, 而周围血管, 特别是肾血管血流阻力明显升高。胎儿血液动力学变化与缺氧及酸碱平衡失     

Ductus venosus Doppler study in fetuses with homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 at 12 to 13 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: Fetuses affected by homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 are anemic from the first trimester of pregnancy. We investigated ductus venosus Doppler velocimetry in these affected fetuses at 12-13 weeks of gestation. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Women referred for the prenatal diagnosis of homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 before 14 weeks of gestation. METHODS: All fetuses underwent pulsed Doppler investigations following color flow mapping at 12 or 13 weeks of gestation. Homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 was diagnosed by DNA or hemoglobin study. The ductus venosus Doppler indices--Vmax (peak velocity during ventricular systole), Vmin (minimum forward velocity during atrial systole), TAMX (time-averaged maximum velocity), PIV (pulsatility index for veins, Vmax-Vmin/TAMX), PLI (preload index, Vmax-Vmin/Vmax) and Vmax/Vmin ratio--were compared between the affected fetuses and fetuses unaffected by homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1. RESULTS: Between June 1998 and October 1999, 102 eligible women were recruited. Fetal ductus venosus Doppler study was successful in 96 pregnancies (94%). Of these, 20 fetuses were affected by homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1. None of them showed hydropic changes at the time of Doppler study. The affected fetuses had significantly higher ducts venosus Vmax (30% increase), Vmin (50% increase) and TAMX (20% increase) and significantly lower Vmax/Vmin ratio, PIV and PLI values. CONCLUSION: Fetuses affected by homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 at 12-13 weeks had increased forward flow velocities in the ductus venosus throughout the cardiac cycle. The increase of venous return is consistent with our previous report of cardiac dilatation and an increase of cardiac output in the affected fetuses at this stage as a compensatory mechanism for anemia and hypoxia. However, extensive overlap of the ductus venosus Doppler indices between affected and unaffected fetuses precludes its use in predicting anemia at 12-13 weeks.     

彩色多谱勒对IUGR脐动脉血流的检测

目的：应用彩色多谱勒检测正常妊娠和胎儿宫内发育迟缓（以简称ＩＵＧＲ）的脐动脉血流指标ＰＩ、ＲＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值。材料和方法：应用彩色多谱勒检测了２００例正常妊娠和１１１例ＩＵＧＲ的脐动脉血流,孕周从２６－４１周。结果：正常妊娠组及ＩＵＧＲ组的脐动脉血流指标均随妊娠周数的增高而降低,但ＩＵＧＲ组的脐动脉血流ＰＩ、ＲＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值明显高于正常妊娠组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。孕３０周后,脐动脉血流Ｓ／Ｄ值〉４,揭示胎儿预后不良。结论：脐动脉血流检测不仅是胎儿监护的一种方法,而且可作为诊断ＩＵＧＲ的一个指标及对估计胎儿预后有一定的临床价值。     

彩色多普勒监测胎儿腹主动脉血流预测胎儿宫内状况

运用彩色多普勒监测正常妊娠、妊高征、合并ＩＵＧＲ的妊高征胎儿的腹主动脉血流，计测血流Ｓ／Ｄ值、ＰＩ值、ＲＩ值。结果表明，妊高征组（合并或不合并ＩＵＧＲ）胎儿腹主动脉血流Ｓ／Ｄ值大于４、ＰＩ值大于１．８、ＲＩ值大于０．８时，围产儿结局异常占５０％。当血流阻力指标异常升高时，应考虑胎儿窘迫或ＩＵＧＲ的发生。当异常波形出现时，说明血流阻力指标升高，血流量减小。胎儿宫内状况差，预后不良的发生率高。该监测方法可及早发现异常，及时处理、降低围产儿死亡率。     

Fetal adrenal artery velocimetry measurements in appropriate-for-gestational age and intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate adrenal artery blood flow in the fetus. DESIGN AND METHOD: Sixty-two appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 20 intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses were recruited to this cross-sectional study between 22 and 42 weeks of pregnancy in a tertiary referral fetal medicine unit of a university hospital. ENDPOINTS: Doppler velocimetry of the fetal adrenal, umbilical (UA), renal and middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) and cerebroplacental ratio (MCA RI/UA RI; CPR). Obstetric outcome. RESULTS: The adrenal artery was detected in 82% of the fetuses. All flow velocity waveforms obtained from the adrenal artery indicated low impedance blood flow. No significant changes in PI, RI, PSV and TAMXV occurred with advancing gestation. The blood flow parameters of the adrenal artery did not differ between AGA and IUGR fetuses. In five IUGR fetuses with signs of redistribution of cardiac output in favor of the brain, the adrenal artery velocimetry results were unremarkable. The adrenal artery PI, RI, PSV and TAMXV values were higher in female fetuses than in male fetuses (P < 0.05). A relationship was observed between the velocity measurements and the estimated fetal weight (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The fetal adrenal artery could be readily detected. We observed no redistribution of blood flow in favor of the fetal adrenals in IUGR fetuses which were not severely compromised.     

Reference values of fetal aortic flow velocity waveforms and associated intra-observer reliability in normal pregnancies.

OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of the present study to calculate new Doppler reference ranges for blood flow velocities (Vmax, Vmean, Vmin) and resistance indices (PI, RI) for the fetal descending aorta by automatic waveform analysis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prospective study. SUBJECTS: Nine hundred and twenty-six low-risk pregnancies at 18-41 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Aortic blood flow velocities were derived with pulsed-wave color Doppler. Measurements were carried out at the level of the diaphragm. Reference ranges for the individual measuring parameters were constructed based on a growth function from a four-parameter class of monotonic continuous functions according to the smallest square principle. Further investigated were intra-observer reliability and the influence exerted by different measuring sites (aortic arch, diaphragm, below the renal vessels) on the aortic Doppler flow spectrum. RESULTS: Although a significant increase in aortic blood flow velocity was observed at 18-41 weeks' gestation (Vmax = 48.2 cm/s to 110.3 cm/s (P < 0.001), Vmean = 20 cm/s to 47.5 cm/s (P < 0.001) and Vmin = 7.6 cm/s to 18.6 cm/s (P < 0.001)), there were no significant changes in the pulsatility or resistance indices. The resistance indices PI and RI as well as absolute blood flow velocities (Vmax, Vmin) were significantly lower with increasing distance from the heart. Initial decreases were measured between the aortic arch and the diaphragm: PI, 2.34 to 1.87 (P < 0.0001); RI, 0.87 to 0.79 (P < 0.0001); Vmin: 8.5 cm/s to 15.0 cm/s (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, systolic blood flow velocities (Vmax) were decreased below the renal vessels from 97 cm/s to 64 cm/s (P < 0.0007). No significant changes were recorded in intensity-weighted mean flow velocities (Vmean). The intra-observer reliability was low, but of no clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS: At constant measuring conditions, the reference ranges for blood flow velocities and resistance indices in the fetal aorta calculated by the authors serve as the basis for Doppler ultrasound antenatal examinations in a normal patient population and enable the early diagnosis of fetal risk.     

正常孕10～19周胎儿静脉导管彩色血流频谱的初步探讨

目的探讨经腹彩色多普勒超声获取10～19周胎儿静脉导管血流频谱的正确采样及检测方法并建立其阻力指数（RI）、搏动指数（PI）、心室收缩期峰值流速与心房收缩期最低流速比值（S／A）的正常参考值范围；探讨生理性零或反向房收缩（RA）波在正常10～14周胎儿静脉导管中的发生率。方法随机选取111例孕10～19周的正常单胎孕妇，在不校正测量角度的情况下进行胎儿静脉导管血流频谱检测，对血流参数RI、PI和S／A值与孕周进行相关和回归分析。结果静脉导管的血流参数值随着胎龄的增加而减低，其95％的参考值范围分别为R10．34～0．90、P10．21～1．32和S／A1．23～6．65；10～14周胎龄段的50例胎儿静脉导管血流频谱中未见零或RA波。结论应用经腹彩色多普勒超声对10～19周胎儿静脉导管进行血流动力学评价方法简单，结果准确，容易掌握；静脉导管血流参数RI、PI和S／A值随着胎龄的增加而减低，其参考值范围可进一步应用于对胎儿染色体畸形和严重心脏畸形的研究；10～14周正常胎儿静脉导管内是否存在生理性零或RA波有待于进一步研究。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对前列腺癌的诊断意义

目的：观察前列腺被膜上动脉和前列腺被膜下－动脉以及结节内的异常血流信号,旨在探索经直肠彩色普勒血流显像对前列腺癌的诊断意义。方法：以经直肠彩色多普勒血流显像对１４例前列腺癌患者和３０名正常人前列腺被膜上,下动脉进行检测。所用指标为：最大流速（Ｖｍａｘ）;最低流速（Ｖｍｉｎ）,平均流速（Ｖｍｅｎａ）;博动指数（ＰＩ）,阻力指数（ＲＩ）和最大流速与最低流速之比（Ａ／Ｂ值）。结果：前列腺癌组患者的最大流