尿微量蛋白联合尿酶诊断糖尿病早期肾损害

目的探讨糖尿病早期肾损害诊断指标。方法对 5 0例正常对照组和 5 0例糖尿病患者采用终点法测定尿N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG) ,ELISA方法检测尿视黄醇结合蛋白 (RBP)、微量白蛋白 (mALB)和尿转铁蛋白 (TRF) ,比色法测尿肌酐。结果正常对照组尿NAG/Cr为 (0 .5 2± 0 .4 6 )U/mmol,RBP/Cr为 (7.4 6± 5 .0 2 ) μg/mmol,mALB为(3.6 1± 2 .4 6 )mg/L ,TRF/Cr为(0 .0 5± 0 .0 3)mg/mmol;糖尿病患者尿NAG/Cr、RBP/Cr、mALB及TRF/Cr值较正常对照组增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;两项指标联合检测 ,其阳性率分别为 :NAG +mALB 86 % ,NAG +TRF 88% ,NAG +RBP 90 %。结论联合检测尿NAG与RBP是诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的最灵敏与可靠的实验室指标。     

尿RBP、TRF、mALB检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的探讨

目的 探讨尿标本中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的作用.方法 用ELISA法检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、免疫比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白,酶偶联法测定尿肌酐.结果 正常对照组中尿RBP/Cr、TRF/Cr的含量分别为(2.12±0.95)mg/mmol,(1.81±0.52)mg/mmol.在糖尿病无肾病组中,其微量白蛋白的含量与正常对照组相近(P＞0.05),而RBP、TRF的含量与正常对照组相比具有显著差别(P＜0.05).在糖尿病的初期肾病组和临床肾病组,mALB、RBP/Cr、tRF/C的含量均明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).结论 联合检测尿RBP、TRF是诊断糖尿病肾病早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标.     

尿微量蛋白联合尿酶早期诊断糖尿病肾病

目的通过联合检测尿微量蛋白及尿酶以探讨早期诊断糖尿病肾脏损伤的方法。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法检测尿免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、尿转铁蛋白（TRF）、尿微量白蛋白（mALB）、尿α1-微球蛋白（α1—MG）、尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）,速率法测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）及尿肌肝。结果167例尿蛋白定性阴性糖尿病患者尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1—MG、β2-MG、RBP及NAG水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;将尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1—MG、β2-MG、RBP及NAG联合检测在尿蛋白定性阴性的糖尿病中阳性率可达86．23％,大大提高了阳性检出率。结论检测尿微量白蛋白及尿酶是诊断肾脏旱期桶伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标.     

尿微量蛋白检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床应用

目的探讨尿中视黄醇结合蛋白((R-binding protein,RBP)、转铁蛋白(Transferrin,Tf)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-microglobulin,α1-MG)、微量白蛋白(mALB)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)检测在糖尿病肾病(Diabetic nephropathy,DN)早期诊断中的临床意义.方法以本院健康体检者50例为正常对照组,50例糖尿病患者根据尿微量白蛋白排泄率(Urinaryalbuminexcretionrate,UAER) 分为无肾病组、初期肾病组和临床肾病组.所有受试者留晨尿后的第一次尿液,取10ml离心,收集上清液,并留24h尿.免疫散射比浊法测定RBP、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、IgG 及24h尿微量白蛋白,酶免疫分析法测定尿肌酐(Cr).结果尿测定结果分别以RBP/Cr、TRF/Cr、mALB/Cr、α1-MG/Cr、IgG/Cr表示.糖尿病无肾病组RBP/Cr 、TRF/Cr与正常对照组显著差异(P<0.05),mALB /Cr和IgG/Cr与正常对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);糖尿病初期肾病组与正常对照组比较,IgG有显著差异(P<0.05),其它为非常显著差异(P<0.01);临床肾病组尿中5种微量蛋白的含量与对照组比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01).50例糖尿病患者尿蛋白的含量进行组间比较,糖尿病无肾病组与初期肾病组差异显著(P<0.05),临床肾病组与无肾病组及初期肾病组比较,均呈非常显著升高(P<0.01),以mALB为最高.糖尿病无肾病组RBP和α1-MG均升高,且随着病情进展,RBP升高幅度较α1-MG大,两者比较差异非常显著(P<0.01).结论尿RBP、TRF、mALB 、IgG联合检测对糖尿病患者的肾脏损害部位、病变程度、治疗和预后观察具有重要意义,且方法灵敏可靠.     

尿微量蛋白和尿酶在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨联合检测尿微量蛋白及尿酶在糖尿病肾脏损伤早期诊断中的价值。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法检测尿免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、尿转铁蛋白(TRF)、尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、尿α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),速率法测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)及尿肌肝。结果:127例尿蛋白定性阴性糖尿病患者尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、β-MG、RBP及NAG水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01);联合检测的阳性率可提高到86.23％。结论 检测尿微量白蛋白及尿酶是诊断糖尿病肾脏早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量蛋白联合尿酶检测的临床意义

目的 :通过测定尿微量蛋白及尿N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶以探讨 2型糖尿病患者肾脏早期损伤。方法 :用酶联免疫吸附试验测定尿微量白蛋白 (A1b)、α1 微球蛋白 (α1 MG) ,终点法测定N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG) ,Jaffe速率法测定尿肌酐。结果 :正常对照组尿A1b/cr为 (1.4 1± 0 .87)mg/mmol,α1 MG/cr为 (0 .94±0 .4 3)mg/mmol,MAG/cr为 (4.86± 5 .91)mg/mmol,α1 MG/cr为 (7.5 2± 3.17)mg/mmol,NAG/cr(2 2 .75± 14 .92 )U/g ,较正常对照组增高 (P <0 .0 1)。单项及双项检测尿A1b ,α1 MG或NAG这三项指标阳性率偏低 ,将这三项指标联合检测阳性率可达 91% ,大大提高了阳性检出率。结论 :联合检测尿A1b、α1 MG及NAG是诊断 2型糖尿病病人肾脏早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标     

尿微量蛋白早期诊断高血压肾病的研究

目的 通过检测尿微量蛋白含量以探讨早期诊断高血压病肾脏损伤的方法。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法检测尿免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、尿转铁蛋白(TRF)、尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、尿α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)。结果 75例尿蛋白定性阴性高血压病患者尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、β2-MG、RBP水平显著高于对照组(P<0.001);将尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、β2-MG、RBP联合检测在尿蛋白定性阴性的高血压病中阳性率可达90.67％,大大提高了阳性检出率。结论 检测尿微量白蛋白是诊断肾脏早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

尿RBP、尿NAG检测在新生儿窒息中的应用

目的 探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)在窒息新生儿肾功能损害中的应用价值.方法 检测轻度窒息足月儿(n=33)、重度窒息足月儿(n=21)、正常足月儿(n=88)生后1小时和24小时尿RBP/Cr、尿NAG/ Cr,并分别进行比较以评估尿RBP、尿NAG的应用价值.结果 重度窒息组两次尿RBP/Cr、尿NAG/Cr均高于轻度窒息组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);这两组均明显高于正常对照组,差异有极显著意义(P＜0.01);轻度窒息组生后两天内尿RBP/Cr异常率(28/33=84.8%)明显高于尿NAG/Cr异常率(16/33=48%),差异有极显著意义(P＜0.01);重度窒息组生后两天内尿RBP/Cr异常率(20/21=95.2%)也高于尿NAG/Cr异常率(14/21=66.7%),差异有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论 尿RBP和尿NAG均可作为早期监测窒息新生儿肾功能损害的敏感指标,尿RBP比尿NAG更敏感.     

尿RBP、TRF、mALB检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的探讨

目的探讨尿标本中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的作用。方法用ELISA法检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、免疫比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白,酶偶联法测定尿肌酐。结果正常对照组中尿RBP／Cr、TRF／Cr的含量分别为（2．12±0．95）mg／mmol,（1．81±0．52）mg／mmol。在糖尿病无肾病组中,其微量白蛋白的含量与正常对照组相近（P〉0．05）,而RBP、TRF的含量与正常对照组相比具有显著差别（P〈0．05）。在糖尿病的初期肾病组和临床肾病组,mALB、RBP!Cr、tRF／C的含量均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论联合检测尿RBP、TRF是诊断糖尿病肾病早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

尿五种蛋白联合检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床价值

目的　探讨联合检测尿五种蛋白对早期诊断糖尿病肾病的临床价值。方法　测定 10 4例 2型糖尿病患者 2 4h白蛋白 (Alb)、转铁蛋白 (TRF)、N 乙酰 β D氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)、免疫球蛋白 (IgG)、视黄醇结合蛋白 (RBP)以及空腹血糖、血尿素氮等指标。根据 2 4h尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)分为三组 ,第 1组 :正常白蛋白尿组 (UAER≤ 2 0 μg/min) ,6 1例 ;第 2组 :微量白蛋白尿组 (UAER 2 0～ 2 0 0 μg/min) ,2 5例 ;第 3组 :大量白蛋白尿组 (UAER≥ 2 0 0 μg/min) ,18例。三组之间进行统计学分析。 结果　①三组间年龄、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。②尿TRF、NAG、IgG和RBP在第 1组增高的频率为9 84 %、4 92 %、4 92 %、8 19% ;在第 2组增高的频率为 96 %、84 %、88%、5 2 % ;在第 3组增高的频率为10 0 %、88 89%、10 0 %、77 78%。③偏相关分析显示 :UAER与尿TRF、NAG、IgG和RBP排泄相关性明显 (r分别为 0 5 6 6 3、0 36 6 8、0 5 4 92和 0 10 77,前三项P均 <0 0 5 ,后者P =0 2 84 )。结论　尿五种蛋白联合检测对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断具有较大的临床价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.