蓖麻毒素单克隆抗体的制备、纯化及鉴定

目的 制备抗蓖麻毒素单克隆抗体并鉴定其特性.方法 以甲醛处理的蓖麻毒素毒蛋白为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠;取免疫小鼠的脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,经间接ELISA法筛选、融合细胞有限稀释法克隆、克隆化杂交瘤细胞株的亚类鉴定等方法筛选出单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,用杂交瘤细胞株诱生小鼠腹水,应用蛋白A亲和层析法进行单抗的纯化,并对单克隆抗体的特异性进行鉴定.结果 获得了4株可稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞2F6、4D3、1E4和1C7,诱生的腹水效价分别为1:1×107、1:1×106、1:1×105、1:1×106,亚类鉴定表明2E6为IgG1,其余3株均为IgG2h;特异性鉴定显示它们与多种毒素均无交叉反应,经过亲和层析,获得了纯化的单抗.结论 获得了特异性的蓖麻毒素单克隆抗体,为建立蓖麻毒素的检测及纯化方法奠定了基础,其中2E6的效价最高,可作为检测蓖麻毒素的核心试剂.     

人survivin蛋白的表达、纯化与单克隆抗体制备

目的:表达人survivin重组蛋白并制备单克隆抗体.方法:表达含有survivin基因的重组质粒pRSETB-survivin,表达人survivin重组蛋白,以此为抗原,常规方法免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与NS21细胞融合,得稳定分泌survivin mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,ELISA检测mAb的相对亲和力,Western blot检测mAb的特异性.间接免疫荧光观察骨肉瘤细胞中survivin的表达情况.结果:重组载体pRSETB-survivin转化入大肠杆菌BL21中表达所得蛋白经Western blot验证为目的蛋白.筛选出2株能稳定分泌特异性抗人survivin的mAb杂交瘤细胞株,免疫球蛋白亚类均为IgG类;单克隆抗体的亲和常数为S1 1.52×10-9mol/L,S2 2.31×10-9mol/L.Western blot结果显示,2株单抗识别相对分子质量为20 000的survivin单一条带,并发现在骨肉瘤细胞中survivin主要表达在胞浆内.结论:成功地表达出人survivin重组蛋白,制备出抗人survivin mAb,为进一步用于survivin的免疫学检测及骨肉瘤生物学治疗奠定了基础.     

抗人红细胞血型糖蛋白A非多态性表位单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的制备抗人红细胞血型糖蛋白A(Glycophorin A,GPA)非多态性表位单克隆抗体并鉴定其特性。方法用小鼠B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术获得分泌单抗-GPA非多态性表位的杂交瘤细胞株;鉴定抗体特异性和亚型;通过和各种酶处理细胞的反应确定单抗结合抗原位点的特性。结果得到的2株抗-GPA非多态性表位的单克隆细胞株Q6D7和Q7C9,均属IgG1亚类、Kappa型轻链,所针对的抗原位点均抗胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶处理,对无花果酶、木瓜酶、唾液酸酶敏感。结论制备获得2株抗-GPA非多态性表位单克隆抗体。     

抗曲霉硫氧还蛋白还原酶单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备烟曲霉硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TR)GliT单克隆抗体(单抗)并进行鉴定。方法取重组烟曲霉TR蛋白免疫的BALB/c小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞Sp2/0融合,筛选分泌抗TR抗体的杂交瘤细胞,有限稀释法克隆化。用ELISA法测定抗体效价,IsoStrip鉴定抗体类、型,用western blot、免疫荧光分析技术和免疫组化染色鉴定单抗的特异性。结果筛选到1株稳定分泌抗TR单抗(Anti-TR1)的杂交瘤细胞,抗体亚类为IgG1,轻链为κ型。ELISA法测定效价为5×105,能够与烟曲霉分泌蛋白及菌丝中天然TR特异性结合,还可与基因重组TR特异性结合。免疫荧光检测表明,该株单抗与烟曲霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉菌丝均发生反应,是曲霉属特异性的抗体。病理组织免疫组化染色结果显示,该抗体可与曲霉菌丝产生特异性反应。结论获得了1株持续分泌高效价抗曲霉属特异性抗TR单抗的交杂瘤细胞株,为进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

利用重组蛋白制备和鉴定分枝杆菌HSP65单克隆抗体

目的制备针对牛分枝杆菌热休克蛋白65（HSP65）的单克隆抗体（mAb）并进行鉴定。方法以CpG ODN1826／Alum为佐剂，不同的HSP65融合蛋白为免疫抗原和检测抗窄，用聚乙二醇（PEG）法制备杂交瘤细胞，ELISA检测杂交瘤细胞分泌抗体的效价和类型，Western blot分析抗体的特异性。结果获得5株稳定分泌抗HSP65蛋白的MeAb，3株细胞分泌的mAb为IgG1亚类，2株为IgG2a。ELISA和Western blot结果显示，mAb能特异性结合HSP65-PSA-tag、HSP65-MUC1-tag和HSP65重组蛋白，但与Chaperon-PSA重组蛋白和宿主菌BL21的菌体裂解蛋白不发生结合。结论纯化的重组蛋白可代替的牛分枝杆菌，用于HSP65 mAb的制备和鉴定。获得的HSP65 mAb为HSP65及其重组蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。     

超嗜热古菌组蛋白HPhA单克隆抗体制备与初步应用

目的 制备针对超嗜热古菌组蛋白HPhA的单克隆抗体并进行鉴定。方法 以重组纯化蛋白HPhA为抗原。用聚乙二醇（PEG）法制备杂交瘤细胞，ELISA检测杂交瘤细胞分泌抗体的效价和类型，Western blotting分析抗体的特异性。结果 获得3株稳定分泌抗HPhA蛋白的单克隆抗体（MAb），3株单克隆抗体1A12、3C11、384分别属于IgG1、IgM和IgG2b亚类。ELISA和Western blotting结果显示，单克隆抗体3B4能特异性结合HPhA及PEA-HPhA重组蛋白。结论 抗HPhA单克隆抗体可用于HPhA和PEA-HPhA检测。     

氧化高密度脂蛋白和氧化低密度脂蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

目的 制备抗氧化高密度脂蛋白(Ox-HDL)和氧化低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)单克隆抗体(McAb).方法 以Ox-HDL和Ox-LDL为抗原,免疫BALB/C小鼠,用杂交瘤技术建立稳定分泌抗相关抗原的McAb.用protein A柱亲和层析法纯化腹水中McAb,用Dot-ELISA和ELISA等鉴定其生物学活性.结果 获得3株不同结合特性的抗Ox-HDL和Ox-LDL的单克隆杂交瘤细胞(IC4Gl2,6H9A4A11和8C1A6),2株为IgG1亚型,1株为lgG2b亚型;腹水效价大干10',Dot-ELISA和ELISA检测证实1C4G12为具有对Ox-HDL和Ox-LDL交叉反应性的McAb,其与Ox-HDL单抗6H9A4A11可构成双抗体夹心体系测定0x-HDL水平,而与Ox-LDL单抗8C1A6构成的体系可测定Ox-LDL水平.结论 本实验通过构建3株不同特性的交叉反应性McAb,可用于测定Ox-HDL和Ox-LDL免疫方法 的建立.     

一组抗HCV核壳蛋白的单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 获取HCV 核壳蛋白抗原结构新的信息。方法 以基因重组的HCV 核壳蛋白区抗原免疫 Balb/c 小鼠,利用小鼠杂交瘤技术。结果 建立了42株分泌抗 HCV区单克隆抗体(单抗)的杂交瘤细胞株。其抗体类别均为IgG。经免疫印迹提示本组单抗与HCV 核壳蛋白有反应。结论 IFA(免疫荧光)证实本组单抗能识别天然 HCV核壳蛋白抗原决定簇。     

人心肌肌钙蛋白I的重组表达及其单克隆抗体的制备

目的构建人心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的表达载体,表达cTnI重组蛋白,并制备其单克隆抗体(mAb)。方法以化学方法合成cTnI基因并插入融合表达载体pBV220的多克隆位点,构建重组表达质粒pBV220/cTnI。以重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH5α,筛选阳性重组子,经热激诱导目的蛋白的表达,表达产物的免疫学活性用Westernblot进行鉴定。以基因重组的cTnI蛋白为抗原,常规方法免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与NS1细胞融合,获得稳定分泌cTnImAb的杂交瘤细胞株,ELISA检测mAb的相对亲和力;Westernblot检测mAb的特异性。结果酶切鉴定和DNA测序显示cTnI重组表达载体中含有人cTnI全长编码序列。将该重组载体转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中表达所得蛋白经WesternBlot验证为目的蛋白。筛选出2株能稳定分泌特异性抗cTnI的mAb杂交瘤细胞株,免疫球蛋白亚类均为IgG类;Westernblot结果显示,两株单抗识别相对分子量为24000的cTnI单一条带;中和抑制试验表明培养上清中的抗体能明显被cTnI中和;cTnI单克隆抗体的亲和常数为Kaff=1.62×109(mol/L)-1。结论成功地构建了cTnI表达载体、表达出cTnI重组蛋白,制备出抗cTnImAb,为进一步用于cTnI的体外免疫学检测奠定了基础。     

氧化低密度脂蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的制备抗氧化低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)单克隆抗体(Ox-LDL mcAb)。方法以Ox-LDL为抗原,免疫Balb／c小鼠,用杂交瘤技术建立稳定分泌抗Ox-LDL mcAb的杂交瘤细胞,用protein A柱亲和层析法纯化腹水中mcAb,用ELISA,western- blot等鉴定其生物学活性。结果获得2株能稳定分泌Ox-LDL mcAb的杂交瘤细胞(6E9D,7G3C),均为IgG1亚型;染色体数目为100-106条;腹水效价为105;western-blot分析和ELISA检测证实2株mcAb均与Ox-LDL有较高的特异性。结论本实验成功制备了2株抗Ox-LDL特异性的mcAb,可用于Ox-LDL免疫检测方法的建立。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.