静脉推注药物不溶性微粒污染的截留技术研究

[目的]探讨静脉推注给药时使用微粒截留器的必要性。[方法]研究开发一次性独立包装微粒截留器,使用GWJ-5微粒检测仪检测静脉推注药液在截留前后不溶性微粒数目及大小的变化。[结果]静脉推注药液在截留前后不溶性微粒数目及大小均符合2010年中华人民共和国药典(二部)标准,但经截留后的静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒数目及大小明显少于截留前(P<0.01)。[结论]静脉推注药液使用微粒截留器可提高用药安全性。     

静脉推注药液中微粒含量测定及截留方法的研究

目的:调查临床实际用于静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒污染状况,探索静脉推注药液中微粒的截留方式。方法:使用微粒检测仪检测从临床实际中随机抽取静脉推注药液中微粒含量及药液经带有终端过滤器的头皮针后微粒含量变化。结果:临床实际使用的静脉推注药液微粒污染以粉针类较为严重,经过带终端过滤器的头皮针后,其微粒含量显著减少,P<0.01。结论:将现有的一次性头皮针加上终端过滤器及一次性输液器的终端过滤器移置于头皮针的针栓之下,这样无论是单独进行静脉推注,还是在输液过程中进行静脉推注,药液中的微粒都能得到有效滤过。     

输液器多功能终端滤器截流微粒的实验观察

目的 改进临床使用的普通一次性输液器,使其终端过滤器一管多用,减少静脉用药不溶性微粒污染。方法 在过滤器侧上方,设计一倾斜带帽状开关的侧管,管径的大小与注射器乳头或输液三通管相衔接,既能过滤静脉输液药液微粒,又能过滤静脉推注药液的微粒。结果 经过滤过的静脉推注和静脉滴注的药液中不溶性微粒显著减少,直径≥10 μm微粒数分别为2.786±1.805、1.267±0.249,与经普通输液器滤过的药液微粒数比较有显著性差异。结论 一次性多功能过滤器可有效截留静脉滴注联合静脉推注药液不溶性微粒,提高静脉用药的安全性。     

静脉用药具与压力对药液微粒污染的实验观察

目的 探讨注射器具和压力对静脉用药中药液微粒污染的影响及对策。方法 用ZWF－4型注射液微粒分析仪检测静脉滴静脉推注的器具及加压后药液中不溶性微粒的数目。结果 一次性注射器及头皮针对药液微粒污染的影响无显著差异；一次性输液三通管在未加压的情况下有滞留药液微粒的作用，加压后微粒显著增加。结论 应重视静脉用药时压力对药液微粒污染的影响，尤其是静脉滴注联合静脉推注药液的病人，静脉推注药液应加过滤装置，以提高用药的安全性。     

静脉用药器具与压力对药液微粒污染的实验观察

目的探讨注射器具和压力对静脉用药中药液微粒污染的影响及对策.方法用ZWF-4型注射液微粒分析仪检测静脉滴注联合静脉推注的器具及加压后药液中不溶性微粒的数目.结果一次性注射器及头皮针对药液微粒污染的影响无显著差异;一次性输液三通管在未加压的情况下有滞留药液微粒的作用,加压后微粒显著增加.结论应重视静脉用药时压力对药液微粒污染的影响,尤其是静脉滴注联合静脉推注药液的病人,静脉推注药液应加过滤装置,以提高用药的安全性.     

静脉用药器具与压力对药液微粒污染的实验研究

为探讨注射器具和注射压力对静脉用药中药液微粒污染的影响，采用ZWF-4型注射液微粒分析仪检测静脉输注联合静脉注射的器具及加压后药液中不溶性微粒的数目。结果：一次性注射器及一次性头皮针对药液微粒污染的影响无统计学意义；一次性输液三通管在无加压的情况下有滞留药液微粒的作用，加压后微粒显著增加，提示；应重视静脉用药时压力对药液微粒污染的影响，尤其是静脉输注联合静脉推注药液时应加过滤装置，以提高用药的安全性。     

静脉推注药液不溶性微粒污染的实验分析

目的　了解小容量静脉推注药液中的不溶性微粒污染情况 ,探讨控制的对策。方法　用ZWF— 4型注射液微粒分析仪检测静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒的数目。结果　 3组未经过过滤的静脉推注药液中 ,不溶性微粒均显著增加。结论　应重视小容量静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒的污染 ,静脉推注药液应该滤过 ,以提高静脉推注的安全性     

静脉推注药液不溶性微粒污染的实验分析

目的 了解小容量静脉推注药液中的不容性微粒污染情况。探讨控制的对策。方法 用ZWF-4型注射液微粒分析仪检测静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒的数目。结果 3组未经过滤的静脉推注药液中，不溶性微粒无意为著增加。结论 应重视小容量静脉推注药液中不溶性微粒的污染，静脉推注药液应该滤过，以提高静脉推注的安全性。     

安全型输液器的研制与应用

静脉推注是临床常用的治疗、急救手段。对部分同时需要静脉推注的输液患者，常规将输液器与头皮针管分离，再把吸有药液的注射器与头皮针管衔接推药，或衔接于输液器上的三通管进行推注药液，而临床上使用的头皮针管和输液三通管都没有过滤装置，因此，不能截留药液中的微粒，如大量的不溶性微粒直接进入人体，后果十分严重。而且在分离接头的过程中，由于物理的空吸作用很容易在输液器两端产生微小气泡，随着静脉推注和输液进入静脉，     

2种一次性输液器对输液中微粒滤过作用的比较

目的对比一次性终端过滤输液器与一次性普通输液器对输液中微粒的滤过量。方法采用微粒分析仪进行检测5组配伍药液及药液流经一次性终端过滤输液器与一次性普通输液器微粒数。结果流经一次性终端过滤输液器与一次性普通输液器液体的微粒与原输液相比均有明显差异,其中流经普通输液器的液体微粒超过了中国药典要求,但流经终端过滤输液器的液体微粒符合中国药典要求。结论选择带终端过滤的输液器是减少不溶性微粒污染的一个环节。建议临床尽快普及使用带终端虑器一次性输液器,以有效地截留微粒,防止微粒进入人体从而减少对人体的危害。     

香丹注射液加入不同的液体中不溶性微粒污染的实验研究

[目的]了解香丹注射液静脉输注时不溶性微粒污染情况.[方法]用两种不同的配药方法,将香丹注射液分别与生理盐水、5%葡萄糖、10%葡萄糖、5%葡萄糖氯化钠、6%右旋糖酐-40注射液配伍,在配伍后5 min、30 min、60 min、120 min时测定液体中不同微粒直径的不溶性微粒数.[结果]香丹注射液与5种输液液体配伍后不溶性微粒显著增加,尤以在6%右旋糖酐-40注射液中增加最为显著;配药方法、放置时间与不溶性微粒密切相关.[结论]选择适宜输液液体、规范配伍程序、现用现配是减少不溶性微粒污染的重要措施.     

不同加药环境对输液微粒影响的探讨

目的探讨不同环境加药对输液微粒数的影响。方法分别测定A(100级净化台内)、B(10万级洁净房间)、C(治疗室清洁消毒后10min)、D(治疗室清洁消毒后240min)环境空气的微粒、细菌数,并在相应环境下进行输液加药,然后分别检测加药后输液的不溶性微粒数。结果A为净化环境;B较一类洁净环境;C接近二类环境标准;D细菌数超出三类环境3.13倍;A、B加药后输液的微粒数符合药典要求,C加药输液的微粒数接近药典要求,D加药后输液的微粒数超出药典要求数倍(10pm以上超4.37倍,25μm以上超8.31倍)。结论A环境是最理想的加药环境,B环境是良好的加药环境;在没有净化条件的情况下,C环境可作为加药环境,D环境不可作为加药环境。     

Microvascular rheology of Definity microbubbles after intra-arterial and intravenous administration.

The microvascular rheology and extent of pulmonary retention of second-generation microbubble ultrasound contrast agents has not previously been well characterized. We assessed the microvascular behavior of Definity, a lipid-shelled microbubble agent containing perfluoropropane gas, using intravital microscopy of either rat spinotrapezius muscle or mouse cremaster muscle. Immediately after intra-arterial injection, which was performed to model pulmonary retention, larger microbubbles (> 5 microm) were entrapped within small arterioles and capillaries. The retention fraction of microbubbles was low (1.2% +/- 0.1%) and entrapment was transient (85% dislodged by 10 minutes), resulting in no adverse hemodynamic effects. Leukocyte or platelet adhesion at the site of entrapment was not seen. After intravenous injection, no microbubble entrapment was observed and the velocities of microbubbles in arterioles, venules, and capillaries correlated well with those of red blood cells. We conclude that after intravenous injection and pulmonary passage, the microvascular rheology of Definity microbubbles is similar to that of red blood cells. Microbubble entrapment within the pulmonary microcirculation after venous injection should be negligible and transient. These findings are important for establishing the safety of this agent.     

Effect of secondary injections of antigen upon the retention in liver of a primary injection

The retention of antigen in rabbit liver tissue, resulting from a primary intravenous injection, is influenced by immunization brought about by subsequent intravenous injections of the same antigen. In rabbits given a single primary intravenous injection of radioactive antigen, the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue, after a period of 21 days, was greater than when the primary injection was followed by secondary injections of the same, but non-radioactive antigen. The results were similar for both S³⁵-azohemocyanin and S³⁵-azo-bovine-serum-albumin, except the hemocyanin was retained to a greater extent than the albumin. There was very little if any correlation between the number of secondary injections and retention of the initial injection. Quantitative antibody nitrogen data, obtained for the serum of each rabbit showed, in general, an inverse relationship between circulating antibody and radioactivity retained, i.e. the higher the circulating antibody titer, the lower the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue. Passively administered homologous antibody did not produce a change in the retention of the primary injection of antigen nor did secondary injections of a heterologous native protein injected according to the same immunization schedule as the homologous azoprotein. From these results it may be concluded that an intracellular antibody-forming activity influences the loss (or retention) of antigen deposited in liver tissue and that the mechanism is immunologically specific.     

红霉素静脉注射治疗新生儿喂养不耐受

目的探讨红霉素静脉注射治疗新生儿喂养不耐受的临床效果。方法将100例喂养不耐受新生儿按简单随机方法分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。对照组给予常规治疗;观察组在对照组治疗的基础上,加用红霉素静脉注射治疗。观察记录2组的治疗效果和呕吐消失时间、胃潴留时间、腹胀消失时间、达到完全胃肠喂养及恢复至出生时体质量的时间。结果观察组的治疗总有效率（92.0%）明显高于对照组（68.0%）（P〈0.05）。观察组的腹胀消失时间、呕吐消失时间和胃潴留时间、达到完全胃肠喂养以及恢复至出生时体质量的时间均显著短于对照组（均P〈0.05）。结论对喂养不耐受新生儿实施红霉素静脉注射治疗可以有效地改善新生儿的胃肠功能,疗效确切。     

ONSET AND DURATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS AFTER ANTIGEN

Within 5 hours after the intravenous injection of particulate antigen into the primarily immunized mouse, precursors of antibody-forming cells began DNA synthesis as shown by the incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine. DNA synthesis continued for at least 24 hours and essentially stopped by 48 hours. No DNA synthesis in antibody-forming precursor cells occurred before the injection of antigen.     

Long-term venous access in rhesus monkeys.

Long-term, intermittent, intravenous infusion of substances, such as amphotericin B, with a high potential for causing peripheral vein thrombophlebitis was feasible by means of a subcutaneously implanted silastic reservoir catheter device, which gave access to the central venous compartment. The implanted reservoirs withstood at least 100 percutaneous entries with a 27-gauge needle; injections were carried out by using an infusion pump. With precautions taken to prevent infection, clotting, or the formation of precipitates in the catheter, the device permitted easy intravenous injection and was well tolerated.