虚拟现实语言训练对卒中后失语患者干预效果的Meta分析

目的 评价虚拟现实（virtual reality,VR）技术对卒中后失语（post-stroke aphasia,PSA）患者语言功能的康复疗效，比较该方法 与常规语言康复训练的疗效差异，为临床更规范有效地应用VR技术提供证据。方法 检索Pub Med、CINAHL等9个数据库及临床试验注册平台中关于VR语言训练治疗PSA的随机对照试验，检索时限为建库至2022年3月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献，评价文献质量及提取信息。采用Rev Man 5.4软件进行Meta分析，并采用推荐分级的评价、制订与评估（grades of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE）系统进行证据质量评级。结果 共纳入9篇文献，包括311例患者。Meta分析结果 显示：VR语言训练能提高PSA患者的自发言语能力[SMD=0.88,95%CI(0.57,1.20),P<0.001]，命名能力[SMD=0.60,95%CI(0.30,0.90),P=0.001]，听理解能力[SMD=0.81,95%CI (0.40,1.22),P...     

针药联合言语康复训练治疗脑卒中后失语症患者的疗效探究

目的：探讨针药联合言语康复训练治疗对脑卒中后失语症患者的治疗效果。方法：将2020年1~12月收治的脑卒中患者中选取失语患者82例纳入研究对象,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组40例和联合组42例,对照组给予言语康复训练,联合组给予针药联合言语康复训练。比较两组临床疗效、治疗前后语言功能及神经功能改善情况。结果：对照组治疗总有效率为72.50%（29/40）,低于联合组的90.48%（38/42）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗前两组语言功能各项评分（听理解能力、复述能力、阅读能力、书写能力）及神经功能评分对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后联合组语言功能各项评分（听理解能力、复述能力、阅读能力、书写能力）及神经功能评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：脑卒中后失语症患者采用针药联合言语康复训练有助于语言功能障碍及神经功能缺损情况得到有效改善,促进临床疗效的提升,较单纯言语康复训练的治疗效果更佳。     

有氧运动对帕金森病患者认知功能干预效果的Meta分析

目的：系统评价有氧运动对帕金森病患者认知功能的干预效果。方法：系统检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、PsycINFO、中国知网数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文摘数据库，收集从建库至2022年5月22日公开发表的有氧运动干预帕金森病患者认知功能的随机对照试验和非随机对照试验。进行文献筛选、数据提取和质量评价后，采用Stata17.0软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入19项研究，Meta分析结果显示，与对照组比较，有氧运动可提高帕金森病患者的注意力（SMD=0.31;95%CI 0.13～0.50;P<0.001）、执行功能（SMD=0.59;95%CI 0.39～0.78;P<0.001）、记忆力（SMD=0.43;95%CI 0.09～0.77;P=0.02）评分。结论：有氧运动可以改善帕金森病患者的记忆力、执行功能和注意力，但其具体的运动剂量仍需要更多高质量的研究进一步完善。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍疗效的Meta分析

目的 探讨高频重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍的疗效。 方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science、EBSCO全文数据库、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国万方数据库、中国知网数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中的文献,收集有关高频rTMS治疗PSCI的随机对照试验并评估其风险,对纳入研究的文献资料采用RevMan 5.3版统计学软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入文献14篇,其中脑卒中患者1000例。Meta分析结果显示,经高频rTMS治疗后,rTMS组的MMSE、MoCA、MBI评分和P300结果均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义［MMSE评分为SMD=1.85, 95%CI（0.36, 3.53）, P<0.00001;MoCA评分：SMD=0.80, 95%CI（0.64, 0.95）, P<0.00001;P300潜伏期为SMD=-1.42, 95%CI（-2.08,-0.76）, P＜0.0001;P300波幅为SMD=0.95, 95%CI（0.66,1.24）, P<0.00001;MBI评分为SMD=0.74, 95%CI（0.53, 0.96）, P<0.00001］。 结论 高频rTMS可显著改善PSCI患者的认知功能和日常生活活动能力。     

多奈哌齐联合言语训练治疗脑卒中后失语症的临床观察

目的：观察多奈哌齐联合言语训练治疗脑卒中后失语症（PSA）的临床疗效.方法：PSA患者60例,随机分入2组各30例,2组均给予语言障碍ZM2.1行进言语康复训练,观察组加用多奈哌齐治疗.采用中国康复研究中心标准汉语失语症检查量表对失语症康复疗效进行评价.结果：治疗4周后,观察组除漫画说明外,余各项评分均较治疗前明显提高,对照组除句子朗读外,余各项评分均较治疗前明显提高（均P＜0.05）;观察组名词命名能力的改善优于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：语言障碍ZM2.1语言康复训练对PSA患者的语言功能改善有效,多奈哌齐与其联合应用对改善PSA患者命名能力可能疗效更佳.     

低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗卒中后非流畅性失语的系统评价

目的：系统评价低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗卒中后非流畅性失语症患者的疗效。方法：检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方、维普和中国生物医学文献数据库，搜集rTMS治疗卒中后失语症患者的随机对照试验（RCT），检索时段为建库至2020年6月。筛选文献后，对能够进行效应量合并的研究采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析；其余研究采用描述性分析。结果：纳入10个随机对照试验。6篇文献以西部失语症检查的失语商（WAB-AQ）为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示：接受低频重复经颅磁刺激后，干预组的WAB-AQ评分优于对照组［SMD=1.27，95%CI（0.71，1.82），P＜0.01］。2篇文献采用了汉语失语成套测验（ABC）评分为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示：2组得分差异无统计学意义［MD=6.07，95%CI（-6.92，19.05），P=0.36］。结论：低频重复经颅磁刺激能有效改善卒中后非流畅性失语患者的言语功能，但上述结论仍需更多大样本或统一评价量表的临床试验予以验证。     

神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的系统评价及Meta分析

目的：综合评价神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的治疗效果。方法：计算机检索The Cochrane Library、PubMed、Medline、WOS核心集合、CINAHL、EMbase、OCLC、ProQuest、中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学期刊数据库中关于神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的随机对照试验。采用5.1.0版Cochrane 评价手册对文献质量进行评价，RevMan 5.3软件对资料进行系统分析。结果：共纳入46篇随机对照试验（RCT）文献。30篇文献以吞咽功能评分为结局指标，评价了神经肌肉电刺激+常规吞咽训练与常规吞咽训练的治疗效果比较，Meta分析结果显示，SMD=0.60，95%CI=0.11~1.09（P＜0.05）；7篇文献以治疗效果是否有效为结局指标，评价了神经肌肉电刺激+常规吞咽训练与常规吞咽训练的治疗效果比较，Meta分析结果显示，OR=0.21，95%CI=0.13~0.35（P＜0.05）；4篇神经肌肉电刺激与常规吞咽训练比较，以吞咽功能评分为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示，SMD=0.04，95%CI=-0.19~0.26（P＞0.05）；3篇神经肌肉电刺激与针灸治疗效果比较，以吞咽功能评分为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示，SMD=0.52，95%CI=-0.21~1.26（P＞0.05）；3篇神经肌肉电刺激与电针治疗效果比较，以吞咽功能评分为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示，SMD=0.45，95%CI=-0.31~1.22（P＞0.05）；2篇神经肌肉电刺激与肌电反馈治疗效果比较，以吞咽功能评分为结局指标，Meta分析结果显示，SMD=0.77，95%CI=-0.05~1.58（P＞0.05）。结论：常规吞咽训练联合神经肌肉电刺激与单纯常规吞咽训练治疗效果比较有统计学提高；神经肌肉电刺激疗法与常规吞咽训练、针灸疗法治疗、电针疗法治疗、肌电生物反馈等相比治疗效果，无统计学差异。     

经颅直流电刺激治疗脑卒中后失语症临床疗效Meta分析CSCD

目的:采用Meta分析方法评价经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)治疗脑卒中后失语症的临床疗效。方法:通过计算机检索中国知网数据库、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普中文期刊全文数据库等中文数据库和PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library等英文数据库有关tDCS治疗脑卒中后失语症的随机对照试验(RCTs),检索时间为建库至2021年8月。主要结局指标包括临床疗效、失语症状评分[西方失语症成套测验(WAB)、图片命名能力、日常生活交流能力表(CADL)等]。由2名研究员根据纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选、资料提取、质量评价。等级资料以比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)作为效应指标,采用Stata 15对临床疗效进行Meta分析;采用RevMan 5.4软件进行连续型数据Meta分析,连续型资料以均数差(MD)及95%CI为效应指标。通过P值和I^(2)值综合判断是否存在异质性,若纳入研究具有同质性(P≥0.1,I^(2)≤50%),采用固定效应模型;若纳入研究异质性较大(P<0.1,I^(2)>50%)时,采用随机效应模型。结果:纳入16项RCTs,共843例患者。Meta分析结果显示,(1)临床疗效:与对照组比较,试验组临床疗效明显更高[OR=3.46,95%CI(2.30,5.21),P<0.001]。(2)WAB评分:与对照组比较,试验组WAB-失语商(WAB-AQ)评分明显更高[MD=14.06,95%CI(11.82,16.29),Z=12.32,P<0.00001],WAB-自发语言评分明显更高[MD=2.13,95%CI(1.32,2.94),Z=5.17,P<0.00001],WAB-听理解评分明显更高[MD=0.50,95%CI(0.05,0.95),Z=2.20,P=0.03],WAB-复述评分明显更高[MD=2.58,95%CI(2.18,2.98),Z=12.54,P<0.00001],WAB-命名评分明显更高[MD=2.07,95%CI(1.63,2.50),Z=9.28,P<0.00001]。(3)图片命名能力:与对照组比较,试验组图片命名评分明显更高[MD=23.17,95%CI(10.11,36.23),Z=3.48,P=0.0005]。(4)CADL评分:与对照组比较,试验组CADL评分明显更高[MD=15.08,95%CI(10.88,19.27),Z=7.05,P<0.00001]。结结论论:tDCS可有效改善脑卒中后失语症患者日常生活交流能力、图片命名能力及自发语言、听理解、复述、命名等语言方面能力,临床疗效较高,且安全性良好。由于纳入研究的局限性,下一步研究仍需要开展高质量、大样本的临床随机对照研究,以提供更可靠的循证依据。     

头电针配合言语训练治疗脑卒中后失语的临床研究

目的:研究头电针配合言语训练对脑卒中后失语症患者语言功能的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将90例患者分为试验组和对照组,试验组采取语言康复训练配合头电针治疗,对照组仅采用言语训练治疗,言语训练采用Schuell刺激法对患者进行一对一的训练,对不同类型的失语症患者训练类型有所侧重。每次30min,每周5次,2周为1个疗程。针灸治疗选取头部穴位,运动性失语取运动区,感觉性失语取感觉区,完全性失语取语言三区,并且配合百会、风府、哑门等穴位。每周治疗5次,2周为1个疗程,共治疗1个疗程。语言功能评分采用《汉语失语成套测验》,就自发说话、语言理解、复述和命名四方面内容对患者治疗前后的评分进行比较。失语程度采用波士顿诊断性失语症检查法(Boston diagnostic aphasia examination,BDAE)分级标准进行评价,总疗效比较采用波士顿诊断性失语症检查法。结果:试验组患者治疗前后自发说话、言语理解、复述及命名的评分及失语程度评分的比较,差异有显著性意义(P分别为0.01、0.03、0.02、0.02、0.02,P均0.05),对照组患者治疗前后自发说话、言语理解、复述及命名的评分及失语程度评分的比较,差异有显著性意义(P分别为0.02、0.03、0.01、0.02、0.03,P均0.05),且治疗后两组患者自发说话、言语理解、复述及命名的评分及失语程度评分比较有显著性差异(P分别为0.03、0.03、0.03、0.02、0.03,P均0.05)。两组总疗效比较差异有显著性意义(P为0.03,P0.05)。结论:头电针配合言语训练能明显改善脑卒中患者自发说话、言语理解、复述及命名的评分及失语程度,疗效优于单纯言语训练。     

肺康复治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期疗效的系统评价

目的 系统评价肺康复对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的康复效果。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普中文科技期刊数据库和万方数据库，检索时限均为从建库至2016年8月1日，搜集肺康复治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的相关随机对照试验。由2位评价员独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用RevMan 5.3版Meta分析软件进行分析。 结果 本研究共纳入7篇随机对照试验文献，共计486例患者。经Meta分析结果显示，治疗后，肺康复组的呼吸困难指数［SMD=-0.79，95%CI（-1.39，-0.20），P<0.01］，6 min步行距离［SMD=0.74，95%CI（0.28，1.21），P<0.01］以及呼吸困难评分［SMD= -0.85，95%CI（-1.29，-0.40），P<0.01］均显著优于对照组，而2组在肺功能的康复方面，差异无统计学意义［SMD= 0.15，95%CI（-0.07，0.37），P>0.05］。 结论 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期进行肺康复是安全、可行的。肺康复可改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的运动耐力、呼吸困难程度以及日常生活活动能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.