血液透析患者血清铜兰蛋白与铁缺乏、炎症反应及过氧化反应的关系

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者血清铜兰蛋白与铁缺乏、炎症反应及过氧化反应之间的关系.方法检测68名维持性血液透析患者血清铜兰蛋白、血清铁、转铁蛋白、铁蛋白以及白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α、丙二醛,分析铜兰蛋白与上述各指标间的相互关系. 结果与正常人相比,透析患者血清铜兰蛋白显著增高,血清铁和转铁蛋白显著降低,白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和丙二醛显著增高;血清铁和转铁蛋白与铜兰蛋白水平呈显著负相关,白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和丙二醛与铜兰蛋白水平呈显著正相关. 结论血清铜兰蛋白水平检测可综合反映透析患者体内铁缺乏、炎症状态和过氧化反应水平.     

低钙透析液对钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺素的影响

目的：探讨应用低钙透析液对血液透析患者钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺功能的影响。方法：15例有高磷血症的血液透析患者，应用1．25mmol／L钙浓度透析液透析8个月，比较透析前与4个月、8个月后血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及甲状旁腺激素的变化。结果：应用低钙透析液4个月后，患者血钙、血磷及钙磷乘积均明显下降，甲状旁腺激素下降，但差异无统计学意义。8个月后，与实验前比较，血钙及钙磷乘积明显下降，血磷下降，甲状旁腺激素升高。与透析4个月比较，血钙无明显下降，血磷升高，甲状旁腺激素明显升高。结论：短期使用低钙透析液可降低血钙和钙磷乘积水平，降低甲状旁腺激素，长期应用，可能加重继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。     

低剂量阿法骨化醇的长期应用对维持性血液透析患者血钙磷及PTH的影响

近年来越来越多的研究表明,钙磷代谢紊乱、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）是造成维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心血管等系统并发症的重要原因。而活性维生素D的合理应用在维持钙磷稳态、调节甲状旁腺激素（PTH）和促进维持骨化中起着重要的作用。     

骨化三醇联合低钙透析液治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

[目的]探讨血液透析患者使用骨化三醇（钙三醇）和低钙透析液（含钙1.25 mmoI/L）治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效及不良反应.[方法]选择本院血液透析中心维持性血液透析患者12例,首先使用低钙透析液透析,根据继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的程度给予骨化三醇治疗;观察6个月,记录血钙、磷、钙磷乘积和全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）的变化及其他不良反应.[结果]治疗2个月时,12例患者血钙明显升高,iPTH水平显著降低（P〈0.05）,钙磷乘积和血磷有所增高（P〉0.05）;在结束观察时,钙磷乘积和血磷较治疗前显著增高（P〈0.05）,血钙、磷和钙磷乘积较治疗2个月时增高（P〉0.05）;10例患者的iPTH在150～320 pg/mL范围波动,2例患者iPTH出现反弹.12例患者对低钙透析液的耐受性良好.[结论]骨化三醇和低钙透析液对血液透析患者的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进治疗效果良好,对于透析前血钙不低的患者,推荐使用低钙透析液,可减少因服用含钙的磷结合剂所致体内钙负荷增加的危险,达到降低钙磷乘积和减少心血管钙化的目的.     

帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析伴继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床研究

目的探究帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析伴继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床疗效。方法采用随机数字表法将纳入的60例继发性甲状旁腺亢进症患者分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组给予西那卡塞片联合骨化三醇软胶囊治疗,观察组给予帕立骨化醇治疗,均治疗12周。检测两组治疗前和治疗后4、8及12周血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙及血磷水平,比较两组临床总有效率及不良反应发生率。结果观察组治疗4、8及12周后血清iPTH水平低于对照组(P<0.05),血钙水平高于对照组(P<0.05),血磷水平低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组临床总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析伴继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进效果好,能降低患者血清iPTH水平,调节钙磷代谢,提高疗效。     

低钙透析在血液透析继发性甲旁亢25例治疗中的应用和护理

目的探讨低钙透析在血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进进行骨化三醇冲击治疗中的临床应用。方法采用浓度1.25 mmol/L低钙透析液,观察25例维持性血液透析继发甲旁亢患者在骨化三醇冲击治疗中血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积,血清全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)等指标变化。结果所有患者治疗期间的血钙与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),血磷、钙磷乘积,iPTH水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.05)。结论维持性血液透析继发甲旁亢患者在骨化三醇冲击治疗中同时应用低钙透析是安全有效的,避免了高钙血症,降低了骨外软组织钙化的风险。     

维持性血液透析患者并发严重高钙血症的观察与护理21例

维持性血液透析是终末期肾衰竭尿毒症患者赖以生存的主要治疗手段，钙磷代谢异常是终末期肾衰竭患者的重要并发症之一，终末期肾衰竭患者均有低钙、高磷血症的倾向。纠正钙磷代谢紊乱临床上多用活性维生素耽罗钙全和含钙的磷结合剂碳酸钙来控制继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进和高血磷，而这些治疗的不良反应即是引发高钙血症。本院血液透析中心1993年2月-2005年6月收治维持性血液透析患者469例（总透析45678人次），发生严重高钙血症21例，经精心治疗与护理后好转，现报道如下。     

甲状旁腺激素与血液透析患者促红细胞生成素疗效的关系

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者免疫反应性甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）与贫血和促红细胞生成素（EPO）疗效的关系。方法46例维持性血液透析患者于透析日空腹采血测定血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比积（Hct）、血清铁蛋白（SF）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血清钙（Ca）、磷（P）、钙磷乘积（Ca×P）以及血浆白蛋白（Alb）、肌酐（Scr）和iPTH,记录重组人促红细胞生成素（r-HuEPO）用量,以r-HuEPO用量/Hct比值（EPO/Hct）作为EPO低反应指标。结果46例患者中20例（占43.5%）iPTH升高（iPTH增高组）,26例（占56.5%）正常（iPTH正常组）,iPTH增高组EPO/Hct比值、磷（P）、钙磷乘积（Ca×P）和iPTH水平均高于iPTH正常组,Hct、Hb低于PTH正常组;多因素逐步线性回归分析表明,影响EPO/Hct比值的因素有iPTH、年龄和透析疗程（R2=0.388,P=0.039）。结论继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进是维持性血液透析患者常见并发症之一,甲状旁腺激素升高是影响促红细胞生成素疗效的主要因素之一。     

维持性血液透析患者残余尿量与钙磷代谢的关系探讨

目的：探讨维持性血液透析患者残余尿量与钙、磷代谢的关系,为临床能更好控制钙、磷代谢紊乱,保护残存肾功能提供理论依据。方法：以180例血透患者作为调查对象,所有患者透析龄≥6个月。采用放射免疫法检测患者透析前全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）水平。根据年龄（≤45岁组和〉45岁组）、透析龄（〈3年组和≥3年组）、透析频率（每周≤2次组和〉2次组）、残余尿量（无尿组：尿量〈100mL／d和有尿组：尿量≥100mL／d）进行分组,对各组间钙、磷、钙磷乘积与iPTH等进行t检验比较;血清iPTH与透析龄、透析频率、钙、磷、钙磷乘积和残余尿量等指标的相关性进行多元逐步回归分析。结果：根据透析患者年龄和透析频率分组,组间各指标差异无统计学意义;而根据透析龄和残余尿量分组,iPTH差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但其余指标差异无统计学意义;多元逐步回归分析显示iPTH与残余尿量和透析龄相关。结论：维持性血液透析患者残余尿量对改善继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进有积极意义。     

浙江省维持性透析患者钙磷甲状旁腺激素水平调查

目的 调查2011年浙江省维持性透析患者的血清钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素水平.方法 统计2011年浙江省血液透析和腹膜透析患者血清钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素的资料,根据肾脏病改善全球预后(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)指南标准,分析患者的钙、磷、iPTH的达标率.结果 2011年浙江省维持性透析患者中,血液透析患者血清钙、磷、iPTH的达标率分别为58.1％、27.2％、56.3％,腹膜透析患者的达标率分别是71.1％、44.2％、65.6％.结论 有相当比例的透析患者未能较好的控制血清钙、磷和iPTH水平,尤其是血磷的达标率更低,在血液透析患者中更加明显.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

妊娠合并血小板减少症与心、肝、肾脏器损伤

目的探讨妊娠合并血小板减少症伴随重要脏器的损伤情况。方法前瞻性研究我院及北华大学附属医院2004年10月至2005年5月妊娠合并血小板减少症的临床资料，对41例妊娠合并血小板减少症者尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（CREA）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的测定及妊娠期高血压疾病与血小板计数（PLT），血小板平均体积（MPV）和血小板体积分布宽度（PDW）参数的测定进行对比分析。结果妊娠合并血小板减少症患者心、肝、肾等重要脏器均有不同程度的改变，且随着血小板计数降低，损害程度加剧，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。妊娠期高血压疾病，随着疾病程度的加重，血小板计数较正常孕妇明显减少，MPV、PDW明显升高，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论血小板参数是判断疾病的重要参考指标，肝、肾、心脏器损伤程度与血小板计数具有相关性。     

Literature and poetry: Pleasure and practice

The value of a humanities perspective in the initial and continuing education of practising nurses and midwives is discussed briefly. It is suggested that nursing requires a blend of both science and sensitivity and that empirical knowledge alone is insufficient for one who cares for others. The value of literature in relation to the notions of catharsis, vicarious experience and insight into the lives of patients will be discussed. Some examples of literature that may be used to help nurses gain insight into aspects of death and dying, midwifery, physical disability and mental illness are presented.