经胸与经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣脱垂亚区分区中的应用研究

目的 探讨经胸及经食管超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂六叶亚区分区的价值,并探讨二尖瓣脱垂不同亚区与二尖瓣反流之间的相互关系.方法 选择二尖瓣脱垂伴中度以上二尖瓣反流患者33例,应用经胸及经食管超声心动图技术确定二尖瓣脱垂的亚区分叶并与术中结果进行比较,分析二尖瓣脱垂不同亚区与二尖瓣反流之间的相互关系.结果 与术中结果相比较,经胸超声心动图及经食管超声心动图定性诊断二尖瓣脱垂的准确率均为100％,定位诊断二尖瓣脱垂亚区的准确率分别为80％和94％,经胸超声心动图及经食管超声心动图两种方法之间的检查结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);二尖瓣反流程度与二尖瓣脱垂不同亚区有关.结论 经食管超声心动图较经胸超声心动图对二尖瓣脱垂部位进行亚区定位更有优势;二尖瓣反流程度与二尖瓣脱垂不同亚区有关.     

经胸超声心动图在二尖瓣脱垂定位中的应用价值

目的 通过经胸超声心动图结合心外科二尖瓣结构的专业修正命名对二尖瓣脱垂的具体位置进行定位,探讨经胸超声心动图在二尖瓣脱垂中的应用价值.方法 本组55例二尖瓣脱垂患者,于二尖瓣成形或置换术前行经胸超声心动图检查,并对照心外科二尖瓣结构的专业修正命名对脱垂的部位进行定位,并与手术结果对比.结果 经胸超声心动图诊断62个瓣叶88个分区出现脱垂,术中发现75个瓣叶98个分区,诊断符合率分别为82.7%和89.8%.结论 经胸超声心动图结合二尖瓣结构的修正命名能对二尖瓣脱垂的部位进行具体定位,对心外科在二尖瓣脱垂的瓣膜成形术中具有重要的指导意义.     

经胸和经食管超声心动图在全机器人二尖瓣修复术中的应用

目的探讨经胸(TTE)和经食管(TEE)超声心动图在全机器人二尖瓣修复术中的作用。方法对22例于我科因重度二尖瓣反流行全机器人二尖瓣修复术患者的超声影像资料进行回顾性分析。在术前,应用TTE评价二尖瓣反流功能解剖(病因、反流发生机制及脱垂瓣叶部位)及反流严重程度。在术中,应用TEE于体外循环(CPB)转机前,进一步明确二尖瓣反流发生机制及脱垂瓣叶部位;建立外周CPB时,引导下、上腔静脉插管及升主动脉内心脏停搏液灌注针的放置;心脏复跳后,即刻评价有无残余二尖瓣反流。在患者出院前,应用TTE再次评价有无残余二尖瓣反流。结果在术前,TTE评价二尖瓣反流病因的准确度为100%;TTE诊断二尖瓣脱垂及其发生部位的准确度分别为100%和97.0%。在术中,TEE诊断二尖瓣脱垂及其发生部位的准确度与术前TTE相同;TEE可准确引导上、下腔静脉插管及升主动脉内心脏停搏液灌注针放置,其成功率为100%;心脏复跳后,TEE显示所有患者手术均成功,无残余二尖瓣反流和手术相关并发症。患者出院前TTE证实所有患者均无残余二尖瓣反流。结论术前TTE可准确评价二尖瓣反流功能解剖,为判断二尖瓣修复可行性及选择手术适应证提供有价值的信息。术中TEE可进一步明确二尖瓣反流功能解剖;准确引导上、下腔静脉内插管及升主动脉内灌注针的放置;即刻评价手术效果。因此,TTE和TEE在全机器人二尖瓣修复术中是不可缺少的检查手段。     

经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术治疗中应用价值

目的:探讨经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术治疗中的临床价值。方法:选取2015年1月~2016年8月我院心外科收治的30例风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全患者为研究对象,所有患者均行二尖瓣成形术,术前术后应用经食管三维超声心动图对瓣膜形态、腱索、瓣环等进行观察,并计算瓣环面积、瓣环周长和前后叶面积等二尖瓣三维结构参数,同时对手术成功情况进行评估。结果:患者的瓣环面积、瓣环周长、瓣叶面积、前叶面积、后叶面积、脱垂高度、脱垂容积和瓣叶非平面夹角等参数均较术前明显减小,前叶角度、后叶角度均较术前明显增大,差异均有统计学意义,P<0.05;30例患者中一次性二尖瓣手术成功者28例,成功率为93.3%,其余2例确定为术中3级反流后,改变手术方式采用二尖瓣人工瓣膜置换术进行了治疗。结论 :经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术治疗中的临床价值极高,是评估二尖瓣成形术成功与否的重要依据。     

实时三维经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用研究

目的 探讨术中实时三维经食管超声心动图(RT-3D TEE)判断二尖瓣病变区域的准确性,以及评价二尖瓣成形术效果的价值.方法 19例因二尖瓣反流(MR)拟接受二尖瓣成形术患者,采集术前、术后RT-3D TEE图像,将术前所见与术中发现进行比较,并在术后即刻评价手术疗效.结果 RT-3DTEE诊断二尖瓣叶病变与术中发现完全相符16例,3例不符合,其中1例术前诊断前叶中间段、后叶中间段脱垂,术中仅发现瓣环扩大,瓣膜黏液退行性变;1例术前诊断后叶后内段脱垂,术中发现后叶中间段及后内段腱索断裂;1例术前提示瓣环扩大,术中发现后叶中间段脱垂.2D TEE诊断二尖瓣病变与术中发现完全相符仅10例,且对二尖瓣脱垂患者难以明确脱垂的确切瓣区和范围.术后即刻观察成形术效果,其中18例RT-3DTEE显示微量至少量二尖瓣反流,1例术后仍为中重度反流,改行二尖瓣置换术,二尖瓣成形术的成功率为94.7%.结论 RT-3D TEE明显提高了二尖瓣反流病因及病变部位定位的诊断准确性,在二尖瓣成形术手术方案制定及疗效的即刻评估方面发挥了非常重要的作用.     

经食管超声心动图在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中的应用

目的：评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中的应用价值。方法：67例风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者术前作经胸超声(TTE)和TEE检查，重点探查左房血栓、左心耳血栓、左房雾影、瓣膜返流和瓣膜病变等情况。结果：TTE检查拟行二尖瓣置换术21例，球囊成形术46例。46例球囊成形术者又经TEE检查后，新发现左心耳血栓12例，改二尖瓣置换术；10例二尖瓣轻度返流，TEE证实为中度返流，改二尖瓣置换术。结论：TEE在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中有决定性的作用，对左房血栓、左心耳血栓、左房雾影检出及二尖瓣返流的定量判断较准确、可靠。     

双孔二尖瓣成形术近、远期疗效的超声评价

目的：讨论超声评价双孔二尖瓣成形术的近、远期疗效的临床价值。方法：应用多平面经食道超声心动图（TEE）对12例行双孔二尖瓣成形术患评估术后即刻疗效；应用经胸超声心动图（TTE）进行术后近、远期疗效观察，其结果与术前超声结果相比较，结果：12例患术后即刻疗效评估显示：Ⅰ级返流8例，0级返流4例。围术期超声显示，Ⅰ级返流7例，Ⅱ级返流1例，0级返流4例，2－3月超声（7例）显示，Ⅰ级返流5例，Ⅲ级返流1例，0级返流1例， 结论：TTE和TEE评价双孔二尖瓣成形术疗效准确，方便，无创，可作为临床首先检查方法。     

超声心动图在瓣中瓣技术治疗二尖瓣生物瓣毁损中的作用

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及经食管超声心动图(TEE)在经导管瓣中瓣(Viv)技术治疗二尖瓣生物瓣毁损中的作用。方法 回顾性分析接受经导管瓣中瓣技术治疗的二尖瓣生物瓣毁损患者18例。术前利用TTE对心脏和生物瓣毁损情况进行详细评价,术中利用TEE对输送装置进行引导及监测,术后即刻评价治疗效果及并发症情况。结果 共17例患者接收Viv手术,2例患者出现并发症。生物瓣狭窄及反流情况获得改善,患者术后肺动脉压力下降明显。结论 超声心动图在经导管二尖瓣置换术中发挥着术前评估、术中引导及监测、术后评价的重要作用。     

超声心动图对双孔成形术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的评价

目的总结、探讨双孔成形技术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂手术效果的超声心动图经验。方法112例二尖瓣前叶脱垂的患者行双孔成形术,其中34例除双孔成形术外另加人工软环治疗。所有患者均在术前、术中、术后利用经胸和经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣口面积及返流情况进行评价。结果超声心动图检查术前平均瓣口面积(5.3±1.2)cm2,术后瓣口面积(3.0±0.8)cm2。术后复查双孔成形后的瓣膜活动良好,无瓣口狭窄;83例患者无明显返流,19例二尖瓣轻度返流,7例中度返流,只有3例重度返流的患者即刻行换瓣治疗。结论超声心动图是直观、准确、简便易行的无创影像学手段,在病例筛选、术中检测、术后评价具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣修复术中的应用

目的　探讨经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在二尖瓣反流性病变修复术中的指导作用。方法　对 19例二尖瓣反流 (MR)患者 ,体外循环 (CPB)前及修复术后 ,应用TEE评价二尖瓣结构的异常。在相同的仪器条件和相近的血流动力学状态下 ,以实时目测法估测MR。结果　CPB前TEE检查纠正术前诊断 1例。CPB前MR(3 .4± 0 .5 )级 ,修复后残余MR(1.2± 1.0 )级 (P <0 .0 0 0 1)。 2例因残余MR 3级 ,再次转机行二尖瓣替换术。17例修复术患者出院前经胸超声心动图 (TTE)示残余MR与术中TEE残余反流量无显著性差异 [(0 .9± 0 .7)级vs (0 .9± 0 .8)级 ,P >0 .0 5 ]。后叶病变修复效果明显优于前叶。结论　TEE在二尖瓣修复术前后提供了较为可靠的二尖瓣结构和血流的信息 ,以指导手术治疗。实时目测法半定量评估MR是术中可靠且实用的方法     

Echocardiography

Echocardiography occupies a unique place as an investigative tool in cardiology. This introduction to the technique reviews the basic principles and outlines the diagnosis of common cardiac lesions. Being entirely noninvasive, echocardiography can be repeated to ascertain the severity and observe the progression of cardiac lesions.     

Echocardiography

Advancement of echocardiography has been remarkable recently and has been useful to diagnose and manage chronic heart failure. Tissue Doppler echocardiography can measure myocardial motion velocity thereby enabling us to assess global and regional myocardial function. Mitral annular velocity in early diastole has been reported to correlate with left ventricular diastolic relaxation. The ratio of pulsed Doppler mitral flow velocity to the mitral annular velocity in early diastole is used to assess pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Comparison of time to peak of myocardial systolic velocity among various segments provides us important information on ventricular dyssynchrony, which is crucial for the success of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Finally, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography has emerged as a new modality to assess cardiac anatomical abnormalities. It is also promising to measure ventricular volume accurately.     

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) uses a catheter‐based steerable ultrasound probe that is passed into the right heart chambers to image intracardiac structures. The transducer can be variably positioned for optimal imaging: in the inferior vena cava to visualize the abdominal aorta; in the right atrium for the interatrial septum, aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves, and pulmonary veins; or in the right ventricle for the left ventricular function, outflow tract, or pulmonary artery. Intracardiac echocardiography is primarily used for imaging during an invasive cardiac procedure using conscious sedation, when transthoracic image quality would likely be inadequate, and transesophageal imaging would require general anesthesia. Intracardiac echocardiography is generally well tolerated and provides adequate images and sufficient information for the procedure performed. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, ICE is routinely used for patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect closures, allowing adequate percutaneous placement of septal occluders. It is now being considered in the current era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation necessitating improved imaging approaches for accurate placement. It is also routinely used for trans‐septal punctures during mitral valvuloplasty and, more recently, with the advent of left atrial appendage closure devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current technology for ICE and its growing applications in the realm of interventional cardiology.     

Echocardiography of idiopathic cardiomyopathies

Echocardiography is useful to demonstrate cardiac abnormalities seen in idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilated cardiac chambers and diffusely hypokinetic wall motion. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy with no known cause. Restrictive cardiomyopathy has diastolic failure with preserved systolic function. Echocardiography demonstrates the normal sized ventricles and the dilated atria. Recent advances in echocardiography include second harmonic imaging and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Second harmonic imaging can produce good quality images with high S/N ratio and is useful to delineate the endocardial border clearly and to show smoke-like echo in cardiac chambers. Tissue Doppler echocardiography can measure wall motion velocity. One of the potential application of this method would be to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy.