超声四分型法在先天性肌性斜颈诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨先天性肌性斜颈(CMT)超声四分型法的临床价值。方法本院收治的67例CMT患儿,根据超声表现分为四型;并进一步研究患儿年龄、胸锁乳突肌厚度比率与分型之间的相关性,以及各型病变彩色多普勒表现是否存在差异。结果患儿年龄与超声分型之间相关系数为0.758;胸锁乳突肌厚度比率与超声分型之间相关系数为0.411。26例病变肌肉内彩色多普勒探及血流信号,其中Ⅰ型18例(18/32),Ⅱ型8例(8/15),Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型患儿患侧胸锁乳突肌均未测到血流信号。结论先天性肌性斜颈超声表现具有特征性,建立在超声成像基础上的四分型方法能反映疾病的演变过程,有助于临床诊断、治疗及判断预后。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在婴幼儿先天性肌性斜颈中的诊断价值

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声在婴幼儿先天性肌性斜颈（CMT）中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析26例CMT患儿声像图特征。结果26例CMT患儿中病变发生在右侧胸锁乳突肌的14例,占53.8%,左侧12例,占46.2%。根据病变胸锁乳突肌超声声像图表现分为三型。①肿块型：5例（19.2%）,均呈不均匀低回声,肌纹理均不清晰,与正常肌肉组织之间有界限;②局部增厚型：13例（50%）,呈稍低回声12例,不均匀低回声1例,肌纹理均清晰,与正常肌肉组织相延续;③弥漫型：8例（30.8%）,回声无明显特殊改变,肌纹理均清晰,但其厚度与健侧相比有显著差异性。结论高频彩色多普勒超声在婴幼儿C MT早期诊断中有重要价值。     

彩超在中医综合治疗先天性肌性斜颈中的应用102例分析

目的探讨彩超在中医治疗婴幼儿先天性肌性斜颈中的应用。方法应用彩超对婴幼儿先天性肌性斜颈进行检查,并对经中医综合治疗的婴幼儿胸锁乳突肌及肿块进行连续观察。结果 102例患儿,根据临床分型不同,其超声表现及治疗疗程不相同。其中肌肉型26例,疗程在1个疗程左右;混合型63例,疗程2~3个,纤维型13例,疗程在4个疗程以上,甚至无效。结论彩超对先天性肌性斜颈诊断率高,能够测量病变胸锁乳突肌的厚度及肿块的大小,同时能够观察病变胸锁乳突肌在中医综合治疗中的变化,是先天性肌性斜颈首选的检查手段。     

大于1岁小儿先天性肌性斜颈高频超声图像分析

目的 探讨大于1岁小儿先天性肌性斜颈的肌肉病变高频声像图特征,为临床提供肌肉病变程度信息及手术指征.方法 以健侧胸锁乳突肌作对照,沿胸锁乳突肌走向,用高频超声显示病变肌肉的长轴及短轴观,观察肌纹理回声,测量肌肉厚度及病变累及长度,并与手术及病理作对照.结果 58例大于1岁肌性斜颈患儿患侧胸锁乳突肌声像图表现为:肌瘤型5例、肌肉增粗型34例、肌肉萎缩型19例,＞1岁～≤3岁患儿以肌肉增粗型表现为主,＞3岁患儿肌肉萎缩型所占比例增高.结论 大于1岁肌性斜颈患儿的肌肉病变声像图明显不同于婴幼儿时期,高频超声可以良好显示肌纹理回声,反映肌肉纤维化程度.     

先天性肌性斜颈胸锁乳突肌细胞外基质的组织化学研究

目的检测先天性肌性斜颈 ( Congenital Muscular Torticollis,CMT) 胸锁乳突肌细胞外基质胶原及糖胺聚糖 ( glycosaminoglyc ans,GAG) 的含量变化 , 探讨其与发病机制的关系 . 方法采用组织化学方法 Masson三色和严格电解质浓度的 Alcian blue染色 , 对 30例 CMT及 5例非 CMT小儿尸体胸锁乳突肌标本进行胶原和 GAG的检测 . 结果 CMT胸锁乳突肌胶原和 GAG含量比对照组高 , 有极显著性差异 ( P <0.01)。结论 CMT胸锁乳突肌纤维化可能与其胶原及GAG的含量显著增高有关.     

肌肉牵伸结合音频电疗矫正先天性肌性斜颈患儿颈部姿势的疗效分析

<正>先天性肌性斜颈(congenital muscular torticollis,CMT)是一种良性的儿童骨关节肌肉畸形常见病,由于一侧胸锁乳突肌(sternocleidomastoidmuscle,SCM)的增厚和缩短导致的,在出生后或不久就出现头部偏斜在一侧、下巴转向对侧的自发性斜颈不良姿势,除了颈部活动度受限外,患侧胸锁乳突肌还可能触摸到肌性肿块或者肌紧张。根据CMT的临床类型,一般分为3型~([1]):(1)肿块型,最严重的类型,患侧胸锁     

超声实时组织弹性成像在婴幼儿肌性斜颈早期诊治中的应用研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨超声实时组织弹性成像（RTE）在婴幼儿先天性肌性斜颈（cMT）早期诊治中的应用价值。方法对336例3岁以下婴幼儿CMT患儿胸锁乳突肌（SCM）病变进行常规超声及RTE检查,并与临床观察治疗和手术病理结果对照分析。结果①常规超声表现为肿块型CMT251例（75％）,弥漫型CMT85例（25％）。②弹性评分健侧SCM评分均为1级,患侧SCM弹性评分2级97例,3级186例,4级53例。③弹性应变比值（sR）肿块型为0．76～4．42,弥漫型为1．49～7．07;以病理结果为标准,构建ROC曲线确定超声指导下患儿最佳手术时机,SR3．35为非手术治疗与手术治疗的临界点,其敏感性为87．7％,特异性为98．2％,准确性为96．1％。④RTE动态观察疗效,272例（81％）病变组织弹性评分低者非手术治疗有效,64例（19％）病变组织弹性评分高者经手术治愈。结论RTE在CMT早期诊治中作为常规超声的补充,可为SCM病变提供更为客观的半定量硬度信息,并指导临床制定合理的治疗方案及动态观察疗效。     

婴儿胸锁乳突肌假性肿瘤的超声表现

目的 描述婴儿前8周胸锁乳突肌瘤样增大的不同超声表现。方法 对有胸锁乳突肌肿块弥漫性增大或肌性斜颈的47例患儿在12周之前做超声检查,总结其超声表现特征,记录病史和随访资料。结果 超声分析显示,24例婴儿仅在胸锁乳突肌中有单一肿块,其中20例表现为回声增强,4例表现为混合性回声;7例为胸锁乳突肌肿块同时伴有梭形肌肉肿大,均表现为低回声,16例仅有肌肉肿大,其中12例为混合性回声,4例为低回声。少见的几种超声表现包括：①胸锁乳突肌单一肿块在长轴上分裂为两个组成部分;②弥漫性肿大肌肉表现为强回声和低回声相间的条纹状改变,40例病人随访4个月,29例病人随访6个月,临床表现均有好转。结论 胸锁乳突肌瘤样增生超声表现为回声增强团块或胸锁乳突肌弥漫性肥大的低回声或混合回声。其超声表现的差异并不妨碍正确诊断,因为这种差异仅表现在肌肉中,而周围软组织表现正常。     

超声在不同时期先天性肌性斜颈患儿中的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声对不同时期先天性肌性斜颈(CMT)患儿的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析50例经临床或手术证实为CMT患儿的声像图特点,包括病变区域边界、胸锁乳突肌(SCM)厚度、回声强度及彩色多普勒血流表现,比较﹤1岁患儿和≥1岁患儿超声表现的差异性.结果 50例患儿中,超声诊断CMT患儿46例,诊断准确率92.0%.28例﹤1岁患儿超声表现为患侧SCM局限性增厚,彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)示部分病变内部或周边点线状血流信号;18例≥1岁患儿超声表现为患侧SCM厚度多变薄,肌层回声可弥漫性增强或肌层内出现条带状强回声,CDFI未见明显血流信号.两组患儿受累SCM的超声特征比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).结论 不同时期CMT患儿的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现具有特异性,可指导临床医师选择合适的治疗方式.     

先天性肌性斜颈的超声诊断

先天性肌性斜颈(congenital musculartorticollis,CMT)是由于胸锁乳突肌挛缩所     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Activity of amikacin and ampicillin in succession and in combination

One strain each of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis were exposed to amikacin and ampicillin in combination as well as in succession. Exposure to ampicillin for 1 hr followed by amikacin for 3 or 4 hr had the greatest antibacterial activity when the antibiotics were applied in succession. The least effective exposures for both organisms were 1 hr to amikacin followed by 3 or 4 hr to ampicillin. Exposure to the antibiotics in combination each at 1 MIC had the overall greatest antibacterial activity. Simultaneous exposure to the antibiotic combination does not necessarily mean simultaneous activity of both ampicillin and amikacin on the E. coli. The cell wall autolytic activities produced by ampicillin are triggered within 10 min after physical contact with the bacteria. In contrast, amikacin requires at least 30 min after physical contact to manifest its activity on the ribosome. Although physical exposure to both antibiotics in the combination is simultaneous, the specific activity of each is in fact sequential, with ampicillin acting first. This explains the synergistic effect of the combination. It appears, therefore, that the synergistic or antagonistic affect of a drug combination is determined by the sequence and timing of the antibacterial manifestations of its components.     

Evaluation of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in different in vitro and in vivo models of fibrinolysis, coagulation and thrombus formation

BACKGROUND: The serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and plasminogen inhibitor tranexamic acid are used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to reduce bleeding. Clinicians may consider these agents as readily substitutable regarding their pharmacological profiles. OBJECTIVE: These agents were evaluated in assays of hemostasis to elucidate their underlying mechanism(s) of action. METHODS: In human plasma, effects on both clot fibrinolysis and coagulation were spectrophotometrically quantified in vitro. Rat-tail bleeding and arteriovenous shunt thrombus formation models were conducted in vivo. RESULTS: Fibrinolysis was inhibited by aprotinin (IC(50), 0.16 +/- 0.02 micromol L(-1)) and tranexamic acid (IC(50), 24.1 +/-1.1 micromol L(-1)). In vivo, aprotinin dose-dependently reduced rat-tail bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion); tranexamic acid reduced bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1) h(-1)). In vitro, coagulation time was doubled by aprotinin at 3.2 +/- 0.2 micromol L(-1), while tranexamic acid showed no effect at concentrations up to 3 mmol L(-1). Aprotinin inhibited thrombus formation in vivo in a dose-dependent manner (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion). Conversely, tranexamic acid dose-dependently increased thrombus formation and thrombus weight (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that aprotinin and tranexamic acid have differential effects on hemostasis and are not necessarily substitutable with respect to mechanism of action. Although both agents have been shown to reduce bleeding in patients undergoing CABG, their divergent effects on thrombus formation observed in vitro and in vivo should be critically evaluated clinically.     

Sites of in vivo extraction and interconversion of testosterone and androstenedione in dogs

The interconversion and extraction of testosterone and androstenedione across and within different tissues or areas have been studied by the constant infusion technique. The results were calculated using the (3)H/(14)C ratios and radioactive concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione obtained from afferent and efferent blood and tissues at equilibrium. In each tissue studied, the interconversion between testosterone and androstenedione inside the tissue was significantly higher than the corresponding interconversion across the tissue. The pulmonary contribution to the total interconversion between testosterone and androstenedione was far more important than that of any of the other tissues studied. The hepatic metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and androstenedione were not different from their metabolic clearance rates in the mesenteric area. The extraction of each of these compounds, although not negligible, was lower in the kidney and the femoral bed compared with the extraction in the liver and the mesenteric area. Finally, with the possible exception of the liver, testosterone and androstenedione were more completely metabolized when they originated from the cells than from afferent blood.The evaluation of these different tissue transfer constants provides more precise information concerning the relative importance of different sites in the metabolism of these interconverting hormones.     

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of alcohol in Chinese and Indians in Singapore

What is known and Objective:  Interindividual variability in alcohol pharmacokinetics is influenced by a number of factors, including polymorphisms in genes mediating alcohol pharmacology, ethnicity, sex and body size. Several studies have evaluated the population pharmacokinetics of alcohol from breath alcohol measures. None of these studies, however, have evaluated ethnicity and alcohol‐metabolizing enzyme genotypes as covariates in their population pharmacokinetic modelling. We aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model using clinical and genetic factors and to identify covariates that influenced interindividual variability in alcohol clearance and volume of distribution. Methods:  Hundred and eighty healthy subjects (90 Chinese and 90 Indians; 45 males and 45 females from each ethnic group) ingested a vodka–orange juice mixture to simulate social drinking. Subjects were genotyped for the ADH1B (Arg48His), ALDH2 (Glu504Lys) and CYP2E1 (c.‐1293G>C and c.‐1053C>T) polymorphisms. A base pharmacokinetic model was developed using the nonmem software (NONMEM Project Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA) to determine the alcohol clearance and volume of distribution. The model was extended to include covariates that influenced the between‐subject variability. Results and Discussion:  Body weight and sex significantly influenced absorption rate and volume of distribution of alcohol. Body weight and ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism significantly influenced alcohol clearance. The Michaelis–Menten elimination rate (V_max) was decreased by 10% in homozygous ADH1B*1/*1 subjects. Ethnicity was not determined to be a significant covariate in the final population pharmacokinetic model. What is new and Conclusion:  Gender and body weight were covariates that contributed most to explaining the observed interindividual alcohol pharmacokinetic variability. Of the four SNPs examined in this study, only ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism had a significant, though modest, effect on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol.     

Safety and efficacy of linezolid in 16 infants and children in Japan

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It has been licensed for adult use in Japan since 2006 for MRSA infections, and has also been used off-label for pediatric patients. At our university hospital, a total of 16 infants and children (including one non-Japanese Asian) were administered linezolid owing to infection with multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, after consent had been provided. All patients had severe underlying diseases or indications for surgery. Eighty-eight percent of the causal microorganisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and all were sensitive to linezolid. Linezolid was administered because the antecedent anti-MRSA medications were ineffective or contraindicated, or intravenous-to-oral switch therapy was requested owing to cardiac or orthopedic surgical-site infections. The median duration of administration was 13 days (range 3-31 days). The overall efficacy was 91 % (10/11) in those for whom efficacy could be evaluated. Only two patients (both teen-aged) encountered linezolid-related adverse effects (13 %, 2/16). One patient showed elevation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), requiring that administration be withdrawn, but enzyme levels returned to normal after the patient had been switched to vancomycin. The other patient showed transiently decreased platelet counts. Linezolid is considered generally safe and effective for children in Japan, especially for those who cannot use other anti-MRSA medications or those who require oral antibiotics for infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.     

血浆与血清同型半胱氨酸在不同检测条件下比较及稳定性研究

目的分析同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平在血浆与血清中的差异及放置不同时间检测的稳定性。方法分别以EDTA-K2抗凝管和分离胶管收集42例健康体检人员血液,于即刻及放置3h后分离血浆及血清。选EDTA-K2抗凝管立即离心分离血浆后于室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h;分离胶管放置30min待血液凝固后离心分离血清于室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h,使用直接化学发光法检测同型半胱氨酸浓度。结果分离胶管取血放置30min后离心分离血清同型半胱氨酸浓度较即刻分离的血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度高13.24%,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);取血放置3h后离心检测血清或血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度明显高于取血后即刻离心检测的同型半胱氨酸浓度,两者相差12.47%和12.56%,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分离后血浆与血清在室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h检测同型半胱氨酸浓度,结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于血浆,分离血清或血浆前标本放置时间对检测同型半胱氨酸浓度有影响,分离后血浆或血清在2-8℃保存,24h内同型半胱氨酸检测结果差异无统计学意义。在临床工作中,应尽可能快速分离血浆标本进行同型半胱氨酸检测或分别设立血浆与血清同型半胱氨酸浓度的正常参考范围。     

Role of oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis: results of in vitro and in vivo investigations

Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxidants are central in the development of atherosclerosis. Consequently, additional studies evaluated the protective effects of various natural and synthetic antioxidants, alone and in combination, with most studies focusing on alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Here, we summarize the role of oxidants in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. We also discuss epidemiological studies and others focused on the protective effect of vitamin E against atherosclerosis. Other antioxidants are also considered if they were included in studies involving vitamin E. The protective effect of antioxidants on atherosclerotic pathomechanisms has been confirmed in vitro, but only in some animal studies. Various epidemiological and observational studies have produced conflicting results on the protective effect of antioxidants. Most studies of primary or secondary prevention failed to show a protective effect. These conflicting results are biased by a number of factors, including differences between the study groups. Therefore, we describe these studies in detail.