难治性局灶性癫痫的多学科团队模式诊疗策略

目的:探讨难治性局灶性癫痫的多学科团队模式(multidisciplinary team, MDT)诊疗策略。方法:介绍1例药物难治性颞叶癫痫,头皮脑电图监测示患者双侧颞区不同步放电,常规磁共振序列扫描未见明显异常,初步评估为患者病灶位置和侧向性不明。进行MDT讨论和后续进一步术前评估,明确患者致痫灶和治疗方法。结果:患者为右内侧颞叶癫痫,接受右侧前颞叶+海马+杏仁核切除术,术后病理示致痫灶为节细胞胶质瘤合并局灶性皮质发育不良(局灶性皮质发育不良Ⅲb型)。术后1年余患者无癫痫发作。结论:MDT模式有助于进一步明确难治性局灶性癫痫患者的致痫灶部位,为患者的进一步手术治疗提供精准定位和手术切除范围参考,促使患者术后达到无发作状态。     

三步法定位并多术式联用显微外科手术治疗难治性癫痫

目的探讨难治性癫痫致痫灶定位和手术治疗方法。方法对81例难治性癫痫患者综合运用临床症状学、神经电生理、高场强MRI、PET/CT、术前及术中皮层及深部电极等三步法定位致痫灶,单纯病灶切除、病灶切除加胼胝体切开、病灶切除加软膜下横切、病灶切除加单脑回灰白质联合切除等多术式联用切除致痫灶和/或阻断传导通路。结果三步法致痫灶定侧准确率100%。多术式联用治疗后,满意31例,显著改善17例,良好16例,效差14例,无改善3例,总有效率79.0%。结论三步法可以对致痫灶精确定位,多术式联合处理致痫灶或/和传导通路可以取得良好的疗效。     

难治性癫痫行颅内电极埋藏22例临床护理

目的:探讨难治性癫痫患者行颅内两次电极埋藏精确定位癫痫病灶的护理方法。方法:对22例难治性癫痫患者两次行颅内电极埋藏,并及时给予精心护理。结果:本组无一例发生并发症,均顺利度过监测期。结论:及时精确定位致痫灶、给予精心护理,不但减少患者经济负担,同时也缩短住院天数。     

颅内电极监测癫痫发作初始期脑电定位意义

目的探讨颅内电极监测癫痫发作初始期脑电对致痫灶的定位价值。方法14例难治性癫痫患者,其临床、影像学检查及头皮脑电记录等不能精确定位致痫灶,经颅骨钻孔、埋置颅内深部和/或皮层电极,长程脑电监测并分析发作初始期脑电的异常放电节律和范围,对比术后病理学检查和随访结果,分析发作初期脑电定位致痫灶的准确性。结果记录到了47次临床发作。发作初期异常放电可分为4种形式:低幅快节律、尖波节律、高幅棘波节律和棘慢波节律。按异常放电范围可分为:局限性放电、区域性放电和广泛性放电。11例(78.5%)患者准确定位了致痫灶,术后癫痫发作消失(64.3%)或极少发作(14.2%),2例(14.2%)发作减少90%以上,1例(7.1%)术后无改善。结论颅内埋置电极脑电监测癫痫发作初始期异常放电形式、部位和异常放电范围是定位致痫灶可靠的方法。     

18F-FDG PET显像与EEG在颞叶癫痫致痫灶定位价值上的对比研究

目的：通过对62例难治性癫痫患者进行前瞻性研究,对18F-FDG PET显像与EEG在颞叶癫痫致痫灶定位上的价值进行对比研究。方法：对62例临床确诊颞叶癫痫并接受手术治疗的患者进行前瞻性研究。所有患者均进行发作间期PET-CT脑显像检查和长程/视频EEG检查,细致分析图像,并将所得检查结果与术后病理进行比较,利用统计学方法对二者的诊断准确率进行对比分析。结果：18F-FDG PET显像准确定位42例癫痫患者病灶位置,头皮EEG准确定位致痫灶30例,准确率分别为67.7%及48.4%,二者比较有显著统计学差异（P<0.05）。18F-FDG PET显像结果表现较多样,影像分析应细致、审慎。结论：发作间期PET-CT脑显像检查定位颞叶癫痫致痫灶优于长程/视频EEG检查,但因其价格较昂贵,临床可首选EEG定位癫痫,EEG定位困难时选择PET显像可明显提高致痫灶定位准确性。     

发作间期蝶骨电极在颞叶癫痫诊断中的作用26例分析

目的应用蝶骨电极定位颞叶癫痫的致痫灶。方法对颞叶癫痫的患者,在记录头皮脑电同时,穿刺蝶骨电极记录脑电26例。结果 （1）26例患者都能记录到蝶骨电极的痫样放电;（2）88.5%蝶骨电极所显示的痫样放电能同时被头皮脑电识别出;（3）26例患者无因蝶骨电极引发的并发症。结论蝶骨电极可以记录到头皮脑电无法记录到的痫样放电,结合其他方法可对颞叶癫痫的致痫灶定位。     

术中皮层脑电图监测在癫痫外科手术中的临床应用

目的 探讨皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测在癫痫外科手术中的作用.方法 2007年12月至2008年6月期间,30例难治性癫痫患者在经过详细的术前评估后,进行了手术治疗,术中通过ECoG进一步精确定位致痫灶.结果 对30例患者手术前后ECoG进行了比较.手术前ECoG在致痫灶表面及其周围,均记录到分散的或密集的棘波、尖波、多棘波或棘慢综合波;致痫灶切除后,癫痫波消失者20例,有10例致痫灶周围仍有残余棘波发放,加用皮层热灼后,6例癫痫波消失;4例仍可见有少量棘波发放.随访12～18个月,28例癫痫得到有效控制,癫痫控制有效率达93.33%.结论 应用术中ECoG监测下手术切除致痫灶是一种治疗难治性癫痫的有效方法.     

小儿难治性颞叶癫痫的外科治疗(附78例报告)

[目的]研究小儿难治性颞叶癫痫的致痫灶定位、手术适应证及手术治疗效果.[方法]综合运用脑电图、影像学、偶极子定位与颅内电极等方法,对 78 例难治性颞叶癫痫患儿进行癫痫灶定位和外科手术治疗,并进行手术疗效和手术前后心理状况评估.[结果]所有患儿术后均定期随访6～28 个月,疗效满意 45 例(57.7%),显著改善 19 例(24.4%),良好 11 例(14.1%),效果差 2 例(2.5%),无改善 1 例(1.3%).原有智力缺陷改善 13 例,占 36.1%(13/36),行为障碍恢复 23 例,占 41.5%(23/53),学习困难提高 18 例,占 72.0%(18/25).心理状况改善16例,占53.3%(16/30),无变化8例,占10.2%(8/78).[结论]综合应用影像学、电生理和计算机图像融合技术,可以对大多数颞叶癫痫病灶的起源进行精确定位诊断,早期外科手术对小儿难治性颞叶癫痫是一种有效治疗方式.     

术中皮层脑电监测对难治性癫痫致痫灶定位的价值

目的:探讨癫痫手术中皮层脑电图监测指导切除致痫灶的应用价值.方法:2007年3月至2010年8月期间36例难治性癫痫患者经严格术前评估后,开颅手术治疗.术中在EcoG引导下精确定位致痫灶,确定手术范围,手术切除病灶及其周围的致痫灶.结果:术后随访后随访12～ 449个月.根据Engel疗效分级标准进行疗效评价,Ⅰ级22例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级2例,有效率94.4％,显效率83.3％.结论:术中应用EcoG监测能大大提高致痫灶空间定位的准确性,有效地指导癫痫手术.EcoG在不同病理类型的致痫灶中的诊断价值不尽相同,皮质发育不良的术中EcoG应用前景广阔.     

功能区外伤性癫痫的手术治疗

目的 探讨功能区外伤性癫痫的手术治疗方法.方法 经术前评估,19例难治性功能区外伤性癫痫患者在皮层脑电图监测下行致痫灶多处软膜下横纤维切断术,并根据需要辅以胼胝体前部切开术、前颞叶切除术、选择性杏仁核-海马切除术等.结果 患者的癫痫发作明显改善,按照Engel分级,19例手术患者,Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级2例,无Ⅳ级患者.结论 认真术前评估、术中皮层脑电图监测下行多处软膜下横纤维切断术是外科治疗功能区外伤性癫痫获得良好效果的关键环节.     

Resting functional MRI with temporal clustering analysis for localization of epileptic activity without EEG

We report on the methods and initial findings of a novel noninvasive technique, resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with temporal clustering analysis (TCA), for localizing interictal epileptic activity. Nine subjects were studied including six temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with confirmed localization indicated by successful seizure control after resection. The remaining three subjects had standard presurgical evaluations with inconsistent results or suspected extratemporal lobe foci. Peaks of activity, presumably epileptic, were detected in all nine subjects, using the resting functional MRI with temporal clustering analysis. In all six patients who underwent resective surgery, the fMRI with temporal clustering analysis accurately determined the epileptogenic hippocampal hemisphere (P = 0.005). In the three subjects without confirmed localization, the technique determined regions of activity consistent with those determined by the presurgical assessments. Though more studies are required to validate this technique, the results demonstrate the potential of the resting fMRI with temporal clustering technique to detect and localize epileptic activity without the need for simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG). The greatest potential benefit of this technique will be in the evaluation of patients with suspected extratemporal lobe epilepsy and patients whose standard assessments are discordant.     

局部脑血流的单光子发射CT显像对难治性癫痫病灶的定位价值

笔者应用局部脑血流(rCBF)的单光子发射 CT(SPECT)显像方法对34例临床确诊为难治性癫痫的患者进行了发作间期的检查。结果表明:34例患者均见到 rCBF 减少,其中30例呈局灶性改变,可作出定位诊断,癫痫病灶的检出率为88.24%(30/40),显著优于 CT、头皮电极 EEG 和蝶骨电极 EEG描记。17例复杂部分性发作的病灶多数位于颞叶或累及颞叶(13/17),但亦见于额叶。简单部分发作、复杂部分性发作或复杂部分性发作继发大发作的多数病灶局限,适宜于手术治疗。11例外科治疗后随访结果表明:切除 rCBF 显像所示之病灶的疗效最佳,仅作胼胝体切开的效果次之.rCBF 显像为制定手术方案提供了依据.     

脑电监测在癫痫患者间期皮层和皮层下高代谢灶的判读中的应用

目的　探讨癫痫患者无临床发作情况下18F氟脱氧葡萄糖(18Ffluorodeoxyglucose,18FFDG)正电子发射计算机断层 (positron emission tomography, PET)脑显像呈现高代谢时脑电监测的应用价值。 方法　对北京协和医院2008年1月至2014年3月共3例无临床发作的间期情况下18FFDG PET脑显像呈现皮层或皮层下高代谢的癫痫患者, 静脉注射安定抑制皮层放电，在脑电监测确认无皮层异常放电时复查18FFDG PET脑显像，并对比两次显像结果。结果　病例1为颞叶癫痫患者，在无临床发作时18FFDG PET显像除发现右颞低代谢外，右额部分皮层及同侧基底节、丘脑及左侧小脑局灶代谢增高。脑电监测下抑制皮层放电后的18FFDG PET显像示原额叶皮层及同侧基底节、丘脑、对侧小脑高代谢灶消失。表明该患者上述高代谢灶为颞叶外皮层潜在致痫灶亚临床放电所致，同时证实了致痫灶与同侧基底节丘脑、对侧小脑之间的神经传导。此例改变了先前单纯前颞叶切除术的临床决策。病例2的间期18FFDG PET显像发现右侧大片额叶皮层高代谢，脑电监测下抑制临床下放电后，原皮层高代谢仍存在，原同侧基底节、对侧小脑的高代谢已不明显,证实皮层存在高代谢的基础病变(炎症)，而基底节丘脑为继发功能改变，确定了病变性质及范围。病例3为颞叶癫痫患者，临床及脑电无法确定癫痫起源部位，磁共振成像未见明显异常。18FFDG PET显像在无临床发作的情况下左侧海马区呈高代谢，脑电监测下在明确的间期状态复查18FFDG PET脑显像，左侧海马区仍为高代谢。提示该部位存在基础病变(肿瘤),帮助临床确定手术部位。 结论　癫痫患者无临床发作情况下18FFDG PET显像呈现高代谢图像时，在脑电监测下确认绝对的间期状态时复查18FFDG PET显像，有助于分析高代谢的病因及明确病变范围，帮助作出临床决策。     

Positron emission tomography and epilepsy.

PURPOSE: This review examines the current role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the investigation and management of patients with epilepsy. PROCEDURES: A literature review utilizing MEDLINE(R) and other sources was undertaken. For the comparison of the accuracy of PET with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for seizure focus localization, only publications since 1994 were examined. Individual patient data was tabulated to provide figures for seizure focus localization rates for different types of focal epilepsy and the prognostic value of PET findings for epilepsy surgery outcome. RESULTS: The majority of PET studies used 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). The epileptogenic sites typically show reduced FDG uptake (hypometabolism). In patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), unilateral temporal lobe hypometabolism (UTH) corresponding to the seizure focus was seen in 86% of patients. In the same population, MRI demonstrated relevant abnormalities in 76%. UTH contralateral to the seizure focus was rarely seen (3%). Following temporal lobectomy, 86% of patients with ipsilateral UTH had a good outcome. When MRI was normal, UTH predicted a good outcome in 82%. Fifty percent with bitemporal hypometabolism had independent bilateral foci, and in those who proceeded to surgery only 50% had a good result. In extratemporal epilepsy, hypometabolism relevant to the focus was seen in 67% but, as in TLE, it was often more extensive than pathological abnormality. Recently evidence of a role for 11C-Flumazenil has emerged with reduced binding in the primary epileptogenic site. 11C-Flumazenil abnormalities appear more restricted to abnormal cortex and may be a better guide to the extent of resection required for surgical success. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET has a key role in the evaluation of patients with intractable partial epilepsy, particularly when surgery is a treatment option. Development and application of more specific biochemical probes may further improve the clinical value of PET for the understanding and treatment of epilepsy.     

脑电监测在癫痫患者间期皮层和皮层下高代谢灶判读中的应用

  目的  探讨癫痫患者无临床发作情况下¹⁸F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose, ¹⁸F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层(positron emission tomography, PET)脑显像呈现高代谢时脑电监测的应用价值。  方法  对北京协和医院2008年1月至2014年3月共3例无临床发作的间期情况下¹⁸F-FDG PET脑显像呈现皮层或皮层下高代谢的癫痫患者, 静脉注射安定抑制皮层放电, 在脑电监测确认无皮层异常放电时复查¹⁸F-FDG PET脑显像, 并对比两次显像结果。  结果  病例1为颞叶癫痫患者, 在无临床发作时¹⁸F-FDG PET显像除发现右颞低代谢外, 右额部分皮层及同侧基底节、丘脑及左侧小脑局灶代谢增高。脑电监测下抑制皮层放电后的¹⁸F-FDG PET显像示原额叶皮层及同侧基底节、丘脑、对侧小脑高代谢灶消失。表明该患者上述高代谢灶为颞叶外皮层潜在致痫灶亚临床放电所致, 同时证实了致痫灶与同侧基底节丘脑、对侧小脑之间的神经传导。此例改变了先前单纯前颞叶切除术的临床决策。病例2的间期¹⁸F-FDG PET显像发现右侧大片额叶皮层高代谢, 脑电监测下抑制临床下放电后, 原皮层高代谢仍存在, 原同侧基底节、对侧小脑的高代谢已不明显, 证实皮层存在高代谢的基础病变(炎症), 而基底节丘脑为继发功能改变, 确定了病变性质及范围。病例3为颞叶癫痫患者, 临床及脑电无法确定癫痫起源部位, 磁共振成像未见明显异常。¹⁸F-FDG PET显像在无临床发作的情况下左侧海马区呈高代谢, 脑电监测下在明确的间期状态复查¹⁸F-FDG PET脑显像, 左侧海马区仍为高代谢。提示该部位存在基础病变(肿瘤), 帮助临床确定手术部位。  结论  癫痫患者无临床发作情况下¹⁸F-FDG PET显像呈现高代谢图像时, 在脑电监测下确认绝对的间期状态时复查¹⁸F-FDG PET显像, 有助于分析高代谢的病因及明确病变范围, 帮助作出临床决策。     

双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫的外科治疗

目的探讨双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫的外科手术治疗方法及效果。方法 5例MRI显示双侧颞叶病变的患者,临床症状、核磁共振成像（MRI）、长程视频脑电监测（V-EEG）及正电子发射断层显像-计算机断层显像（PET-CT）等检查均不能定位起源病灶,行MRI引导立体定向下双侧海马深部电极置入术,对术后V-EEG,综合分析结果,确定起源病灶侧别后行手术治疗。结果术后随访半年以上,按照Engel的疗效判断标准：Ⅰ级4例（行起源侧前颞叶海马杏仁核切除术）,Ⅱ级1例（行起源侧海马神经调控治疗）。结论对双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫,通过立体定向下双侧海马深部电极置入术及术后长程V-EEG方法,综合分析结果能较准确确定癫起源灶,同时也能成功指导外科手术。     

Functional MR imaging in assessment of language dominance in epileptic patients

The value of functional MR Imaging (fMRI) in assessing language lateralization in epileptic patients candidate for surgical treatment is increasingly recognized. However few data are available for left-handed patients. Moreover determining factors for atypical dominance in patients investigated with contemporary imaging have not been reported. We studied 20 patients (14 males, 6 females; 9 right handed, 11 left handed) aged from 9 to 48 years, investigated for intractable partial epilepsy. Epileptic focus location was temporal in 14 cases, extratemporal in 6, and lateralized in the left hemisphere in 11/20. Hemispheric dominance for language was evaluated by both Wada test and fMRI using a silent word generation paradigm in all patients. Furthermore, a postictal speech test was performed in 15 patients. An fMRI language lateralization index was calculated from the number of activated pixels (Student's t test, P < 0.0001) in the right and left hemispheres. The Wada test showed a right hemispheric dominance in 8 patients (6 were left handed and 2 right handed) and a left hemispheric dominance in 12 patients (5 were left handed and 7 right handed). These results were concordant with clinical postictal examination in 11/15 patients (73%). Clinical status did not allow a conclusion about hemispheric dominance for the remaining 4 patients. FMRI was concordant with the Wada test in 19/20 cases. For one left-handed patient, fMRI showed bilateral activation, whereas the Wada test demonstrated a right hemispheric dominance. Right language lateralization was significantly correlated with left lateralized epilepsy (P < 0.05) but was not correlated with age at epilepsy onset, early brain injury (before 6 years), and lobar localization of epileptogenic focus. However the lack of a significant relationship between these factors and atypical language lateralization may be related to the small sample size.     

发作间期PET显像与发作期SPECT脑显像在小儿顽固性癫痫定位诊断中的价值

目的:探讨发作间期FDG PET与发作期SPECT脑显像在小儿顽固性癫痫定位诊断中的价值。方法:对30例小儿顽固性癫痫患者行发作间期FDG PET与发作期SPECT显像,并对结果进行对比分析。结果:16例发作间期PET表现为局限性单叶代谢减低,14例表现为多灶或弥漫性改变。发作期SPECT显像18例为单叶局限性高灌注,10例为多处高灌注灶。30例患者中26例(86.7%)两项检查结果相符合,12例PET发作间期呈多病灶或弥漫性改变者,6例于发作期转化为单叶局限性病灶。结论:发作期SPECT结合发作间期PET显像,两者联合应用优势互补,可提高癫痫定位的准确性,为进一步治疗提供更可靠的信息。     

Oxidative stress markers in surgically treated patients with refractory epilepsy

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the redox status of drug-resistant epileptic patients and how it is modified after surgical treatment. DESIGN AND METHODS: The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), and markers of damage to biomolecules (malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products) were determined by spectrophotometric methods in the serum of 9 drug-resistant epileptic patients, before and at different times after surgery, and in 32 control subjects. RESULTS: Pre-surgery, epileptic patients presented increases in markers of oxidative damage and alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, patients showed a correlation between advanced oxidation protein products and the evolution time of the illness. After surgery, patients showed a trend to normalization in all the measured variables, except for the superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with an oxidative stress condition that is favourably modified by the surgical resection of the epileptic foci.     

难治性颞叶癫痫患者棘波灶及海马突触损伤的电镜观察

目的研究颞叶癫痫皮层棘波灶及海马突触的病理变化。方法原发性难治性颞叶癫痫行手术治疗患者9例，手术中在皮层脑电监测下取棘波灶的颞叶大脑皮质和海马组织，电镜下观察。结果颞叶皮质和海马突触数量及突触结构改变。缩论颡叶皮层和海马超微结构的改变，特别是突触重组，可能是癫痫反复自发性发作的形态学基础，该病理变化与痫样活动的产生及神经系统的兴奋抑制平衡失调有关。