双台阶水平井钻井实时跟踪系统应用研究——以哈得油田HD10-HX井为例

哈得油田石炭系中泥岩段薄砂层油藏埋藏深、油层薄,且受岩性控制层状边水未饱和,采用以地质导向为基础的双台阶水平井钻井技术。 为了对双台阶水平井钻井质量进行有效评价,研制了一套完善的双台阶水平井钻井实时跟踪系统。该系统充分结合导眼井及邻井的地质、钻井、录井、测井及随钻测井等多种资料,实现双台阶水平井钻井的实时跟踪,对井眼轨迹位移及钻遇地层进行实时分析,计算钻遇率。利用该系统在哈得油田某井区双台阶水平注水井HD10-HX井现场进行了初步的钻井实时跟踪分析应用,获得了较好的应用效果。     

旋转地质导向技术在钻探哈得油田薄砂层油藏中的应用

塔里木哈得油田多采用双台阶水平井钻井,主要难题为常规钻井技术井眼轨迹控制难,储层钻遇率低,钻井周期长。1m厚薄砂层油藏未能实现有效开发,东河砂岩水窜严重,油水分布混乱,影响后期开发效果。针对以上难题,在哈得油田钻井中引进旋转地质导向技术,与常规技术相比应用效果良好,平均储层钻遇率由55.43%提高至87.84%,平均单井日产量提高1倍,单井水平段节约钻井工期15d,成功地解决了薄油层钻井储层钻遇率低、钻井施工进度慢等难题。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层重复酸压改造技术

哈得逊薄砂层属于超深超薄油藏, 纵横向上储层具有较强的非均质性, 注采井组内油井受效不均衡导致开发效果变差。之前采用稳定同位素监测剩余油分布情况及注入水推进方向、速度等, 存在药剂种类少、易受井间干扰、水样后处理有较强放射性等问题, 近年逐渐改用可选种类多、无放射性污染、在该油藏适应性较好的微量物质示踪剂。以该油藏中部3个相邻注采井组为例, 13口油井中有6口井在297d的取样监测后见到显示, 推进速度为2.87~5.04m/d,其解释结果与前期同位素监测的变化趋势、生产动态基本吻合。经分析认为注入水突破是导致含水率快速上升的主要原因, 采取油井堵水、水井调剖或分层注水工艺可提高注水波及体积及驱油效率。迄今在哈得逊薄砂层油藏应用65 井次,在轮南、塔中、东河塘等老区应用近179井次,取得了较好的效果。     

哈拉哈塘油田HA6H井分段酸压技术实践

碳酸盐岩储层超深长井段水平井分段酸压改造需要综合考虑选层、分段级数的合理性、分段工具有效性和后期作业的可操作性等多种因素。本文以HA6H井为例,在油藏中深6590m,水平段长498m井况进行了“套管封隔器+可钻式压裂滑套”分段酸压改造。酸压分段设计考虑裂缝间压力干扰的影响,依据井筒与优势储层之间的距离来设计缝高,再结合间距比和流动阻力的关系来优化段数和裂缝间距,同时在较长井段内考虑采用化学暂堵转向技术,尽可能实现长井段均匀酸压。经优化设计该井分10段超大规模酸压改造,酸压后采用4mm油嘴掺稀求产,油压22.65MPa,日产油77.9m³,日产气11792m³,分段酸压效果显著。酸压施工中的压力响应特征表明:“套管封隔器+可钻式滑套”分段针对性强、可靠性较高,以井筒与优势储层之间的距离作为水平井分段设计依据的出发点是可行的。     

塔里木油田台盆区碳酸盐岩超深井钻井关键技术

塔里木油田台盆区碳酸盐岩油气藏具有埋藏深、温度高、非均质性强、裂缝孔洞发育、普遍含硫化氢等特点,钻井工程面临地层可钻性差、机械钻速低、目的层安全压力窗口窄、井漏溢流频发等技术难题。通过持续技术引进、强化科研攻关与现场试验,形成了适用于台盆区海相碳酸盐岩的超深井钻井配套技术系列,塔标Ⅲ井身结构及配套的长裸眼段钻井提速和大温差低密度固井技术实现成熟配套并规模化推广应用,以“随钻伽马+精细控压钻井”为核心的大延伸水平井钻井技术成为塔中地区勘探开发的主体技术。碳酸盐岩超深井钻井关键技术的突破与推广应用,显著缩短了钻井周期,有力保障了台盆区深部油气资源的安全高效开发。     

高压充填覆膜砂防砂工艺在超深砂岩储层的应用

D 油田由于井深、压力系数低、高含水, 防砂难度增大, 且部分油水井由于出砂严重导致套管变形, 严重影响油 田正常开发。根据D 油田油藏地质情况, 提出采用高压充填覆膜砂防砂工艺, 通过向目的层高压充填覆膜砂, 阻挡地层流砂的 运移, 改善地层岩体骨架受力状态, 同时疏通地层, 提高油层的渗透率和供液能力。在D1 井应用后, 油产量增产1.84 倍, 含 水率并未提高, 累计有效期达到19mon。该井的成功应用对超深砂岩老井防砂、油气增产具有较好的借鉴意义。     

塔里木油田超深裸眼水平井完井模拟通井优化技术

常规偏心分层注水会导致区块欠注严重, 难以满足超深双台阶水平井分层注水;并且难以满足不动管柱实现注水井的分层注水及分层酸化。为此研制了针对双台阶水平井分层注水及酸化的一体化管柱及配套工具, 管柱主要由封隔器、注水酸化一体化配水器等组成;测调过程中测调仪器与管柱中的配水器采用同心对接, 投劳成功率高;并且通过与特制酸化芯子配合可实现不动管柱分层酸化。利用WELLCAT 软件模拟出注水、酸化、停注时各封隔器的受力、管柱收缩长度以及管柱整体强度, 为封隔器及伸缩管的选择提供理论依据。现场试验表明, 研制的注水酸化一体化管柱及配套工具设计合理, 测调成功率高, 能够满足双台阶水平井的分层注水及酸化要求。     

超深高温高盐油藏注天然气提高采收率评价与应用

塔里木油田碎屑岩油藏进入“双高一低”开发中后期阶段,受超深、高温、高盐条件影响,国内成熟应用的提高采收率技术难以适应。从地质特征、开发特征、开发矛盾、潜力评价出发,开展了提高采收率室内实验,认为注气不受高温高盐条件限制,超深油藏注气容易实现混相驱；结合天然气气源充足条件,明确注天然气驱是塔里木超深高温高盐碎屑岩油藏最现实的三次采油技术方向。编制完成东河塘油田注天然气辅助重力驱试验方案,现场实施见到明显效果。     

连续管带底封分段环空加砂压裂在和田河气田的应用实例

和田河气田位于塔里木盆地中央隆起巴楚凸起南缘与麦盖提斜坡相交的枢纽部位的玛扎塔格构造带上,储层埋深1500～3000m,属低孔低渗储层。早期封隔器滑套的水平井改造手段在和田河气田的应用受到诸多限制。介绍了连续管带底封喷砂射孔环空分段压裂技术在该气田的一口水平试验井成功应用,作业后增产效果明显,说明该技术可用作和田河气田水平井改造,具有较好的应用前景,并提出了该技术相关作业参数需要优化。     

塔中西部碳酸盐岩高效井串珠状地震相储层要素探讨

为了提高碳酸盐岩高效井的预测成功率,综合利用常规地震剖面、钻井、录井资料及开发动态资料等,研究塔里木盆地塔中西部地区高效井与储层发育指数、串珠有无断裂伴生、串珠位于缝洞系统的空间位置及串珠状地震相储层顶部标定的关系。研究认为,储层发育指数越大,强串珠发育伴生断裂,储层易发育且规模往往较大。但钻遇强串珠的油井高效与否还与其在缝洞系统中的空间匹配关系和井轨迹是否位于储层顶面密切相关。油井钻遇的串珠位于缝洞系统的相对高部位,油柱高度大,产水的可能较小,易高产稳产。对于强串珠状,水平井轨迹设计在最大波谷处较为合适;对于弱串珠状,水平井轨迹设计在最大波谷之下的零相位之上较为合适。在塔中西部中古15井区实际应用结果表明,钻遇具备此四大要素的强串珠状地震相储层的油井易高产稳产,提高了碳酸盐岩高效井的预测成功率。     

塔里木油田迪北区块致密砂岩气藏氮气钻井技术

塔里木油田迪北区块气藏低孔低渗,属典型致密砂岩气藏,水锁损害严重,采用常规钻井加储层改造技术难以获得工业油气流,为此,油田在迪北区块开展了储层氮气钻井的前期研究与现场试验,形成了氮气钻井工艺、井控装备研制与配套、安全监测、控制系统四大技术系列。该技术在该区块致密砂岩气藏的成功应用,创造了中石油氮气钻井产量、井口压力等最高纪录,为塔里木油田致密砂岩油气藏规模性增储上产提供了重要的技术支持。     

Establishment of ELISA on 384-well microplate for AFP, CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, CA 125, and PSA-ACT: higher sensitivity and lower reagent cost

The 384-well microplate contains four times as many wells as the regular 96-well microplate. Establishing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on 384-well microplate should lead to savings in reagents and specimens. To determine that ELISAs on 384-well microplate have acceptable assay precision, ELISAs for tumor markers, including AFP, PSA-ACT, CEA, CA 125, CA 15-3, and CA 19-9, were compared to the same ELISAs established on 96-well microplate. We found that ELISAs established on 384-well microplate had similar sensitivity and covered similar concentration ranges as ELISAs on 96-well microplate. All within-day and day-to-day precisions for the 384-ELISA had %CV less than 10%. Compared to ELISA on 96-well microplate, 384-ELISA used less reagents, less specimen, and exhibited approximately a two-fold increase in sensitivity. Overall cost of the 384-384-ELISA was also greatly reduced. Our results suggest that 384-ELISA is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratories.     

杭州地区护士主观幸福感定性研究

目的建立杭州地区护士主观幸福感常模及临界值划界分。方法采用Compbell幸福感指数量表对杭州市市直属医院和县区乡镇卫生院护士进行分层抽样调查。结果杭州地区护士主观幸福感常模为8.75±2.62,低、中、高主观幸福感值域分别为≤7.68、7.68～10.25、7.68～10.25。结论本调查结果可为今后护士的主观幸福感研究提供参考。     

心理干预对军队离退休干部心身健康作用的对照研究

目的：探讨心理干预能否改善军队离退休干部的心身状况。方法：将178名军队离退休干部随机分为干预组（89人）和对照组（89人）,对干预组进行心理干预,对照组则否。采用康耐尔健康问卷（Cornell Medical Index,CMI)在干预前后同时对二组被试进行调查。结果：干预组再次CMI调查全部18个项目均分明显低于干预组首次调查,R项均分有显差异（P＜0.05),其余18项均分有显差异（P＜0.01);干预组再次CMI调查全部18个项目的均分明显低于对照组再次调查（P＜0.01);对照组再次CMI调查全部18个项目均分高于对照组首次调查,M项与R项均分有显差异（P＜0.05),E项、F项、G项、H项、I项、N项、O项、P项均分有极显差异（P＜0.01)。结论：心理干预是改善军队离退休干部心身状况的有效方法。     

In vitro generation of whole osteochondral constructs using rabbit bone marrow stromal cells,employing a two‐chambered co‐culture well design

The regeneration of whole osteochondral constructs with a physiological structure has been a significant issue, both clinically and academically. In this study, we present a method using rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured on a silk–RADA peptide scaffold in a specially designed two‐chambered co‐culture well for the generation of multilayered osteochondral constructs in vitro. This specially designed two‐chambered well can simultaneously provide osteogenic and chondrogenic stimulation to cells located in different regions of the scaffold. We demonstrated that this co‐culture approach could successfully provide specific chemical stimulation to BMSCs located on different layers within a single scaffold, resulting in the formation of multilayered osteochondral constructs containing cartilage‐like and subchondral bone‐like tissue, as well as the intermediate osteochondral interface. The cells in the intermediate region were found to be hypertrophic chondrocytes, embedded in a calcified extracellular matrix containing glycosaminoglycans and collagen types I, II and X. In conclusion, this study provides a single‐step approach that highlights the feasibility of rabbit BMSCs as a single‐cell source for multilayered osteochondral construct generation in vitro. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超低压井堵漏工艺技术研究与应用

针对开绕组永磁复合轮毂(Permanent Magnet Compact In-Wheel, PMCW)电机驱动系统中单开关管开路故障工况,在60°坐标系下,提出了基于双三相四开关逆变器的电压空间矢量调制(SVPWM)重构容错控制策略。该策略采用电压解析模型法进行故障诊断,通过桥臂冗余开关组合在线模拟开关管故障,依据矢量分解准则,在一个调制周期内,一个逆变器钳位于对应三角区域顶点的相同冗余开关状态,另一个逆变器进行电压矢量合成,两个逆变器交替运行在钳位和矢量合成状态,在不增加额外器件的情况下,实现了开绕组PMCW电机驱动系统单开关管开路故障容错运行,并兼顾了双逆变器之间的功率平衡。仿真和实验验证了该容错控制策略能够实现开绕组PMCW电机驱动系统从开关管故障状态到容错运行的平滑、可靠切换。     

The affective aspect of subjective well-being among Chinese people with and without spinal cord injuries

Purpose. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) To examine differences in affective aspects of subjective well-being between people with and without spinal cord injuries (SCI), and (b) to explore relationships among perceived health, social support, self-efficacy beliefs, and the affective aspect of subjective well-being in these groups.

Method. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China. A total of 119 out-patients with SCI and 109 college students without a disability participated in the study. Main outcome measures included: (a) The Index of Psychological Well-Being, (b) the Self-Rated Health Status Scale, (c) the Self-Efficacy Scale, and (d) the Social Support Scale.

Results. A multiple analysis of the variance indicated that participants with SCI had lower affective subjective well-being, social support, social self-efficacy beliefs, and poor health compared to participants without SCI [F (5, 211) = 22.37, p < 0.001]. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted separately for each SCI and non-SCI group. Results indicated that the combination of perceived health, social support, and social self-efficacy accounted for 25% of the variance in affective subjective well-being [F (8, 104) = 4.22, p < 0.001] among participants with SCI. For participants without SCI, social support and social self-efficacy were related to the affective subjective well-being [F (7, 97) = 4.77, p < 0.001]. They accounted for 27% of the variance in affective subjective well-being.

Conclusions. People with SCI may have lower affective subjective well-being than those without SCI, and the perceptions of one's health, social skills, and social support may play important roles in achieving affective subjective well-being in people with SCI.     

自备井水中溶解性总固体快速测定方法的研究

目的建立一种测定自备井水中溶解性总固体的方法。方法利用附有溶解性总固体测定功能的电导率仪,直接测定自备井水中的溶解性总固体含量。结果该法与国标法比较,无明显差异,相对标准偏差为0.17%~0.22%,加标回收率为97.5%~98.6%。结论该法测定自备井水中溶解性总固体,具有快捷、简便、精密度好、准确度高的特点,适用于大批量水样的快速测定。