脑瘫高危儿Peabody运动发育量表与Bayley婴幼儿发育量表运动发育指数相关性研究

目的:研究Peabody运动发育量表(PDMS-2)与Bayley婴幼儿发育量表(BSID)运动发育指数在脑瘫高危儿运动发育评测中的相关性。方法:随机抽取6个月龄的脑瘫高危儿(宫内窘迫或窒息)30例,对同一患儿分别进行PDMS-2与BSID中运动发育量表的评分,利用SPSS13.0统计软件对下列数据进行相关性分析:①PDMS-2中粗大运动发育商(GMQ),精细运动发育商(FMQ)和总体运动发育商(TMQ)分别与BSID中精神运动发育指数(PDI);②PDMS-2粗大运动中反射、姿势和移动标准分分别与PDI;③PDMS-2精细运动中抓握和视觉运动整合标准分分别与PDI。结果:①PDMS-2中GMQ,FMQ和TMQ与BSID中PDI的相关系数分别为0.674,0.555,0.701(P0.01);②粗大运动中反射、姿势和移动标准分分别与PDI的相关系数分别为0.558,0.560,0.717(P0.01);③精细运动中抓握和视觉运动整合标准分分别与PDI的相关系数分别为0.466,0.634(P0.01);其中移动相关性最高,抓握相关性最低。结论:对6个月龄的脑瘫高危儿,Peabody运动发育量表与BSID中运动发育量表多数项目具有中度相关性,少数属于低度相关性;PDMS-2中粗大运动比精细运动与PDI运动的相关性更密切;提示需慎重选择量表用于脑瘫的诊断和治疗。     

不同出生体重脑瘫高危儿婴儿期粗大与精细运动技能发育特征及其相关性研究

目的: 了解不同出生体重脑瘫高危儿婴儿期粗大与精细运动技能发育的结构特征及其相关性。方法: 以接受Peabody运动发育量表中的粗大运动（GM）和精细运动（FM）技能评估量表评定的522例年龄小于1岁的脑瘫高危儿为研究对象,通过多变量方差分析和t检验确定不同出生体重脑瘫高危儿婴儿期运动技能发育的结构特征,采用Pearson相关分析比较其相关程度。结果: 不同出生体重组别间患儿GM、FM各项原始分和标准分值比较,差异均无显著性意义（P>0.05）。患儿的姿势、移动、抓握、视觉-运动整合项标准分值均明显低于反射项（t值分别为23.82、32.27、37.06、26.92,P<0.001）。不同出生体重组别患儿反射、姿势和移动项标准分值与FM分值具有良好相关性（r=0.39-0.85,P<0.01）,且抓握、视觉-运动整合项标准分值与GM分值也有良好相关性（r=0.55-0.85,P<0.01）。结论：不同出生体重脑瘫高危儿的反射发育明显好于姿势、移动、抓握、视觉-运动整合发育,其粗大运动与精细运动技能发育存在良好的相关性。     

早期家庭干预对高危儿智能发育的影响

目的探讨早期家庭干预对高危儿智能发育影响。方法采用家庭干预模式对高危儿儿进行早期干预,并定期对所有小儿作智能检查。结果两组患儿于第3、6、12个月采用湖南医科大学编制的《Bayley婴儿智能发育量表》分别测定其智力发育指数（MDI）和运动发育指数（PDI）,所有患儿1岁时采用Gesell发育诊断量表进行智能发育检查。干预组高危儿运动发育、智能发育均明显高于对照组,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论对高危儿早期家庭式干预,对其体、智力及运动发育有明显的促进作用,是降低高危儿伤残的有效方法 。     

早期多元化护理对脑瘫高危儿体格智能发育的影响

目的 研究脑瘫高危儿早期实施多元化护理对体格智能发育的影响.方法 选择新乡市中心医院NICU救治存活的脑瘫高危儿150例,按照父母自愿的原则,分为干预组78例,常规组72例,并设同期在产科出生的足月顺产儿74例,作为对照组.干预组高危儿采取早期多元化护理模式,在新生儿期即开始功能训练,并结合药物、物理治疗手段,同时对家长进行系统培训,家庭积极参与强化训练,治疗至2岁.常规育儿组仅进行常规治疗护理.3组婴儿均于6,12,24个月时进行体格(即身长、体质量、头围)的测量和智能测试.结果 体格发育在6,12,24个月时,干预组优于常规组.干预组与对照组体格指标比较差异无统计学意义.智能发育比较:6个月时CDCC智力发育指数(MDI)干预组与常规组比较差异无统计学意义,但2组MDI指数均低于对照组.精神运动发育指数(PDI)干预组高于常规组,干预组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.12个月时干预组MDI、PDI指数显著高于常规组.干预组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.24个月时干预组MDI、PDI指数高于对照组.结论 早期多元化护理干预模式是提高脑瘫高危儿体格智能发育的有效途径.     

婴儿神经学检查联合头颅MRI检测对脑瘫高危儿不良神经发育的预测价值

目的 探讨Hammersmith婴儿神经学检查（HINE）联合头颅MRI检测对脑瘫高危儿12月龄诊断脑瘫和运动发育迟缓的预测价值。 方法 选取矫正2～6月龄行HINE和头颅MRI检查的脑瘫高危儿45例,随访至矫正12月龄,最终完成随访共36例,采用Peabody运动发育量表(PDMS)对其运动发育程度进行评估,分为正常组（21例）、迟缓组（8例）和脑瘫组（7例）。根据头颅MRI检测Woodward白质评分法评价患儿的脑白质异常程度,计算2～6月龄HINE得分、12月龄HINE得分与头颅MRI脑白质异常程度之间的Spearman系数,计算2～6月龄HINE得分与脑瘫严重程度和迟缓严重程度之间的Spearman系数,计算单独使用HINE、头颅MRI及其联合使用与婴儿发育结局之间的Spearman系数。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)描绘单独使用HINE、头颅MRI、HINE或头颅MRI异常、HINE且头颅MRI异常四个指标预测矫正12月龄时诊断脑瘫和迟缓的曲线下面积(AUC),并评价其预测价值。 结果 ①36例高危儿中,12例HINE得分预测为脑瘫;头颅MRI脑白质评分,中重度异常9例,轻度异常9例,无异常18例;随访至矫正12月龄,发育正常21例,运动发育迟缓8例（7例差,1例非常差）,脑瘫7例,其中脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统（GMFCS）分级Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例,Ⅴ级1例。②2～6月HINE得分与脑瘫严重程度分级（r=-0.867,P＝0.012）、迟缓严重程度（r=-0.598,P＝0.000）之间均具有相关性,HINE得分越低其预后越差。③矫正2～6月龄HINE得分和12月龄HINE得分与头颅MRI的脑白质异常程度之间均具有相关性（r值分别为-0.790和-0.683,P值均为0.000）。④HINE、头颅MRI、HINE或头颅MRI异常、HINE且头颅MRI异常与脑瘫和迟缓结局均具有相关性（r值分别为0.644、0.772、0.572、0.839和0.781、0.783、0.714、0.944,P值均为0.000）;预测脑瘫和迟缓结局诊断的敏感性分别为100.0%、100.0%、100.0%、100.0%和93.3%、93.3%、100.0%、93.3%,特异性分别为82.8%、93.1%、79.3%、96.6%和85.7%、81.0%、71.4%、100.0%,AUC值分别为0.914、0.966、0.897、0.983和0.895、0.871、0.857、0.967（P值均为0.000）。 结论 HINE联合头颅MRI检测对脑瘫高危儿12月龄发育结局预测价值更高。     

早期护理干预对围产期高危儿智能和运动发育指标影响

目的:观察早期护理干预对围产期高危儿智能和运动发育指标影响。方法:58例在医院救治并存活围产期高危患儿接受了早期护理干预,以感知和动作训练为主,住院期间直接示教,出院后定期在诊室指导。6月、12月和24月龄时评估智力发育指数(MDI)和运动发育指数(PDI),并与对照组比较。结果:早期护理干预患儿6月、12月和24月龄时MDI和PDI等智测成绩指标均明显优于对照组同期结果(P均0.01~0.05)。结论:早期护理干预方法可明显改善围产期高危儿智能和运动发育指标。     

PDMS-2运动发育量表与Gesell儿童发育量表一致性研究

目的:研究Peabody运动发育量表第2版(Peabody developmental motor scales 2,PDMS-2)与Gesell儿童发育量表在脑瘫高危儿运动发育评测中的一致性。方法:47例具有高危病史(病理性黄疸、早产、低出生体重、窒息等)及异常临床表现的患儿作为研究对象(≤6个月23例,>6个月24例),平均月龄(7.29±3.17)个月(3个月-13个月),由同一名评估者在同一时间,或在一周之内,进行PMDS-2与Gesell的评估。利用SPSS13.0统计软件将PDMS-2与Gesell的粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商进行分别比较,观察两者的相关性。结果:47例患儿PDMS-2与Gesell粗大运动发育商的相关系数为0.76(P<0.001),精细运动发育商的相关系数为0.61(P<0.001)。在≤6个月的月龄组中,两者粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商的相关系数分别为0.53(P=0.01)和0.62(P=0.001);在>6个月的月龄组中,两者的相关系数分别为0.88(P<0.001),0.74(P<0.001)。结论:在3个月—13个月的高危儿中,PDMS-2与Gesell的粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商有显著的相关性,尤其在月龄稍大的患儿中相关性更为突出。     

运动终板药物注射治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪的效果

目的观察运动终板药物注射治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿的效果。方法230 例痉挛型脑瘫患儿分为对照组和观察组,每组115 例。对照组给予综合康复,包括功能训练、物理因子治疗及药物应用;观察组在此基础上加痉挛肌肉运动终板注射维生素B1和维生素B12。治疗前后采用粗大运动功能测试(GMFM)评价患儿功能区的运动功能,采用改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)评价痉挛程度,采用CDCC婴幼儿智能发育量表测定智力发育指数(MDI)和心理运动发育指数(PDI)。结果治疗后,两组患儿的粗大运动功能明显改善,MAS分级明显降低,MDI和PDI评分明显增加(P<0.01);且观察组均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肌肉运动终板药物注射能提高脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能,减轻痉挛,改善智力发育。     

早期家庭康复对脑瘫高危儿运动和认知发育的疗效观察

目的：研究早期家庭康复对脑瘫高危儿（IHRCP）运动和认知发育的影响。方法：将115例脑瘫高危儿采用单双号随机分为干预组57例和对照组58例。2组均采用脑瘫高危儿早期综合干预6个月,干预组另加用门诊早期家庭康复指导和家庭康复。干预前和干预后3及6个月,采用粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）、精细运动功能评定量表（FMFM）及Gesell发育诊断量表（GDDS）进行疗效评估。纠正胎龄后12月龄进行随访,判定诊断为全面性发育迟缓（GDD）、脑性瘫痪（CP）、孤独症谱系障碍/孤独症谱系障碍高危儿（ASD/IHRASD）的人数。结果：干预后3及6个月,2组GMFM评分、FMFM评分、适应性行为评分、语言评分均较治疗前呈逐渐提高趋势（均P＜0.05）,且观察组各时间点各项评分均较对照组显著提高（均P＜0.01）。纠正胎龄后12月龄,干预组诊断为GDD、CP、ASD/IHRASD的人数较对照组显著减少（P＜0.05）。结论：早期家庭康复可以提高脑瘫高危儿粗大运动功能、精细运动功能及认知、语言功能,能够改善脑瘫高危儿的不良预后。     

院内专业小组联合早期家庭干预改善高危儿智能发育效果研究

目的分析院内专业小组联合早期家庭干预改善高危儿智能发育的应用效果。方法选取高危儿100例,随机分为A组(专业小组联合早期家庭干预)和B组(早期家庭干预),另选50例健康儿童为C组。随访12个月,观察患儿家属干预技术掌握率及应对问卷(MCMQ)得分、儿童运动发育指数(PDI)和智力发育指数(MDI)分值、Gesell智力量表各项得分、后遗症发生率。结果 6个月时A组家属干预技术掌握率(78.00%)高于B组(52.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.78,P0.05)。A组MCMQ中"屈服""回避"得分低于B组,"面对"分值高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);6、12个月时A组PDI及MDI分值均高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.017);12个月时A组PDI及MDI与C组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.017)。12个月时A组Gesell智力量表各项指标得分均高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.017)。A组后遗症发生率(8.00%)低于B组(22.00%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论院内专业小组联合家庭进行高危儿早期干预,能为家属提供技术和心理支持,促进患儿智能发育,减少后遗症,值得推广。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."